2,055
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Mechanisms of action of oral emergency contraception

, &
Pages 685-687 | Received 23 Jul 2014, Accepted 29 Jul 2014, Published online: 12 Aug 2014

References

  • Owsei T. Soranuś gynecology. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press; 1956
  • Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998;352:428–33
  • Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Comparison of three single doses of mifepristone as emergency contraception: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:697–702
  • Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, et al. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1994–2000
  • Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. N Eng J Med 1995;333:1517–21
  • Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB. Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action. Contraception 2007;75:S16–30
  • Savaris R, Zettler CG, Ferrari AN. Expression of alpha4beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins in the endometrium of women using the T200 copper intrauterine device. Fertil Steril 2000;74:1102–7
  • Gemzell-Danielsson K, Berger CPGLL. Emergency contraception – mechanisms of action. Contraception 2013;87:300–8
  • Novikova N, Weisberg E, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Effectiveness of levonorgestrel emergency contraception given before or after ovulation – a pilot study. Contraception 2007;75:112–8
  • Glasier AF, Cameron ST, Fine PM, et al. Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis. Lancet 2010;375:555–62
  • Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, et al. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception 2011;84:363–7
  • Fukui K, Hori R, Yoshimoto I, et al. Correlation between progesterone binding sites on human spermatozoa and in vitro fertilization outcome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;49:1–5
  • Yeung WS, Chiu PC, Wang CH, et al. The effects of levonorgestrel on various sperm functions. Contraception 2002;66:453–7
  • Bahamondes L, Nascimento JA, Munuce MJ, et al. The in vitro effect of levonorgestrel on the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa from fertile men. Contraception 2003;68:55–9
  • Hermanny A, Bahamondes MV, Fazano F, et al. In vitro assessment of some sperm function following exposure to levonorgestrel in human fallopian tubes. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012;10:8
  • Munuce MJ, Zumoffen C, Cicare J, et al. Effect of exposure to ulipristal acetate on sperm function. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2012;17:428–37
  • Munuce MJ, Cicare J, Zumoffen C, et al. Effects of ulipristal acetate on sperm DNA fragmentation during in vitro incubation. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2013;18:355–63
  • Kesseru E, Garmendia F, Westphal N, Parada J. The hormonal and peripheral effects of d-norgestrel in postcoital contraception. Contraception 1974;10:411–24
  • Marions L, Hultenby K, Lindell I, et al. Emergency contraception with mifepristone and levonorgestrel: mechanism of action. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:65–71
  • Hapangama D, Glasier AF, Baird DT. The effects of peri-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2001;63:123–9
  • Brache V, Cochon L, Jesam C, et al. Immediate pre-ovulatory administration of 30 mg ulipristal acetate significantly delays follicular rupture. Hum Reprod 2010;25:2256–63
  • Croxatto HB, Brache V, Pavez M, et al. Pituitary-ovarian function following the standard levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive dose or a single 0.75-mg dose given on the days preceding ovulation. Contraception 2004;70:442–50
  • Kim J, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Control of ovulation in mice by progesterone receptor-regulated gene networks. Mol Hum Reprod 2009;15:821–8
  • Wanggren K, Stavreus-Evers A, Olsson C, et al. Regulation of muscular contractions in the human Fallopian tube through prostaglandins and progestagens. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2359–68
  • Cleland K, Raymond E, Trussell J, et al. Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:1263–6
  • Meng CX, Marions L, Bystrom B, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Effects of oral and vaginal administration of levonorgestrel emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2010;25:874–83
  • Vargas MF, Tapia-Pizarro AA, Henriquez SP, et al. Effect of single post-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on gene expression profile during the receptive period of the human endometrium. J Mol Endocrinol 2012;48:25–36
  • Stratton P, Levens ED, Hartog B, et al. Endometrial effects of a single early luteal dose of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914. Fertil Steril 2010;93:2035–41
  • Lalitkumar PG, Lalitkumar S, Meng CX, et al. Mifepristone, but not levonorgestrel, inhibits human blastocyst attachment to an in vitro endometrial three-dimensional cell culture model. Hum Reprod 2007;22:3031–7
  • Zhang L, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 2009;24:1605–11
  • Meng CX, Cheng LN, Lalitkumar PG, et al. Expressions of steroid receptors and Ki67 in first-trimester decidua and chorionic villi exposed to levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1420–3

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.