Advanced search
Publication Cover
International Review of Psychiatry Volume 25, 2013 - Issue 6: Dementia. GUEST EDITORS: David Ames and Craig W. Ritchie
Submit an article Journal homepage
912
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sydney Memory and Ageing Study: An epidemiological cohort study of brain ageing and dementia

Ruby S. M. TsangCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Perminder S. SachdevCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
,
Simone ReppermundCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Nicole A. KochanCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
,
Kristan KangCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
John CrawfordCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Wei WenCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Brian DraperCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Avoca Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
,
Julian N. TrollorCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Melissa J. SlavinCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Karen A. MatherCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Arezoo AssarehCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
,
Katrin M. SeeherDementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Avoca Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
&
Henry BrodatyCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Avoca Street, Randwick, NSW, AustraliaCorrespondence[email protected]
 show all
Pages 711-725 | Received 17 Oct 2013, Accepted 27 Oct 2013, Published online: 15 Jan 2014

References

  • ABS. (2003). Ageing in Australia: Census of Population and Housing 2001. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  • AIHW. (2012). Dementia in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
  • APA. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Anderson, T.M., Sachdev, P.S., Brodaty, H., Trollor, J.N. & Andrews, G. (2007). Effects of sociodemographic and health variables on Mini-Mental State Exam scores in older Australians. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 467–476.
  • Baune, B.T., Smith, E., Reppermund, S., Air, T., Samaras, K., Lux, O., … Trollor, J.N. (2012). Inflammatory biomarkers predict depressive, but not anxiety symptoms during aging: The prospective Sydney Memory and Aging Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1521–1530.
  • Benton, A.L. (1967). Problems of test construction in the field of aphasia. Cortex, 3, 32–58.
  • Benton, A.L., Sivan, A.B. & Spreen, O. (1996). Der Benton Test (7th ed.). Bern, Switzerland: Huber.
  • Bernstein, D.P. & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Brandt, J., Spencer, M. & Folstein, M. (1988). The telephone interview for cognitive status. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 111–118.
  • Brodaty, H., Heffernan, M., Draper, B., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Slavin, M.J., … Sachdev, P.S. (2012). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in older people with and without cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 31, 411–420.
  • Brodaty, H., Heffernan, M., Kochan, N.A., Draper, B., Trollor, J.N., Reppermund, S., … Sachdev, P.S. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment in a community sample: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 9, 310–317.
  • Brodaty, H., Pond, D., Kemp, N.M., Luscombe, G., Harding, L., Berman, K. & Huppert, F.A. (2002). The GPCOG: A new screening test for dementia designed for general practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 530–534.
  • Busse, A., Bischkopf, J., Riedel-Heller, S.G. & Angermeyer, M.C. (2003). Mild cognitive impairment: Prevalence and incidence according to different diagnostic criteria: Results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 449–454.
  • Christensen, A.L. (1975). Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munkseaard.
  • Chua, T.C., Wen, W., Chen, X., Kochan, N., Slavin, M.J., Trollor, J.N., … Sachdev, P.S. (2009). Diffusion tensor imaging of the posterior cingulate is a useful biomarker of mild cognitive impairment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 602–613.
  • Costa, P.T. & MacCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO FFI): Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Crook, T.H., Feher, E.P. & Larrabee, G.J. (1992). Assessment of memory complaint in age-associated memory impairment: The MAC-Q. International Psychogeriatrics, 4, 165–176.
  • Cui, Y., Sachdev, P.S., Lipnicki, D.M., Jin, J.S., Luo, S., Zhu, W., … Wen, W. (2012a). Predicting the development of mild cognitive impairment: A new use of pattern recognition. NeuroImage, 60, 894–901.
  • Cui, Y., Wen, W., Lipnicki, D.M., Beg, M.F., Jin, J.S., Luo, S., … Sachdev, P.S. (2012b). Automated detection of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling elderly adults: A combined spatial atrophy and white matter alteration approach. NeuroImage, 59, 1209–1217.
  • Cummings, J.L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D.A. & Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44, 2308–2314.
  • de Jager, C.A., Budge, M.M. & Clarke, R. (2003). Utility of TICS-M for the assessment of cognitive function in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 318–324.
  • Delbaere, K., Close, J.C.T., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. & Lord, S.R. (2010). Determinants of disparities between perceived and physiological risk of falling among elderly people: Cohort study. BMJ, 341, c4165.
  • Delbaere, K., Close, J.C.T., Kochan, N.A., Sachdev, P.S. & Lord, S.R. (2012a). Good memory as a predictor of falls: Fact or artefact. Age and Ageing, 41, 404–408.
  • Delbaere, K., Kochan, N.A., Close, J.C.T., Menant, J.C., Sturnieks, D.L., Brodaty, H., … Lord, S.R. (2012b). Mild cognitive impairment as a predictor of falls in community-dwelling older people. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 845–853.
  • Della Sala, S., Laiacona, M., Trivelli, C. & Spinnler, H. (1995). Poppelreuter-Ghent's overlapping figures test: Its sensitivity to age, and its clinical use. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 511–534.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
  • Dimopoulos, N., Piperi, C., Psarra, V., Lea, R.W. & Kalofoutis, A. (2008). Increased plasma levels of 8-iso-PGF2α and IL-6 in an elderly population with depression. Psychiatry Research, 161, 59–66.
  • Doty, R.L., Marcus, A. & William Lee, W. (1996). Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope, 106, 353–356.
  • Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E.K. & Lanctôt, K.L. (2010). A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 446–457.
  • Farias, S.T., Mungas, D., Reed, B.R., Harvey, D., Cahn-Weiner, D. & DeCarli, C. (2006). MCI is associated with deficits in everyday functioning. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 20, 217–223.
  • Fastenau, P.S., Denburg, N.L. & Mauer, B.A. (1998). Parallel short forms for the Boston Naming Test: Psychometric properties and norms for older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 828–834.
  • Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E. & McHugh, P.R. (1975). ‘Mini-mental state’: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
  • Fuchs, T., Trollor, J.N., Crawford, J., Brown, D.A., Baune, B.T., Samaras, K., … Smith, E. (2013). Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 is associated with cognitive impairment and predicts cognitive decline – the Sydney Memory and Aging Study. Aging Cell, 12, 882–889.
  • Geda, Y.E., Roberts, R.O., Knopman, D.S., Petersen, R.C., Christianson, T.J., Pankratz, V.S., … Rocca, W.A. (2008). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and normal cognitive aging: Population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1193–1198.
  • Goldberg, D., Bridges, K., Duncan-Jones, P. & Grayson, D. (1988). Detecting anxiety and depression in general medical settings. BMJ, 297, 897–899.
  • Grundman, M., Petersen, R.C., Ferris, S.H., Thomas, R.G., Aisen, P.S., Bennett, D.A., … Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment can be distinguished from Alzheimer disease and normal aging for clinical trials. Archives of Neurology, 61, 59–66.
  • Gupta, V.B., Laws, S.M., Villemagne, V.L., Ames, D., Bush, A.I., Ellis, K.A., … Martins, R.N. (2011). Plasma apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease risk: The AIBL study of aging. Neurology, 76, 1091–1098.
  • Haerer, W., Delbaere, K., Bartlett, H., Lord, S.R. & Rowland, J. (2012). Relationships between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statin) use and strength, balance and falls in older people. Internal Medicine Journal, 42, 1329–1334.
  • Hindmarch, I., Lehfeld, H., de Jongh, P. & Erzigkeit, H. (1998). The Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL). Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 9, 20–26.
  • Hodge, A., Patterson, A.J., Brown, W.J., Ireland, P. & Giles, G. (2000). The Anti Cancer Council of Victoria FFQ: Relative validity of nutrient intakes compared with weighed food records in young to middle-aged women in a study of iron supplementation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24, 576–583.
  • Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., Petersen, R.C., Kokmen, E. & Kurland, L.T. (1992a). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 83–104.
  • Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., Petersen, R.C., Kokmen, E. & Kurland, L.T. (1992b). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R norms for ages 56 to 97. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 1–30.
  • Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Tangalos, E.G., Petersen, R.C., Kokmen, E. & Kurland, L.T. (1990). The Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): Norms for ages 55 years and older. Psychological Assessment, 2, 304–312.
  • Jiang, J., Sachdev, P., Lipnicki, D.M., Zhang, H., Liu, T., Zhu, W., … Wen, W. (2013). A longitudinal study of brain atrophy over two years in community-dwelling older individuals. NeuroImage, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.022.
  • Jorm, A.F. (1994). A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation. Psychological Medicine, 24, 145–153.
  • Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H. & Weintraub, S. (2001). The Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Kessler, R.C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L.J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D.K., Normand, S.-L. T., … Zaslavsky, A.M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.
  • Kim, J., Basak, J.M. & Holtzman, D.M. (2009). The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron, 63, 287–303.
  • Klove, H. (1963). Clinical neuropsychology. In F.M. Forster (Ed.), The Medical Clinics of North America (pp. 1647–1658). New York: Saunders.
  • Kochan, N.A., Breakspear, M., Slavin, M.J., Valenzuela, M., McCraw, S., Brodaty, H. & Sachdev, P.S. (2010a). Functional alterations in brain activation and deactivation in mild cognitive impairment in response to a graded working memory challenge. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 553–568.
  • Kochan, N.A., Breakspear, M., Valenzuela, M., Slavin, M.J., Brodaty, H., Wen, W., … Sachdev, P.S. (2011). Cortical responses to a graded working memory challenge predict functional decline in mild cognitive impairment. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 123–130.
  • Kochan, N.A., Slavin, M.J., Brodaty, H., Crawford, J.D., Trollor, J.N., Draper, B. & Sachdev, P.S. (2010b). Effect of different impairment criteria on prevalence of ‘objective’ mild cognitive impairment in a community sample. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 711–722.
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L. & Williams, J.B.W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.
  • Lawton, M.P. & Brody, E.M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Nursing Research, 19, 179–186.
  • Lechevallier-Michel, N., Fabrigoule, C., Lafont, S., Letenneur, L. & Dartigues, J.F. (2004). Normes pour le MMSE, le test de rétention visuelle de Benton, le set test d’Isaacs, le sous-test des codes de la WAIS et le test de barrage de Zazzo chez des sujets âgés de 70 ans et plus: Données de la cohorte PAQUID [Normative data for the MMSE, the Benton visual retention test, the Isaacs’ set test, the digit symbol substitution test and the Zazzo’s cancellation task in subjects over the age 70: Results from the PAQUID Study]. Revue Neurologique, 160, 1059–1070.
  • Liu, T., Sachdev, P.S., Lipnicki, D.M., Jiang, J., Cui, Y., Kochan, N.A., … Wen, W. (2013). Longitudinal changes in sulcal morphology associated with late-life aging and MCI. NeuroImage, 74, 337–342.
  • Liu, T., Wen, W., Zhu, W., Kochan, N.A., Trollor, J.N., Reppermund, S., … Sachdev, P.S. (2011). The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. NeuroImage, 56, 865–873.
  • Lord, S.R., Murray, S.M., Chapman, K., Munro, B. & Tiedemann, A. (2002). Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57, M539–M543.
  • Lord, S.R., Rogers, M.W., Howland, A. & Fitzpatrick, R. (1999). Lateral stability, sensorimotor function and falls in older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 1077–1081.
  • Low, L.-F., Harrison, F., Kochan, N.A., Draper, B., Slavin, M.J., Reppermund, S., … Brodaty, H. (2012). Can mild cognitive impairment be accurately diagnosed in English speakers from linguistic minorities? Results from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 866–877.
  • Lyketsos, C.G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A.L., Breitner, J. & DeKosky, S. (2002). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1475–1483.
  • Manly, J.J., Tang, M.-X., Schupf, N., Stern, Y., Vonsattel, J.-P.G. & Mayeux, R. (2008). Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community. Annals of Neurology, 63, 494–506.
  • Marsland, A.L., Petersen, K.L., Sathanoori, R., Muldoon, M.F., Neumann, S.A., Ryan, C., … Manuck, S.B. (2006). Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with cognitive performance among middle-aged community volunteers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 895–903.
  • Mather, K.A., Assareh, A., Kochan, N., Crawford, J., Kang, K., Reppermund, S., … Sachdev, P. (2010). APOE E4 carriers are associated with amnestic but not nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment in an elderly community sample. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 6, S353.
  • McLennan, W. (1997). ASCO: Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  • Menant, J.C., Close, J.C.T., Delbaere, K., Sturnieks, D.L., Trollor, J., Sachdev, P.S., … Lord, S.R. (2012). Relationships between serum vitamin D levels, neuromuscular and neuropsychological function and falls in older men and women. Osteoporosis International, 23, 981–989.
  • Menant, J.C., Wong, A., Sturnieks, D.L., Close, J.C.T., Delbaere, K., Sachdev, P.S., … Lord, S.R. (2013). Pain and anxiety mediate the relationship between dizziness and falls in older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61, 423–428.
  • Mesholam, R.I., Moberg, P.J., Mahr, R.N. & Doty, R.L. (1998). Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: A meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Archives of Neurology, 55, 84–90.
  • Mitchell, A.J. & Shiri-Feshki, M. (2008). Temporal trends in the long term risk of progression of mild cognitive impairment: A pooled analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79, 1386–1391.
  • Morris, J.C. (1993). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43, 2412–2414.
  • Nägga, K., Rajani, R., Mårdh, E., Borch, K., Mårdh, S. & Marcusson, J. (2003). Cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, and gastritis markers in dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 16, 269–275.
  • Nelson, H.E. & Willison, J. (1991). National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test Manual (2nd ed.). Windsor, UK: NFER Nelson.
  • Petersen, R.C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194.
  • Petersen, R.C., Roberts, R.O., Knopman, D.S., Boeve, B.F., Geda, Y.E., Ivnik, R.J., … Jack, C.R. Jr. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment: Ten years later. Archives of Neurology, 66, 1447–1455.
  • Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E., Waring, S.C., Ivnik, R.J., Tangalos, E.G. & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308.
  • Podsiadlo, D. & Richardson, S. (1991). The timed ‘Up & Go’: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 142–148.
  • Qiu, C., Winblad, B., Marengoni, A., Klarin, I., Fastbom, J. & Fratiglioni, L. (2006). Heart failure and risk of dementia and alzheimer disease: A population-based cohort study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1003–1008.
  • Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Montesi, F., Lucicesare, A., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., … Mecocci, P. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment: Epidemiology and dementia risk in an elderly Italian population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 51–58.
  • Reitan, R.M. & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
  • Reppermund, S., Brodaty, H., Crawford, J.D., Kochan, N.A., Draper, B., Slavin, M.J., … Sachdev, P.S. (2013). Impairment in instrumental activities of daily living with high cognitive demand is an early marker of mild cognitive impairment: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Psychological Medicine, 43(11), 2437–2445.
  • Reppermund, S., Brodaty, H., Crawford, J.D., Kochan, N.A., Slavin, M.J., Trollor, J.N., … Sachdev, P.S. (2011a). The relationship of current depressive symptoms and past depression with cognitive impairment and instrumental activities of daily living in an elderly population: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1600–1607.
  • Reppermund, S., Sachdev, P.S., Crawford, J., Kochan, N.A., Slavin, M.J., Kang, K., … Brodaty, H. (2011b). The relationship of neuropsychological function to instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 843–852.
  • Richardson, J., Day, N.A., Peacock, S. & Iezzi, A. (2004). Measurement of the quality of life for economic evaluation and the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) Mark 2 instrument. Australian Economic Review, 37, 62–88.
  • Roberts, R.O., Geda, Y.E., Knopman, D.S., Cha, R.H., Pankratz, V.S., Boeve, B.F., … Rocca, W.A. (2008). The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging: Design and sampling, participation, baseline measures and sample characteristics. Neuroepidemiology, 30, 58–69.
  • Sachdev, P.S., Brodaty, H., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Trollor, J.N., Draper, B., … Lux, O. (2010). The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS): Methodology and baseline medical and neuropsychiatric characteristics of an elderly epidemiological non-demented cohort of Australians aged 70–90 years. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 1248–1264.
  • Sachdev, P.S., Lipnicki, D.M., Crawford, J., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Trollor, J.N., … Brodaty, H. (2012a). Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment vary by age and sex: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 854–865.
  • Sachdev, P.S., Lipnicki, D.M., Crawford, J., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Trollor, J.N., … the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study Team. (2013a). Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: A population-based study. PLoS ONE, 8, e59649.
  • Sachdev, P.S., Lipnicki, D.M., Kochan, N.A., Crawford, J.D., Rockwood, K., Xiao, S., … COSMIC. (2013b). COSMIC (Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium): An international consortium to identify risk and protective factors and biomarkers of cognitive ageing and dementia in diverse ethnic and sociocultural groups. BMC Neurology, 13, 165.
  • Sachdev, P.S., Lipnicki, D.M., Crawford, J., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Trollor, J.N., … the Memory Ageing Study Team. (2012b). Risk profiles of subtypes of mild cognitive impairment: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60, 24–33.
  • Samaras, K., Crawford, J., Baune, B.T., Campbell, L.V., Smith, E., Lux, O., … Sachdev, P. (2012). The value of the metabolic syndrome concept in elderly adults: Is it worth less than the sum of its parts?Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60, 1734–1741.
  • Schilling, S., DeStefano, A.L., Sachdev, P.S., Choi, S.H., Mather, K.A., DeCarli, C.D., … Debette, S. (2013). APOE genotype and MRI markers of cerebrovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology, 81, 292–300.
  • Seeher, K., Low, L.-F., Reppermund, S. & Brodaty, H. (2013). Predictors and outcomes for caregivers of people with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic literature review. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 9, 346–355.
  • Shahnawaz, Z., Reppermund, S., Brodaty, H., Crawford, J.D., Draper, B., Trollor, J.N. & Sachdev, P.S. (2013). Prevalence and characteristics of depression in mild cognitive impairment: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127, 394–402.
  • Sheehan, D.V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K.H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G.C. (1998). The Mini- International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
  • Slavin, M.J., Brodaty, H., Kochan, N.A., Crawford, J.D., Trollor, J.N., Draper, B. & Sachdev, P.S. (2010). Prevalence and predictors of ‘subjective cognitive complaints’ in the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 701–710.
  • Song, F., Poljak, A., Crawford, J., Kochan, N.A., Wen, W., Cameron, B., … Sachdev, P.S. (2012). Plasma apolipoprotein levels are associated with cognitive status and decline in a community cohort of older individuals. PLoS ONE, 7, e34078.
  • Spreen, O. & Benton, A.L. (1969). Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia Manual (NCCEA). Victoria: University of Victoria.
  • Strauss, E., Sherman, E.M.S. & Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms and Commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Sturnieks, D.L., Menant, J., Delbaere, K., Vanrenterghem, J., Rogers, M.W., Fitzpatrick, R.C. & Lord, S.R. (2013). Force-controlled balance perturbations associated with falls in older people: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 8, e70981.
  • Thambisetty, M., Simmons, A., Velayudhan, L., Hye, A., Campbell, J., Zhang, Y., … Lovestone, S. (2010). Association of plasma clusterin concentration with severity, pathology, and progression in Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 739–748.
  • Tiemeier, H., Hofman, A., van Tuijl, H.R., Kiliaan, A.J., Meijer, J. & Breteler, M.M.B. (2003). Inflammatory proteins and depression in the elderly. Epidemiology, 14, 103–107.
  • Tombaugh, T.N. (2004). Trail making test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 203–214.
  • Tombaugh, T.N., Kozak, J. & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 167–177.
  • Trollor, J., Smith, E., Agars, E., Kuan, S., Baune, B., Campbell, L., … Sachdev, P. (2012). The association between systemic inflammation and cognitive performance in the elderly: The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Age, 34, 1295–1308.
  • Trollor, J.N., Anderson, T.M., Sachdev, P.S., Brodaty, H. & Andrews, G. (2007). Prevalence of mental disorders in the elderly: The Australian National Mental Health and Well-Being Survey. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 455–466.
  • Trollor, J.N., Smith, E., Baune, B.T., Kochan, N.A., Campbell, L., Samaras, K., … Sachdev, P. (2010). Systemic inflammation is associated with MCI and its subtypes: The Sydney Memory and Aging Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 569–578.
  • Tuokko, H., Morris, C. & Ebert, P. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment and everyday functioning in older adults. Neurocase, 11, 40–47.
  • Wahl, H.-W. & Heyl, V. (2003). Connections between vision, hearing, and cognitive function in old age. Generations, 27, 39–45.
  • Waite, L.M., Broe, G.A., Grayson, D.A. & Creasey, H. (2001). Preclinical syndromes predict dementia: The Sydney older persons study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 71, 296–302.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L.A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
  • Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997b). Wechsler Memory Scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wen, W., Zhu, W., He, Y., Kochan, N.A., Reppermund, S., Slavin, M.J., … Sachdev, P. (2011). Discrete neuroanatomical networks are associated with specific cognitive abilities in old age. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 1204–1212.
  • WHO. (2001). World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L.O., … Petersen, R.C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment – Beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240–246.
  • Wright, C.B., Sacco, R.L., Rundek, T.R., Delman, J.B., Rabbani, L.E. & Elkind, M.S.V. (2006). Interleukin-6 Is associated with cognitive function: The Northern Manhattan Study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 15, 34–38.
  • Yesavage, J.A., Brink, T.L., Rose, T.L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. & Leirer, V.O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.
  • Yesavage, J.A. & Sheikh, J.I. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 165–173.
  • Zarit, S.H., Todd, P.A. & Zarit, J.M. (1986). Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. Gerontologist, 26, 260–266.
  • Zhang, H., Sachdev, P.S., Wen, W., Kochan, N.A., Crawford, J.D., Brodaty, H., … Trollor, J.N. (2012). Gray matter atrophy patterns of mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 315, 26–32.
  • Zhang, H., Sachdev, P.S., Wen, W., Kochan, N.A., Zhu, W., Crawford, J.D., … Trollor, J.N. (2011a). Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive performance in late life. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 32, 216–226.
  • Zhang, H., Trollor, J.N., Wen, W., Zhu, W., Crawford, J.D., Kochan, N.A., … Sachdev, P.S. (2011b). Grey matter atrophy of basal forebrain and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 82, 487–493.
  • Zhuang, L., Sachdev, P.S., Trollor, J.N., Kochan, N.A., Reppermund, S., Brodaty, H. & Wen, W. (2012a). Microstructural white matter changes in cognitively normal individuals at risk of amnestic MCI. Neurology, 79, 748–754.
  • Zhuang, L., Sachdev, P.S., Trollor, J.N., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Brodaty, H. & Wen, W. (2013). Microstructural white matter changes, not hippocampal atrophy, detect early amnestic mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE, 8, e58887.
  • Zhuang, L., Wen, W., Trollor, J.N., Kochan, N.A., Reppermund, S., Brodaty, H. & Sachdev, P. (2012b). Abnormalities of the fornix in mild cognitive impairment are related to episodic memory loss. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 29, 629–639.
  • Zhuang, L., Wen, W., Zhu, W., Trollor, J., Kochan, N., Crawford, J., … Sachdev, P. (2010). White matter integrity in mild cognitive impairment: A tract-based spatial statistics study. NeuroImage, 53, 16–25.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.