Hyperinsulinemia in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a clinical, endocrine and echographic study in 240 patients

References

• Barbieri R. L., Smith S., Ryan K. J. The role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of ovarian hyperandrogenism. Fertil. Steril 1988; 50: 197–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler J. E., Powers L. P., Matt D. W., Stein-Gold K. A., Plymate S. R., Rittmasster R. S., Clore J. N., Blackard W. G. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991; 72: 83–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh C., Carlsson B., Olsson J. H., Selleskog U., Hillensjo T. Regulation of androgen production in cultured human thecal cells by insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin. Fertil. Steril. 1993; 59: 323–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciaraldi T. P., El-Roeiy A., Madar Z., Reichart D., Olefsky J. M., Yen S. S. C. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1992; 75: 577–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anttila L., Koskinen P., Jaatinen T., Erkkola R., Irjala K., Ruutiainen K. Insulin hypersecretion together with high luteinizing hormone concentration augments androgen secretion in oral glucose tolerance test in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8: 1179–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunaif A., Segal K. R., Futterweit W., Dobr-Jansky A. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 1989; 38: 1165–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway G. S., Jacobs H. S. Clinical implications of hyperinsulinemia in women. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1993; 39: 623–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol. 1994; 12: 15–20
   Google Scholar
• Conway G. S., Jacobs H. S., Holly J. M. P., Wass J. A. H. Effects of luteinizing hormone, insulin, insulin-growth factor-I and insulinlike growth factor small binding protein 1 in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1990; 33: 593–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poretsky L., Kalin M. F. The gonadotropic function of insulin. Endocr. Rev. 1987; 8: 132–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis R. M., Foss M. C., Moura M. D., Ferriani R. A., Silva de Sa M. F. Insulin secretion in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relationship with hyperandrogenism. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 1995; 9: 45–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutterlin M., Steck T. Sensitivity of plasma insulin levels in obese and non-obese women with functional hyperandrogenism. Gynecol. Endocrinol 1995; 9: 37–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falcone T., Finedood D. T., Fantus G., Morris D. Androgen response to endogenous insulin secretion during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in normal and hyperandrogenic women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990; 71: 1653–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plymate S. R., Fariss B. L., Bassett M. L., Matej L. Obesity and its role in polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 52: 1246–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali R., Antenucci D., Casimirri F., Ven-Turoli F., Paradisi R., Fabbri R., Balestra V., Melchionda N., Barbara L. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1989; 68: 173–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonadonna R. C., Groop L., Kraemer N., Fer-Rannini E., Del Prato S., De Fronzo R. A. Obesity and insulin resistance in humans: a dose-response study. Metabolism 1990; 39: 452–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiddy D. S., Sharp P. S., White D. M., Scanlon M. F., Mason H. D., Bray C. S., Poison D. W., Reed M. J., Franks S. Differences in clinical and endocrine features between obese and non-obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of 263 consecutive cases. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1990; 32: 213–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale P. O., Tanbo T., Vaaler S., Abyholm T. Body weight, hyperinsulinemia, and gonadotropin levels in the polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence of two distinct populations. Fertil. Steril. 1992; 58: 487–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S., Ravnikar V. A., Barbieri R. Androgen and insulin response to an oral glucose challenge in hyperandrogenic women. Fertil. Steril. 1987; 48: 72–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoham Z., Jacobs H. S., Insler V. Luteinizing hormone: its role, mechanism of action, and detrimental effects when hypersecreted during the follicular phase. Fertil. Steril. 1993; 59: 1153–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruutiainen K., Adashi E. Y. Intra-ovarian factors in hyperandrogenism. Semin. Re-prod. Endocrinol. 1993; 11: 324–8
   Google Scholar
• Homburg R., Pariente C., Lunenfeld B., Jacobs H. S. The role of insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-I) in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 1992; 7: 1379–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp P. S., Kiddy D. S., Reed M. J., Anyaoku V., Johnston D. G., Franks S. Correlation of plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I with indices of androgen transport and metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1991; 35: 253–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suikkari A. M., Ruutiainen K., Erkkola R., Seppala M. Low levels of low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor-binding protein in patients with polycystic ovarian disease. Hum. Reprod. 1989; 4: 136–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekonen F., Laatikainen T., Buyalos R., Rutanen E. Decreased 34K insulin-like growth factor binding protein in polycystic ovary disease. Fertil. Steril. 1989; 51: 972–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JigLee E., SeokLee B., ChulLee H., HyunPark K., Song C., Huh K. B. Growth hormone response to L-dopa and pyridostigmine in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 1993; 60: 53–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aleem F. A., McIntosh T. Elevated plasma levels of beta-endorphins in a group of women with polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil. Steril. 1984; 42: 686–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J., Poison D. W., Abdulwahid N., Morris D. V., Franks S., Mason H. D., Tucker M., Price J. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet 1985; 2: 1375–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1039–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adashi E. Y., Hsueh A. J. W., Yen S. S. C. Insulin enhancement of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release by cultured pituitary cells. Endocrinology 1981; 108: 1441–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worttsman J., Weherberger W. B., Gavin J. R., Allen J. Elevated levels of plasma beta-endorphin and gamma 3-melanocyte stimulating hormone in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 1984; 63: 630–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weaver J. U., Kopelman P. G., McLoughlin L., Forsling M. L., Grossman A. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in obesity: a study of ACTH, AVP, beta-lipotrophin and Cortisol responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1993; 39: 345–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chappel S. C., Resco J. A., Norman R. L., Spies H. G. Studies in rhesus monkeys on the site where estrogen inhibits gonadotropins: delivery of 17 beta estradiol to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 52: 1–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poretsky L., Grigorescu F., Seibel M., Moses A. C., Flier J. S. Distribution and characterization of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors in normal human ovary. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 61: 728–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insler V., Shoham Z., Barash A., Koistinen R., Seppala M., Hen M., Lunenfeld B., Zadik Z. Polycystic ovaries in non-obese and obese patients: possible pathophysiological mechanism based on new interpretation of facts and findings. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8: 379–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson G. F., Magoffin D. A., Dyer C. A., Hofeditz C. The ovarian androgen producing cells: a review of structure/function relationships. Endocr. Rev. 1985; 6: 371–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cara J., Rosenfield R. L. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin potentiate luteinizing hormone-induced androgen synthesis by rat ovarian thecal-interstitial cells. Endocrinology 1988; 123: 733–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield R. L., Barnes R. B., Cara J., Lucky A. W. Dysregulation of cytochrome P450cl7a as the cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 1990; 53: 785–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif R., Mandeli J., Fluhr H., Dobrjansky A. The impact of obesity and chronic hyperinsulinemia on gonadotropin release and gonadal steroid secretion in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988; 66: 131–9
   Google Scholar
• Buyalos R. P., Geffner M. E., Watanabe R. M., Bergman R. N., Gornbein J. A., Judd H. L. The influence of luteinizing hormone and insulin on sex steroids and sex hormone-binding globulin in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 1993; 60: 626–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo R. A. Hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome: current concepts. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991; 34: 817–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna T. J. Variable androgen sensitivity in relationship to hirsutism and acne. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1993; 39: 547–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges N. A., Cooke A., Healy M. J. R., Hind-Marsh P. C., Brook C. G. D. Standards for ovarian volume in childhood and puberty. Fertil. Steril. 1993; 60: 456–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poison D. W., Adams J., Wadsworth J., Franks J. Polycystic ovaries: a common finding in normal women. Lancet 1988; 1: 870–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton R. N., Ogden V., Hodgkinson J., Wor-Swick L., Rodin D. A., Dyer S., Meade T. W. How common are polycystic ovaries in normal women and what is their significance for the fertility of the population. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1992; 37: 127–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoham Z., Conway G. S., Patel A., Jacobs H. S. Polycystic ovaries in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: similarity of ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 1992; 58: 37–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a changing perspective. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1989; 31: 87–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzick D. S., Wing R., Smith D., Berga S. L., Winters S. J. Endocrine consequences of weight loss in obese, hyperandrogenic, anovulatory women. Fertil. Steril. 1994; 61: 598–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates G. W., Whitworth N. S. Effect of body weight reduction on plasma androgens in obese, infertile women. Fertil. Steril. 1982; 38: 406–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiddy D. S., Hamilton-Fairley D., Bush A., Short F., Anyaoku V., Reed M. J. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1992; 36: 105–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulghesu A. M., Lanzone A., Cucinelli F., Caruso A., Mancuso S. Long term naltrexone treatment reduces the exaggerated insulin secretion in patients with polycystic ovarian disease. Obstst. Gynecol 1993; 82: 191–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzone A., Fulghesu A. M., Fortini A., Cutillo G., Cucinelli F., Di Simone N., Caruso A., Mancuso S. Effect of opiate receptor blockade on the insulin response to oral glucose load in polycystic ovarian disease. Hum. Reprod. 1991; 6: 1043–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulghesu A. M., Ciampelli M., Fortini A., Cucinelli F., Guido M., Caruso A., Lanzone A., Mancuso S. Effect of opioid blockade on insulin metabolism in polycystic ovarian disease. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10: 2253–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor S. L., Dons R. F., Hernandez E., Roth J., Gorden P. Insulin resistance associated with androgen excess in women with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Ann. Intern. Med. 1982; 97: 851–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A., Segal K. R., Shelley D. R., Green G., Dobrjansky A., Licholai T. Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1257–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum D., Haber R. S., Dunaif A. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: decreased expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporters in adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 264: E197–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen J., Hansen T., Bjobaek C., Echwald S., Urhammer S., Rasmussen S., Andersen C., Hansen L., Almind K., Winter K., Haraldsdottir J., Borch-Johnsen K. Insulin resistance: interactions between obesity and a common variant of insulin receptor substrate-1. Lancet 1995; 346: 397–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar