820
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Epidemiology of schizophrenia – An update with a focus on developing countries

, &
Pages 387-392 | Received 21 Aug 2012, Accepted 26 Aug 2012, Published online: 12 Oct 2012

References

  • Alem, A. & Kebede, D. (2003). Conducting psychiatric research in the developing world: Challenges and rewards. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 185–187.
  • Alem, A., Kebede, D., Fekadu, A., Shibre, T., Fekadu, D., Beyero, T., … Kullgren, G. (2009). Clinical course and outcome of schizophrenia in a predominantly treatment-naive cohort in rural Ethiopia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 646–654.
  • Bash, K.W. & Bash-Liechti, J. (1969). Psychiatrische Epidemiologie in Iran. In E. Ehrhardt (Ed.), Perspektiven der heutigen Psychiatrie. Frankfurt: Gerhards.
  • Ben-Tovim, D.I. & Cushnie, J.M. (1986). The prevalence of schizophrenia in a remote area of Botswana. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 576–580.
  • Beyero, T., Alem, A., Kebede, D., Shibire, T., Desta, M. & Deyessa, N. (2004). Mental disorders among the Borana semi-nomadic community in southern Ethiopia. World Psychiatry, 3, 110–114.
  • Bhugra, D. (2005). The global prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Medicine, 2, e151; quiz e175.
  • Boksa, P. (2008). Maternal infection during pregnancy and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 33, 183–185.
  • Bresnahan, M., Menezes, P., Varma, V., Susser E. (2003). Geographical variation in incidence, course and outcome of schizophrenia: a comparison of developing and developed countries. In: Murray, R.M., Jones, P.B., Susser, E., van Os, J., Cannon, M., (eds.) The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cantor-Graae, E. & Selten, J.P. (2005). Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 12–24.
  • Cardno, A.G., Marshall, E.J., Coid, B., Macdonald, A.M., Ribchester, T.R., Davies, N.J., … Murray, R.M. (1999). Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: The Maudsley twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 162–168.
  • Cohen, A., Patel, V., Thara, R. & Gureje, O. (2008). Questioning an axiom: Better prognosis for schizophrenia in the developing world?Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 229–244.
  • Coid, J.W., Kirkbride, J.B., Barker, D., Cowden, F., Stamps, R., Yang, M. & Jones, P.B. (2008). Raised incidence rates of all psychoses among migrant groups: Findings from the East London first episode psychosis study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1250–1258.
  • Dube, K.C. & Kumar, N. (1972). An epidemiological study of schizophrenia. Journal of Biosocial Science, 4, 187–195.
  • Gottesman, I.I. & Gould, T.D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636–645.
  • Gureje, O. & Cohen, A. (2011). Differential outcome of schizophrenia: Where we are and where we would like to be. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 173–175.
  • Hafner, H., Maurer, K. Loffler, W. & Riecher-Rossler, A. (1993). The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal Psychiatry, 162, 80–86.
  • Hollister, J.M., Laing, P. & Mednick, S.A. (1996). Rhesus incompatibility as a risk factor for schizophrenia in male adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 19–24.
  • Hopper, K. & Wanderling, J. (2000). Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: Results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative followup project. International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 835–846.
  • Jablensky, A. (2000). Prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Implications for prevention. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, S26–34; discussion S35–28.
  • Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., … Bertelsen, A. (1992). Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization 10-country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement, 20, 1–97.
  • Kay, R.W. (1990). Prevalence of psychotic mental disorders in the Commonwealth of Dominica West Indian Medical Journal, 39, S30–31.
  • Kebede, D. & Alem, A. (1999). Major mental disorders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. I. Schizophrenia, schizoaffective and cognitive disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplement, 397, 11–17.
  • Kebede, D., Alem, A., Shibre, T., Negash, A., Fekadu, A., Fekadu, D., … Kullgren, G. (2003). Onset and clinical course of schizophrenia in Butajira-Ethiopia – A community-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 625–631.
  • Kirkbride, J.B., Fearon, P., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K., Tarrant, J., … Jones, P.B. (2006). Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: Findings from the 3-center AeSOP study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 250–258.
  • Malaspina, D., Corcoran, C., Kleinhaus, K.R., Perrin, M.C., Fennig, S., Nahon, D., … Harlap, S. (2008). Acute maternal stress in pregnancy and schizophrenia in offspring: A cohort prospective study. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 71.
  • Malaspina, D., Harlap, S., Fennig, S., Heiman, D., Nahon, D., Feldman, D. & Susser, E.S. (2001). Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 361–367.
  • Marneros, A., Pillmann, F., Haring, A., Balzuweit, S. & Bloink, R. (2003). Features of acute and transient psychotic disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 253, 167–174.
  • McGrath, J., Saha, S., Welham, J., El Saadi, O., MacCauley, C. & Chant, D. (2004). A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: The distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BioMed Central Medical, 2, 13.
  • McGrath, J.J. (2006). Variations in the incidence of schizophrenia: Data versus dogma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 195–197.
  • Messias, E.L., Chen, C.Y. & Eaton, W.W. (2007). Epidemiology of schizophrenia: Review of findings and myths. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30, 323–338.
  • Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, C.B., Westergaard, T., Wohlfahrt, J., Ewald, H., Mors, O., … Melbye, M. (1999). Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 603–608.
  • Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, M.G. & Pedersen, C.B. (2010). Psychiatric family history and schizophrenia risk in Denmark: Which mental disorders are relevant?Psychological Medicine, 40, 201–210.
  • O'Donovan, M.C., Craddock, N. & Owen, M.J. (2009). Strong evidence for multiple psychosis susceptibility genes – A rejoinder to Crow. Psychological Medicine, 39, 170–171.
  • Patel, V. & Sumathipala, A. (2001). International representation in psychiatric literature: Survey of six leading journals. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 406–409.
  • Pillmann, F. & Marneros, A. (2005). Longitudinal follow-up in acute and transient psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 286–287.
  • Pommepuy, N. & Januel, D. (2002). Catatonia: Resurgence of a concept. A review of the international literature. Encephale, 28, 481–492.
  • Rin, H. & Lin, T.Y. (1962). Mental illness among Formosan aborigines as compared with the Chinese in Taiwan. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 134–146.
  • Saha, S., Chant, D. & McGrath, J. (2008). Meta-analyses of the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia: Conceptual and methodological issues. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17, 55–61.
  • Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J. & McGrath, J. (2005). A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Medicine, 2, e141.
  • Saha, S., Welham, J., Chant, D. & McGrath, J. (2006). Incidence of schizophrenia does not vary with economic status of the country: Evidence from a systematic review. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 338–340.
  • Salan, R. (1992). Epidemiology of schizpohrenia in Indonesia (the Tambura I study). ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 52–57.
  • Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Cooper, J.E. & Day, R. (1986). Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO collaborative study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders.Psychological Medicine, 16, 909–928.
  • Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A. & Shapiro, R. (1977). Two-year follow-up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 7, 529–541.
  • Schwartz, P.J. (2011). Season of birth in schizophrenia: A maternal–fetal chronobiological hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 76, 785–793.
  • Shibre, T., Teferra, S., Morgan, C. & Alem, A. (2010). Exploring the apparent absence of psychosis amongst the Borana pastoralist community of Southern Ethiopia. A mixed method follow-up study. World Psychiatry, 9, 98–102.
  • Singh, S.P., Burns, T., Amin, S., Jones, P.B. & Harrison, G. (2004). Acute and transient psychotic disorders: Precursors, epidemiology, course and outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 452–459.
  • Sullivan, P.F., Kendler, K.S. & Neale, M.C. (2003). Schizophrenia as a complex trait: Evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1187–1192.
  • Susser, E. & Wanderling, J. (1994). Epidemiology of nonaffective acute remitting psychosis vs schizophrenia. Sex and sociocultural setting. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 294–301.
  • Teferra, S., Shibre, T., Fekadu, A., Medhin, G., Wakwoya, A., Alem, A. & Jacobsson, L. (2012). Five-year clinical course and outcome of schizophrenia in Ethiopia. Schizophrenia Research, 136, 137–142.
  • Torrey, E.F. (1987). Prevalence studies in schizophrenia. British Journal Psychiatry, 150, 598–608.
  • Waldo, M.C. (1999). Schizophrenia in Kosrae, Micronesia: Prevalence, gender ratios, and clinical symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research, 35, 175–181

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.