Vigorous exercise as a triggering mechanism for late stent thrombosis: A description of three cases

References

• Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, Ge L, Sangiorgi GM, Stankovic G, Airoldi F, Chieffo A, Montorfano M, Carlino M, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA 2005; 293: 2126–2130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, Abrecht L, Vaina S, Morger C, Kukreja N, Juni P, Sianos G, Hellige G, et al. Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: Data from a large two-institutional cohort study. Lancet 2007; 369: 667–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, de Korte FI, Kelder JC, Suttorp MJ, Rensing BJ, Zwart B, Brueren BR, Koolen JJ, Dambrink JH, et al. Long-term clinical outcome after a first angiographically confirmed coronary stent thrombosis: An analysis of 431 cases. Circulation 2009; 119: 828–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre-Hernandez JM, Alfonso F, Hernandez F, Elizaga J, Sanmartin M, Pinar E, Lozano I, Vazquez JM, Botas J, de Prado AP, et al. Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: Results from the multicenter Spanish registry ESTROFA (Estudio ESpanol sobre TROmbosis de stents FArmacoactivos). J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 986–990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, Zomer AC, Kelder JC, Suttorp MJ, Rensing BJ, Koolen JJ, Brueren BR, Dambrink JH, Hautvast RW, et al. Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: The Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1399–1409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O'Brien WL, Bassett DR, Jr., Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, et al. Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: S498–S504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, Boam A, Cohen DJ, van Es GA, Steg PG, Morel MA, Mauri L, Vranckx P, et al. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: A case for standardized definitions. Circulation 2007; 115: 2344–2351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutlip DE, Baim DS, Ho KK, Popma JJ, Lansky AJ, Cohen DJ, Carrozza JP, Jr., Chauhan MS, Rodriguez O, Kuntz RE. Stent thrombosis in the modern era: A pooled analysis of multicenter coronary stent clinical trials. Circulation 2001; 103: 1967–1971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenaweser P, Rey C, Eberli FR, Togni M, Tuller D, Locher S, Remondino A, Seiler C, Hess OM, Meier B, et al. Stent thrombosis following bare-metal stent implantation: Success of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention and predictors of adverse outcome. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1180–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit JJ, van't Hof AW, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC, Dambrink JH, Gosselink AT, Ottervanger JP, Kolkman JJ, Suryapranata H. Incidence and predictors of subacute thrombosis in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for an acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 190–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A, Musumeci G, Grieco N, Motta T, Mihalcsik L, Tespili M, Valsecchi O, Kolodgie FD. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: Should we be cautious?. Circulation 2004; 109: 701–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, Mont EK, Kolodgie FD, Ladich E, Kutys R, Skorija K, Gold HK, Virmani R. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: Delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 193–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstein EL, Anstrom KJ, Kong DF, Shaw LK, Tuttle RH, Mark DB, Kramer JM, Harrington RA, Matchar DB, Kandzari DE, et al. Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. JAMA 2007; 297: 159–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook S, Wenaweser P, Togni M, Billinger M, Morger C, Seiler C, Vogel R, Hess O, Meier B, Windecker S. Incomplete stent apposition and very late stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation. Circulation 2007; 115: 2426–2434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook S, Ladich E, Nakazawa G, Eshtehardi P, Neidhart M, Vogel R, Togni M, Wenaweser P, Billinger M, Seiler C, et al. Correlation of intravascular ultrasound findings with histopathological analysis of thrombus aspirates in patients with very late drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Circulation 2009; 120: 391–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA, III, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 2007; 115: 2358–2368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1355–1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giri S, Thompson PD, Kiernan FJ, Clive J, Fram DB, Mitchel JF, Hirst JA, McKay RG, Waters DD. Clinical and angiographic characteristics of exertion-related acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1999; 282: 1731–1736
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black A, Black MM, Gensini G. Exertion and acute coronary artery injury. Angiology 1975; 26: 759–783
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilberg T, Schmidt V, Glaser D, Schammne D, Losche W, Gabriel HH. Platelet activity, sensitivity to agonist, and platelet–leukocyte conjugate formation after long-term exercise. Platelets 2002; 13: 273–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon JB, Ganz P, Nabel EG, Fish RD, Zebede J, Mudge GH, Alexander RW, Selwyn AP. Atherosclerosis influences the vasomotor response of epicardial coronary arteries to exercise. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1946–1952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilberg T, Prasa D, Sturzebecher J, Glaser D, Gabriel HH. Thrombin potential and thrombin generation after exhaustive exercise. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23: 500–504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang JS, Li YS, Chen JC, Chen YW. Effects of exercise training and deconditioning on platelet aggregation induced by alternating shear stress in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 454–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JS. Exercise prescription and thrombogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13: 753–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestin AS, Ellis PA, Barnard MR, Errichetti A, Rosner BA, Michelson AD. Effect of strenuous exercise on platelet activation state and reactivity. Circulation 1993; 88: 1502–1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116: 1081–1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1677–1683
   Google Scholar
• Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, Arntz HR, Schubert F, Schroder R. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1684–1690
   Google Scholar
• Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. CMAJ 2006; 174: 801–809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, O'Reilly MG, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation 2002; 106: 1883–1892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar