Resilience in lesbians and gay men: A review and key findings from a nationwide Australian survey

References

• Asakura, K., & Craig, S. L. (2014). ‘It Gets Better’.. but how? Exploring resilience development in the accounts of LGBTQ adults. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24, 253–266.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of results. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, J. C., Herdt, G., & de Vries, B. (2006). Social support in the lives of lesbians and gay men at midlife and later. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, C., Whyte, C., Comfort, J., Lyons, A., & Crameri, P. (2014). Social connection, relationships and older lesbian and gay people. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 30, 131–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, C. J., Colhoun, H. C., Carter, F. A., & Frampton, C. M. (2012). Effectiveness of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders in secondary care. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 630–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010). Minority-specific determinants of mental well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 153–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: A pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 15, 266–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bybee, J. A., Sullivan, E. L., Zielonka, E., & Moes, E. (2009). Are gay men in worse mental health than heterosexual men? The role of age, shame and guilt, and coming-out. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 144–154.
   Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, A., McManus, S., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., & King, M. (2011). Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H., Murray, K., Calear, A. L., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2010). Beacon: A web portal to high-quality mental health websites for use by health professionals and the public. Medical Journal of Australia, 192, S40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (2008). Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 197–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 73–94). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, K. M., & Zhang, W. (2006). Resilience: Determinants, measurement, and treatment responsiveness. CNS Spectrums, 11, 5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowpertwait, L., & Clarke, D. (2013). Effectiveness of web-based psychological interventions for depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11, 247–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davydov, D. M., Stewart, R., Ritchie, K., & Chaudieu, I. (2010). Resilience and mental health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 479–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della, B., Wilson, M., & Miller, R. L. (2002). Strategies for managing heterosexism used among African American gay and bisexual men. Journal of Black Psychology, 28, 371–391.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. (2009). Sexual orientation: A practical guide for the NHS. London, UK: Department of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Dewaele, A., Cox, N., Van den Berghe, W., & Vincke, J. (2011). Families of choice? Exploring the supportive networks of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 312–331.
   Google Scholar
• Dewaele, A., Van Houtte, M., & Vincke, J. (2014). Visibility and coping with minority stress: A gender-specific analysis among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals in Flanders. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1601–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, P., & Adams, J. (2014). Resiliency and mental health and well-being among lesbian, gay and bisexual people. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 16, 117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFulvio, G. T. (2011). Sexual minority youth, social connection and resilience: From personal struggle to collective identity. Social Science and Medicine, 72, 1611–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerhuta, A. W., Peplaub, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2010). Identity, minority stress and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology and Sexuality 1, 101–114.
   Google Scholar
• Friend, R. A. (1990). Older lesbian and gay people: A theory of successful aging. Journal of Homosexuality, 20, 99–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genke, J. (2004). Resistance and resilience: The untold story of gay men aging with chronic illnesses. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 17, 81–95.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., & West, C. (2013). Master resilience training and its relationship to individual well-being and stress buffering among army national guard soldiers. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 40, 140–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D’Augelli, A. R., .. Clayton, P. J. (2010). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 10–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 32–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrick, A. L., Stall, R., Goldhammer, H., Egan, J. E., & Mayer, K. H. (2014). Resilience as a research framework and as a cornerstone of prevention research for gay and bisexual men: Theory and evidence. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keleher, J., Wei, M., & Liao, K. Y.-H. (2010). Attachment, positive feelings about being a lesbian, perceived general support, and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 847–873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, O., Clark, A. E., & Lyons, A. (2010). When the social becomes personal: Exploring the role of common ground in stereotype communication. Social Cognition, 28, 329–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E., Peterson, C., Diener, E., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., & Thompson, W. (2011). Mental health promotion in public health: Perspectives and strategies from positive psychology. American Journal of Public Health, 101, e1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulkin, H. S. (2006). Factors enhancing adaptive coping and mental health in lesbian youth: A review of the literature. Journal of Homosexuality, 50, 97–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, P. (2013). Resilience in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 371–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, P., & Hugelshofer, D. S. (2010). The protective role of hope for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals facing a hostile workplace climate. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 14, 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, W., Lyons, A., & Bariola, E. (2015). A closer look at Private Lives 2: Addressing the mental health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Australians. Monograph Series No. 103. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, W., Pitts, M., Mitchell, A., Lyons, A., Smith, A., Patel, S., .. Barrett, A. (2012). Private Lives 2: The second national survey of the health and wellbeing of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) Australians . Monograph Series No. 86. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University.
   Google Scholar
• Loprinzi, C. E., Prasad, K., Schroeder, D. R., & Sood, A. (2011). Stress Management and Resilience Training (SMART) program to decrease stress and enhance resilience among breast cancer survivors: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Clinical Breast Cancer, 11, 364–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A. (2014). Resilience in lebians and gay men: Findings from an Australian nationwide online survey. In H. Periera & P. Costa (Eds), Coming out for LGBT psychology (pp. 286–293). Lisbon, Portugal: International Academy of LGBT Psychology and Related Fields.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., Clark, A., Kashima, Y., & Kurz, T. (2008). Cultural dynamics of stereotyping: Social network processes and the perpetuation of stereotypes. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler & P. Freytag (Eds), Stereotype dynamics: Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes (pp. 59–92). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., Croy, S., Barrett, C., & Whyte, C. (2014). Growing old as a gay man: How life has changed for the gay liberation generation. Ageing and Society. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X14000889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., Hosking, W., & Rozbroj, T. (2014). Rural–urban differences in mental health, resilience, stigma, and social support among young Australian gay men. Journal of Rural Health, 31, 89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., & Kashima, Y. (2003). How are stereotypes maintained through communication? The influence of stereotype sharedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 989–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., Pitts, M., & Grierson, J. (2013a). Factors related to positive mental health in a stigmatized minority: An investigation of older gay men. Journal of Aging and Health, 25, 1159–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., Pitts, M., & Grierson, J. (2013b). Growing old as a gay man: Psychosocial wellbeing of a sexual minority. Research on Aging, 35, 275–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1869–1876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, S., Jude, B., & McLachlan, A. J. (2008). Sense of belonging to the general and gay communities as predictors of depression among Australian gay men. International Journal of Men's Health, 7, 90–99.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2010). Identity, stress, and resilience in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals of color. Counseling Psychologist, 38, 442–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H., Dietrich, J., & Schwartz, S. (2008). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and suicide attempts in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1004–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, J. J., & Kendra, M. S. (2011). Revision and extension of a multidimensional measure of sexual minority identity: The Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 234–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustanski, B., Newcomb, M. E., & Garofalo, R. (2011). Mental Health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A developmental resiliency perspective. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 23, 204–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Netuveli, G., Wiggins, R., Montgomery, S., Hildon, Z., & Blane, D. (2008). Mental health and resilience at older ages: Bouncing back after adversity in the British Household Panel Survey. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 987–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngamake, S. T., Walch, S. E., & Raveepatarakul, J. (2014). Validation of the Coping With Discrimination Scale in sexual minorities. Journal of Homosexuality, 61, 1003–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otis, M. D. (2007). Perceptions of victimization risk and fear of crime among lesbians and gay men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 198–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 328–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts, M., Smith, A., Mitchell, A., & Patel, S. (2006). Private Lives: A report on the health and wellbeing of GLBTI Australians. Monograph Series No. 57. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012). Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggle, E. D. B., Whitman, J. S., Olson, A., Rostosky, S. S., & Strong, S. (2008). The positive aspects of being a lesbian or gay man. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 210–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, R. D., Buckey, J. C., Zbozinek, T. D., Motivala, S. J., Glenn, D. E., Cartreine, J. A., & Craske, M. G. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of a self-guided, multimedia, stress management and resilience training program. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 106–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozbroj, T., Lyons, A., Pitts, M., Mitchell, A., & Christensen, H. (2014). Assessing the applicability of e-therapies for depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders among lesbians and gay men: Analysis of 24 web-and mobile phone-based self-help interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozbroj, T., Lyons, A., Pitts, M., Mitchell, A., & Christensen, H. (2015). Improving self-help e-therapy for depression and anxiety among sexual minorities: An analysis of focus groups with lesbians and gay men. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17, e66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, G. M., & Richards, J. A. (2003). Stressor and resilience factors for lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals confronting antigay politics. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 313–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123, 346–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, G. L., & Kroll, I. T. (2000). Generating stories of resilience: Helping gay and lesbian youth and their families. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 433–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scourfield, J., Roen, K., & McDermott, L. (2008). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people's experiences of distress: Resilience, ambivalence and self-destructive behaviour. Health and Social Care in the Community, 16, 329–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Yehuda, R., Cunill, R., Knutelska, M., Putnam, F. W., & Smith, L. M. (2007). Factors associated with resilience in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 1149–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Kilmer, R. P. (2005). Assessing strengths, resilience, and growth to guide clinical interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 230–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagnild, G. (2009). A review of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 17, 105–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldo, C. R. (1999). Working in a majority context: A structural model of heterosexism as minority stress in the workplace. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 218–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle, G., Bennett, K. M., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock, G., & Altman, D. (1999). The largest street party in the world: The gay and lesbian movement in Australia. In B. D. Adam, J. W. Duyvendak & A. Krouwel (Eds.), The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics: National imprints of a worldwide movement (pp. 326–343). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2013a). Addressing the causes of disparities in health service access and utilization for lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) persons. Concept Paper (Vol. Provisional Agenda Item 4.12). Washington, DC: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2013b). Improving the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons: A report by the Secretariat. Washington, DC: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yates, T. M., & Masten, A. S. (2004). Fostering the future: Resilience theory and the practice of positive pychology. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 521–539). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar