Early intervention in schizophrenia in developing countries: Focus on duration of untreated psychosis and remission as a treatment goal

References

• Andreasen, N.C., Carpenter, W.T., Kane, J.M., Lasser, R.A., Marder, S.R. & Weinberger, D.R. (2005). Remission in schizophrenia: Proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 441–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchwood, M., Todd, P. & Jackson C. (1998). Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 72, 53–59.
   Google Scholar
• Bosanac, P., Patton, G.C. & Castle, D.J. (2010). Early intervention in psychotic disorders: Faith before facts?Psychological Medicine, 40, 353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brietzke, E., Araripe Neto, A.G., Dias, A., Mansur, R.B. & Bressan, R.A. (2011). Early intervention in psychosis: A map of clinical and research initiatives in Latin America. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 33, S213–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns, J.K., Jhazbhay, K. & Emsley, R.A. (2010). Causal attributions, pathway to care and clinical features of first-episode psychosis: A South African perspective. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57, 538–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, E.Y., Wong, G.H., Lam, M.M., Chiu, C.P. & Hui, C.L. (2008). Real-world implementation of early intervention in psychosis: Resources, funding models and evidence-based practice. World Psychiatry, 7, 163–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley, R., Oosthuizen, P.P., Kidd, M., Koen, L., Niehaus, D.J. & Turner, H.J. (2006). Remission in first-episode psychosis: Predictor variables and symptom improvement patterns. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1707–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley, R., Oosthuizen, P., Koen, L., Niehaus, D.J., Medori, R. & Rabinowitz, J. (2008b). Oral versus injectable antipsychotic treatment in early psychosis: Post hoc comparison of two studies. Clinical Therapeutics, 30, 2378–2386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley, R., Oosthuizen, P., Koen, L., Niehaus, D.J., Medori, R. & Rabinowitz, J. (2008a). Remission in patients with first-episode schizophrenia receiving assured antipsychotic medication: A study with risperidone long-acting injection. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooq, S., Large, M., Nielssen, O. & Waheed, W. (2009). The relationship between the duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in low-and-middle income countries: A systematic review and meta analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 109, 15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A.I., Lieberman, J.A., Hamer, R.M., Glick, I.D., Gur, R.E., Kahn, R.S., Zipursky, R.B. (2006). Olanzapine and haloperidol in first episode psychosis: Two-year data. Schizophrenia Research, 86, 234–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, S.N., Mangala, R., Thara, R. & Malla, A.K. (2010). Preliminary findings from a study of first-episode psychosis in Montreal, Canada and Chennai, India: Comparison of outcomes. Schizophrenia Research, 121, 227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavan, M.S., Shrivastava, A. & Gangadhar, B.N. (2010). Early intervention in psychotic disorders: Challenges and relevance in the Indian context. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, S153–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurihara, T., Kato, M., Reverger, R. & Tirta, I.G.R., (2011a). Remission in schizophrenia: A community-based 6-year follow-up study in Bali. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65, 476–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurihara, T., Kato, M., Reverger, R. & Tirta, I.G.R. (2011b)Seventeen-year clinical outcome of schizophrenia in Bali. European Psychiatry, 26, 333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, M., Farooq, S. & Nielssen, O. (2008). Duration of untreated psychosis in low and middle income countries: The relationship between GDP and DUP. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 272–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, J.A., Phillips, M., Gu, H., Stroup, S., Zhang, P., Kong, L., Hamer, R.M. (2003). Atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in treatment-naive first-episode schizophrenia: A 52-week randomized trial of clozapine vs chlorpromazine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 995–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malla, A.K., Norman, R.M., Manchanda, R., McLean, T.S., Harricharan, R., Cortese, L., Scholten, D.J. (2002). Status of patients with first-episode psychosis after one year of phase-specific community-oriented treatment. Psychiatric Services, 53, 458–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P. & Croudace, T. (2005). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: A systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 975–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan, TH. (1999). Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: Marker or determinant of course?Biological Psychiatry, 46, 899–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGorry, P.D., Killackey, E. & Yung, A. (2008). Early intervention in psychosis: Concepts, evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry, 7, 148–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi, H.A., Hussain, S., Zaman, M. & Islam, M. (2009). Pathways to care: Duration of untreated psychosis from Karachi, Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 4, e7409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndetei, D.M. (2008). Early intervention in psychosis: Concepts, evidence and perspectives. World Psychiatry, 7, 164–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, A.M., Menezes, P.R., Busatto, G.F., McGuire, P.K., Murray, R.M. & Scazufca, M. (2010). Family context and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP): Results from the Sao Paulo Study. Schizophrenia Research, 119, 124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, D.O., Gu, H., Boteva, K. & Lieberman, J.A. (2005). Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A critical review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1785–1804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, D.P. (1999). The economic impact of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 4–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rössler, W., Salize, H.J., van Os, J. & Riecher-Rössler, A. (2005). Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 399–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan, B., Jacob, K.S., Johnson, S., Prince, M., Bhugra, D., David, A.S. (2010). Outcome of first-episode schizophrenia in India: Longitudinal study of effect of insight and psychopathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 454–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schooler, N., Rabinowitz, J., Davidson, M., Emsley, R., Harvey, P.D., Kopala, L. Early Psychosis Global Working Group, (2005). Risperidone and haloperidol in first episode psychosis: A long-term randomized trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 947–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi, V., Kermani-Ranjbar, T., Amini, H., Alaghband-rad, J., Salesian, N. & Seddigh, A. (2009). Duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to care in patients with first-episode psychosis in Iran. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 3, 131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirthalli, J., Channaveerachari, N.V., Subbakrishna, D.K., Cottler, L.B., Varghese, M. & Gangadhar, B.N. (2011). Prospective study of duration of untreated psychosis and outcome of never-treated patients with schizophrenia in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 319–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uçok, A., Serbest, S. & Kandemir, P.E. (2011). Remission after first-episode schizophrenia: Results of a long-term follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 189, 33–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os, J., Burns, T., Cavallaro, R., Leucht, S., Peuskens, J., Helldin, L., Kane, J.M. (2006). Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar