371
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Decades of transition for the US reserves: Changing demands on reserve identity and mental well-being

Pages 181-191 | Received 29 Aug 2010, Accepted 17 Nov 2010, Published online: 27 Apr 2011

References

  • Aldwin, C.M., Levenson, M.R., Spiro, A. (1994). Vulnerability and resilience to combat exposure: Can stress have lifelong effects? Psychological Aging, 9, 34–44.
  • Allen, G.W. (1992). Dental health in the Army Reserves and National Guard – A mobilization problem? Executive Research Project RS3a. Fort McNair, WA: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University.
  • Ben-Dor, G., Pedahzur, A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Zaidise, E., Perlinger, A., Bermanis, S. (2008). I versus we: Collective and individual factors of reserve motivation during war and peace. Armed Forces and Society, 34, 565–592.
  • Bonds, T.M., Baiocchi, D., McDonald, L. (2010). Army deployments to OIF and OEF. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Carafano, J.J. (2005). Total Force and the Abrams doctrine: Unfulfilled promise, uncertain future. Philadelphia, PA: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Available from http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20050203.military.carofano.totalforcepolicyabramsdoctrine.html (accessed 5 August 2010).
  • Castaneda, L.W., Harrell, M.C., Varda, D.M., Hall, K.C., Beckett, M.K., Stern, S. (2009). Deployment experiences of Guard and Reserve families: Implications for support and retention. Santa Monica, CA: National Defense Research Institute, RAND.
  • CBS News (2009). Reservists’ rocky return to job market. 60 Minutes Report. Available from CBS News web site: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/10/30/60minutes/main4558315.shtml (accessed 25April 2009).
  • Cross, S., Markus, H. (1991). Possible selves across the life span. Human Development, 34, 230–255.
  • Erbes, C.R., Arbisi, P.A., Courage, C., Polusny, M.A., Thuras P., Rath, M. (2008). Contextual predictors of post-deployment symptoms in the RINGS study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the 2008 American Psychological Convention, August 14–17, 2008, Boston: MA.
  • Friedman, M. (1998). The Matsunaga Vietnam veterans project. PTSD Research Quarterly, Fall, 9(7), 7.
  • General Accounting Office (2003). DOD actions needed to improve the efficiency of mobilizations for reserve forces. Report provided to the Subcommittee on Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, US Senate (report no. GAO-03-921). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.
  • General Accounting Office (1992). Operation Desert Storm: Army Guard combat brigade war lessons reflect longstanding problems. Testimony, GAO/T-NSIAD-92-36. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.
  • Gilmore, M. (2007). Issues that affect the Army National Guard and Army Reserve, Congressional Budget Office testimony statement of Assistant Director National Security, before the Commission on the National Guard and Reserve, Washington, DC.
  • Gray, G.C., Coate, B.D., Anderson, C.M., Kang, H.K., Berg, S.W., Wignall, F.S., . (1996). The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1505–1513.
  • Griffith, J. (1989). The Army's new unit replacement system and its relationship to group cohesion and social support. Military Psychology, 1, 17–34.
  • Griffith, J. (1995). The Army Reserve soldier in Operation Desert Storm: Perceptions of being prepared for mobilization, deployment and combat readiness. Armed Forces and Society, 21, 195–215.
  • Griffith, J. (2005). Will citizens be soldiers? Examining retention of reserve component soldiers. Armed Forces and Society, 31, 353–383.
  • Griffith, J. (2008). Institutional motives for serving in the U.S. Army National Guard: Implications for recruitment, retention, and readiness. Armed Forces and Society, 34, 230–258.
  • Griffith, J. (2009). Why soldiers say they leave. Preliminary Report from the ‘Final Formation’ Program, February 2007 through April 2009. Baltimore, MD: Joint Forces HQ, J-1, February, 2009.
  • Griffith, J. (2010). Citizens coping as soldiers: A review of deployment stress symptoms among reservists. Military Psychology, 22, 176–206.
  • Griffith, J. (2011). Contradictory and complementary identities of U.S. Army reservists: A historical perspective (part of the special issue on reservists across nations). Armed Forces and Society, 37, 261–283.
  • Griffith, J., Perry, S. (1993). Wanting to soldier: Enlistment motivations of Army Reserve recruits before and after Operation Desert Storm. Military Psychology, 5, 127–139.
  • Grissmer, D.W., Kirby, S.N., Sze, M.B. (1992). Factors affecting reenlistment of reservists: Spouse and employer attitudes and perceived unit environment. Report No. R-4011-RA. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
  • Haslam, S.A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58, 1–23.
  • Haslam, S.A., O’Brien, A., Jetten, J., Vormedal, K., Penna, S. (2005). Taking the strain: Social identity, social support and the experience of stress. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 355–370.
  • Haslam, A., Reicher, S.D. (2007). Social identity and the dynamics of organizational life: Insights from the BBC prison study. C. Bartel, S. Blader, A. Wrzesniewski, Identity and modern organization 135–166. New York: Erlbaum.
  • Hogg, M.A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Hogg, M.A., Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge.
  • Hogg, M., Terry, D.H., White, K.M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 255–269.
  • Hoge, C.W., Auchterlonie, J.L., Milliken, C.S. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 1–17.
  • Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Fear, N.T. (2006). The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: A cohort study. Lancet, 368, 1737–1741.
  • Hourani, L.L., Bray, R.M., Marsden, M.E., Witt, M., Vandermaas-Peeler, R., Scheffler, S., Strange, L. (2007). 2006 Department of Defense survey of health related behaviors among Guard and Reserve Force: A component of the Defense Lifestyle Assessment Program (DLAP). Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.
  • Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group (1997). Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans: A population-based study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 238–245.
  • Iversen, A., Chalder, T., Wessely, S. (2007). Gulf War illness: Lessons from medically unexplained symptoms. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 842–854.
  • Jacobson, I.G., Ryan, M.A., Hooper, T.I., Smith, T.C., Amoroso, P.J., Boyko, E.J., . (2008). Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat exposure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 663–675.
  • Kallezi, B., Reicher, S., Cassidy, C. (2009). Surviving the Kosovo conflict: A study of social identity, appraisal of extreme events, and mental well-being. Applied Psychology, 58, 59–83.
  • Kang, H.K., Natelson, B.H., Mahan, C.M., Lee, K.Y., Murphy, F.M. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue-like illness among Gulf War veterans: A population based survey of 30,000 veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157, 141–148.
  • Kellett, A. (1987). Combat motivation. G. Belenky, Contemporary studies in combat psychology 205–232. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  • Kirby, S.N. (1997). Costs and benefits of reserve participation: New evidence from the 1992 Reserve Components Survey. Report No. MR-812-OSD. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Kirby, S.N. (2000). The impact of deployment on the retention of military reservists. Armed Forces and Society, 26, 259–285.
  • Kirby, S.N., Buddin, R. (1996). Enlisted personnel trends in the Selected Reserve, 1986–1994. Report No. MR-681/1. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Levine, R.M., Reicher, S.D. (1996). Making sense of symptoms: Self-categorization and the meaning of illness and injury. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 245–256.
  • Lippiatt, T.F., Polich, J.M. (2010). Reserve component unit stability: Effects on deployability and training. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Lomsky-Feder, E., Gazit, N., Ben-Ari, E. (2008). Reserve soldiers as transmigrants: Moving between the civilian and military worlds. Armed Forces and Society, 34, 593–614.
  • Lykhani, H., Fugita, S.S. (1993). Reserve/Guard retention: Moonlighting or patriotism. Military Psychology, 5, 113–125.
  • Manning, F.J., Fullerton, T.D. (1988). Health and well-being in highly cohesive units of the U.S. Army. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 503–519.
  • Manning, F.J., Ingraham, L.H. (1987). An investigation into the value of unit cohesion during peacetime. G. Belenky, Contemporary studies in combat psychology 47–68. Westport CT: Greenwood.
  • Martin, C.B. (2007). Routine screening and referrals for PTSD after returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2005, U.S. Armed Forces. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report, 14, 2–7.
  • Milliken, C.S., Auchterlonie, J.L., Hoge, C.W. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq War. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2141–2148.
  • Musheno, M., Ross, S.M. (2011). Deployed: How reservists bear the burden of Iraq. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Nelson, H., Army, W.H., Jacobs, B., Bluhm, R.K. (2001). The Army. Westport, CT: Levin, Hugh & Lauter.
  • Orvis, B.R., Shukiar, H.J., McDonald, L.L., Mattock, M.G., Kilburn, M.R., Shanley, M.G. (1996). Ensuring personnel readiness in the Army reserve components. Report No. MR-659-A. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Reicher, S.D., Haslam, S.A. (2006). Tyranny revisited: Groups, psychological well-being and the health of societies. Psychologist, 19, 146–150.
  • Reicher, S.D., Haslam, S.A. Platow, M.J. (2007). The new psychology of leadership. Scientific American, August, 17(3), 22–29.
  • St Laurent, J.A. (2004). Reserve forces: Observations on recent National Guard use in overseas and homeland missions and future challenges. Testimony to the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives (Report No. GAO-04-670T). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.
  • Schell, T.L., Marshall, G.N. (2008). Survey of individuals previously deployed to OEF/OIF. T. Tanielian, L.H. Jaycox, Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery 87–161. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
  • Schmitz, E.J. (1990). The Army College Fund and military manpower: A review of existing research. Technical report 1572. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
  • Smith, T.C., Ryan, M.A.K., Wingard, D.L., Sallis, J.F., Kritz-Silverstein, D. (2008). New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self-reported after deployment and combat exposure: Prospective population-based US military cohort study. British Medical Journal, 336, 366–371.
  • Solomon, Z., Mukilincer, M., Hobfoll, S.E. (1986). Effects of social and battle intensity on loneliness and breakdown during combat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1269–1276.
  • Sortor, R.E., Lippiatt, T.F., Polich, J.M. Crowley, J.C. (1994). Training readiness in the Army reserve components. Report No. MR-474-A. Santa Monica: RAND.
  • Stouffer, S.A., Lumsdaine, A.A., William, R.M. Jr, Smith, M.B., Janis, I. (1949). The American soldier: Combat and its aftermath: Vol. 2. Studies in social psychology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Stretch, R.H., Marlowe, D.H., Wright, K.M., Bliese, P.D., Knudson, K.H., Hoover, C.H. (1996). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Gulf War veterans. Military Medicine, 161, 407–410.
  • Stryker, S., Burke, P.J. (2000). The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 284–297.
  • Suger, M. (2005). The warrior identity problem. Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 279–295.
  • Tajfel, H., Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. S. Worchel L.W. Austin, Psychology and Intergroup Relations 7–24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
  • Thomas, J.L., Wilk, J.E., Riviere, L.A., McGurk, D., Castro, C.A., Hoge, C.W. (2010). Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active duty component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 614–623.
  • Traversa, D.J. (1995). Motivational factors in combat: A comparison of German and American soldiers during World War II using content analysis. Master's thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH.
  • US Department of the Army (1997). Institutional leader training and education. TRADOC Regulation 351–10. Fort Monroe, VA: Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
  • US Department of Army (2003, 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2008). Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF, OIF-II, 04-06 MHAT-III, 05-07 MHAT-IV, 06-08 MHAT-V reports. Washington, D.C.: US Army, Office of the Surgeon Multinational Force – Iraq and Office of the Surgeon General, Army Medical Command.
  • US Department of the Army (2002). Training the Force (Field Manual 7-0). Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, October 2002. Available from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-142385696.html (accessed 10 May 2010).
  • US Department of Army (2010). Army health promotion risk reduction suicide prevention report 2010. Washington, DC. Available from http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e1/HPRRSP/HP-RR-SPReport2010_v00.pdf (accessed 8 October 2010).
  • US Department of Defense (2008). DoD announces new Reserve Component Deployment Support and Reintegration Office, News Release No. 212-08, 17 March 2008. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs).
  • US House of Representatives (1993). Title XI, Army National Guard Combat Readiness Reform Act of 1992, October 22, 1992, 106 Stat. 2536. House Report 102–966.
  • Unwin, C., Blatchley, N., Coker, W., Ferry, S., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., . (1999). The health of United Kingdom servicemen who served in the Persian Gulf War. Lancet, 353, 169–178.
  • Vaitkus, M., Griffith, J. (1990). An evaluation of unit replacement on unit cohesion and individual morale in the US Army all-volunteer force. Military Psychology, 2, 221–239.
  • Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Stellmacher, J., Christ, O., Tissington, P.A. (2005). To be(long) or not to be(long): Social identification in organizational contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 131, 189–218.
  • Vaugh, D.K., Schum, W.A. (2001). Motivation in US narrative accounts of the ground war in Vietnam. Armed Forces and Society, 28, 7–31.
  • Vogt, D.S., Samper, R.E., King, D.W., Martin, J.A. (2008). Deployment stressors and posttraumatic stress symptomatology: Comparing active duty and National Guard/Reserve personnel from Gulf War I. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 66–74.
  • Washington Post (2003). Army plans steps to heighten ‘warrior ethos’. Washington Post, 8 September 2003.
  • Whitlock, J.E. (2006). How to make Army Force Generation work for the Army reserve component. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College.
  • Wolfe, J., Erickson, D., Sharkansky, E.J., King, D.W., King, L.A. (1999). Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 67, 520–528.
  • Wong, L. (2005). Leave no man behind: Recovering America's fallen warriors. Armed Forces and Society, 31, 599–622.
  • Wong, L., Kolditz, T.A., Millen, R.A., Potter, T.M. (2003). Why they fight: Combat motivation in the Iraqi War. Strategic Studies Institute Monograph. Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army Senior Service College.
  • Zurcher, L.A. (1977). The Naval reservist: An empirical assessment of ephemeral role enactment. Social Forces, 55, 753–768.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.