Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Arcelus, J., Bouman, W.P., Van De Noortgate, W., Claes, L., Witcomb, G.L., & Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in transsexualism. European Psychiatry 30(6), 807–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer, M.K., Höhne, N., Bazzara-Castro, M.A., Pfister, H., Fuss, J., Stalla, G.K, … Ising, M. (2013). Psychopathological profiles in transsexuals and the challenge of their special status among the sexes. PLoS One, 8(10), e78469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandini, E., Fisher, AD., Ricca, J., Meriggiola, M.C., Jannini, E.A., Manieri, C.,… Maggi, M. (2011). Childhood maltreatment in subjects with male-to-female gender identity disorder. International Journal of Impotence research, 23, 276–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, G.R., Scheim, A.I., Pyne, J., Travers, R., & Hammond, R. (2015). Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: A respondent driven sampling study in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 15, 525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazargan, M., & Galvan, F. (2012). Perceived discrimination and depression among low-income Latina male-to-female transgender women. BMC Public Health, 12, 663–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting, W.O., Miner, M.H., Swinburne Romine, R.E., Hamiltion, A., & Coleman E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 5, 943–995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender –based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 3, 53–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., … Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 165–232.
   Google Scholar
• Colizzi, M., Costa, R., Pace, V., & Todarello, O. (2013). Hormonal treatment reduces psychobiological distress in gender identity disorder, independently of the attachment style. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(12), 3049–3058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colizzi, M., Costa, R., & Todarello, O. (2014). Transsexual patients’ psychiatric comorbidity and positive effect of cross-sex hormonal treatment on mental health: Results from a longitudinal study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 39, 65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colizzi, M., Costa, R., & Todarello, O. (2015). Dissociative symptoms in individuals with gender dysphoria: Is the elevated prevalence real? Psychiatry Research, 226, 173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colton Meier, S., Pardo, S.T., & Labuski, C. (2013). Measures of clinical health among female-to-male transgender persons as a function of sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 463–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claes, L., Bouman, W.P., Witcomb, G., Thurston, M., & Arcelus, J. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury in transsexualism: Associations with psychological symptoms, victimization, interpersonal functioning and perceived social support. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(1), 168–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, A., Bouman, W.P., Meyer, C., & Arcelus, J. (2015). Interpersonal functioning among individuals with gender dysphoria. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(12), 1173–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, A., Bouman, W.P., Arcelus, J., & Meyer, C. (2014). Social support and psychological well-being in gender dysphoria: A comparison of patients with matched controls. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 2976–2985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cuypere, G., Jannes, C., & Rubens, R. (1995). Psychosocial functioning of transsexuals in Belgium. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 91, 180–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cuypere, G., Elaut, E., Heylens, G., Van Maele, G., Selvaggi, G., T’Sjoen, G., … Monstrey, S. (2006). Long-term follow up: Psychosocial outcome of Belgian transsexuals after sex reassignment surgery. Sexologies, 15, 126–133.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L.R., & Unger, R. (2010). Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. In Weiner, I.B. & Craighead, W.E. (Eds). Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology,. 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dhejne, C., Lichtenstein, P., Boman, M., Johansson, A.L., Langstrom, N., & Landen, M. (2011). Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: Cohort study in Sweden. PLoS One, 6, e16885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drescher, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P., & Winter, S. (2012). Minding the body: Situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(6), 568–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duisin, D., Batinic, B., Barisic, J., Djordjevic, M.L., Vujovic, S., & Bizic, M. (2014). Personality disorders in persons with gender identity disorder. The Scientific World Journal, 809058.
   Google Scholar
• Factor, R.J., & Rothblum, E.D. (2007). A study of transgender adults and their non-transgender siblings on demographic characteristics, social support, and experience of violence. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3, 11–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon M., and Williams, J.B.W. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition. (SCID-I/P),. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, A.D., Bandini, E., Casale, H., Ferrucio, N., Meriggiola, M.C., Gualerzi, A., … Maggi, M. (2013). Sociodemographic and clinical features of gender identity disorder: An Italian multicentric evaluation. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 408–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, A.D., Castellini, G., Bandini, E., Casale, H., Fanni, E., Benni, L., … Rellini, A.H. (2014). Cross-sex hormonal treatment and body uneasiness in individuals with gender dysphoria. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 709–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring, D., & Knudson, G. (2005). Prevalence of childhood trauma in a clinical population of transsexual people. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8, 23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez-Gil, E., Trilla, A., Salamero, M., Godas, T., & Valdes, M. (2009). Sociodemographic, clinical, and psychiatric characteristics of transsexuals from Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 378–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Gil, E., Vidal-Hagemeijer, A., & Salamero, M. (2008). MMPI-2 characteristics of transsexuals requesting sex reassignment: Comparison of patients in prehormonal and presurgical phases. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 368–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Gil, E., Zubiaurre-Elorza, L., Esteva, I., Guillamon, A., Godás, T., Cruz Almaraz, M., … Salamero M. (2012). Hormone-treated transsexuals report less social distress, anxiety and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 662–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooren, L.j., Sunkaew, T., Giltay, E.J., & Guadamuz, T.E. (2015). Cross-sex hormone use functional health and mental-being among transgender men (Toms) and Transgender women (Kathoeys) in Thailand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1, 92–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorin-Lazard, A., Baumstarck, K., Boyer, L., Maquigneau, A., Gebleux, S., Penochet, J.C., … Bonierbale, M. (2012). Is hormonal therapy associated with better quality of life in transsexuals? A cross sectional study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9, 531–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorin-Lazard, A., Baumstarck, K., Boyer, L., Maquigneau, A., Penochet, J.C. Pringuey, D., … Auquier, P. (2013). Hormonal therapy is associated with better self-esteem, mood and quality of life in transsexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 996–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraldsen, I.R., & Dahl, A.A. (2000). Symptom profiles of gender dysphoric patients of transsexual type compared to patients with personality disorders and healthy adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepp, U., Kraemer, B., Schnyder, U., Miller, N., & Delsignore, A. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 259–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylens, G., Elaut, E., Kreukels, B.P., Paap, M.C., Cerwenka, S., Richter-Appelt, H., … De Cuypere, G. (2014a). Psychiatric characteristics in transsexual individuals: Multicenter study in four European countries. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204, 151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylens G., Verroken C., De Cock S., T'sjoen G., & De Cuypere G. (2014b). Effects of different steps in gender reassignment therapy on psychopathology: A prospective study of persons with a gender identity disorder. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshiai, M., Matsumoto, Y., Sato, T., Ohnishi, M., Okabe, N., Kishimoto, Y., … Kuroda, S. (2010). Psychosomatic comorbidity among patients with gender identity disorder. Psychiatry Clinical Neurosciences, 64, 514–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, A., Sundbom, E., Hojerback, T., & Bodlund, O. (2010). A five-year follow-up study of Swedish adults with gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1429–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, C., O’Donovan, C., Callaghan, G., Gaoatswe, G., O’Shea, D. (2014). Gender dysphoria – prevalence and co-morbidities in an irish adult population. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5, 87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersting A., Reutemann, M., Gast, U., Ohrmann, P., Suslow, T., Michael, N., & Arolot, V. (2003). Dissociative disorders and traumatic childhood experiences in transsexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T.S., Cheon, Y.H., Pae C.U., Kim, J.J., Lee, C.U., Lee, S.J., … Lee, C. (2006). Psychological burdens are associated with young male transsexuals in Korea. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 417–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreukels, B.P., Haraldsen, I.R., De Cuypere, G., Richter-Appelt, H., Gijs, L., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2012). A European network for the investigation of gender incongruence: The ENIGI initiative. European Psychiatry, 27, 445–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landén, M., Wålinder, J. & Lundstrom, B. (1998). Clinical characteristics of a total cohort of female and male applicants for sex reassignment: A descriptive study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, A. & Zucker, K. (2012) Gender identity disorders. In M. Hersen & D. Beidel (Eds.), Adult psychopathology and diagnosis, (6th ed., pp. 601–635). London: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lev, A.I. (2009). The ten tasks of the mental health provider: Recommendations for revision of the world professional association for transgender health’s standards of care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11, 74–99.
   Google Scholar
• Lothstein, L.M. (1984). Psychological testing with transsexuals: A 30-year review. Journal Personality Assessment, 48, 500–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeddu, F., Prunas, A., & Hartmann, D. (2009). Prevalence of Axis II Disorders in a sample of clients undertaking psychiatric evaluation for sex reassignment surgery. Psychiatric Quarterly, 80, 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaheri Meybodi, A., Hajebi, A., & Ghanbari Jolfaie, A. (2014a). Psychiatric Axis I Comorbidities among patients with gender dysphoria. Psychiatry Journal, 971814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazaheri Meybodi, A., Hajebi, A., & Ghanbari Jolfaie, A. (2014b). The frequency of personality disorders in patients with gender identity disorder. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28, 90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F. (2010). From mental disorder to iatrogenic hypogonadism: Dilemmas in conceptualizing gender identity variants as psychiatric conditions. Archive of Sexual Behavior, 39, 461–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miach, P.P., Berah, E.F., Butcher, J.N., & Rouse, S. (2000). Utility of the MMPI-2 in assessing gender dysphoric patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 268–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock, L., Bockting, W., Rosenblum, A., Hwahng, S., Manson, M., Macri, M., & Becker, J. (2014). Gender abuse, depressive symptoms and substance use among transgender women: A 3-year prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 11, 2199–2266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock, L., Bockting, W., Rosenblum, A., Manson, M., Macri, M., & Becker, J. (2011). Gender identity conflict/affirmation and major depression across the life course of transgender women. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 91–1034.
   Google Scholar
• Pimenoff, V., & Pfäfflin, F. (2011). Transsexualism: Treatment outcome of compliant and noncompliant patients. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, C., Arcelus, J., Barrett, J., Bouman, WP., Lenihan, P,, Lorimer, S., Murjan, S., & Seal, L. (2015). Trans is not a disorder – but should still receive funding. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 30, 309–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotondi, N.K. (2011). Depression in trans people: A review of the risk factors. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 104–116.
   Google Scholar
• Ruppin, U., & Pfafflin, F. (2015). Long-Term Follow-Up of Adults with Gender Identity Disorder. Archive of Sexual Behavior. 1321–1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaggi, G., & Giordiano, S. (2014). The role of mental health professionals in gender reassignment surgeries: Unjust discrimination or responsible care? Aesthtetic Plastic Surgery, 38, 1177–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, L., Zsolt, U., Fogd, D., & Czobor P. (2011). Dysfunctional core beliefs, perceived parenting and psychopathology in gender identity disorder: A comparison of male-to-female, female-to-male transsexual and nontranssexual control subject. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5, 38–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slabbekoorn, D., Goozen, S.H.V., Gooren, L.J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2001). Effects of cross-sex hormone treatment on emotionality in transsexuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 5(3), 2–18.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Y.L., van Goosen, S.H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2001). Adolescents with gender identity disorder who were accepted or rejected for sex reassignment surgery: A prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 472–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Y.L., van Goosen, S.H., Kuiper, A.J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2005). Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance. Psychiatry Research, 137, 151–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udeze, B., Abdelmawla, N., Khoosal, D., & Terry, T. (2008). Psychological functions in male-to-female transsexual people before and after surgery. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 23, 141–145.
   Google Scholar
• Weyers, S., Elaut, E., De Sutter, P., Gerris, J., T'Sjoen, G., Heylens, G., … Verstraelen, H. (2009). Long-term assessment of the physical, mental, and sexual health among transsexual women. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(3), 752–760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1992). Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, Tenth Revision, Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Zubiaurre-Elorza, L., Junque, C., Gomez-Gil, E., Segovia, S., Carrillo, B., Rametti, G., & Guillamon, A. (2013). Cortical thickness in untreated transsexuals. Cerebral Cortex, 23, 2855–2862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar