4,907
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Gender dysphoria in adolescence

&
Pages 21-35 | Received 20 Nov 2015, Accepted 20 Nov 2015, Published online: 01 Feb 2016

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Youth Self-Report. Burlington, VT University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry
  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1986). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and Teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile: Burlington, University of Vermond, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.
  • Adelson, S. L. (2012). Practice parameter on gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation, gender nonconformity, and gender discordance in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 957–974.
  • Aitken, M.A., Steensma, T.D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D.P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., & Zucker, K.J. (2015). Evidence for an Altered Sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 756–763.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychological Association. (2015). Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/practice/guidelines/transgender.pdf
  • Antonio, I. E., Gomez-Gil, E., Almaraz, M. C., Alvarez-Diz, J. A., Asenjo, N., Becerra, A.,… & Vidales, A. (2013). Coordination of healthcare for transsexual persons: A multidisciplinary approach. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 20, 585–591.
  • Barrett, J. (2014). Disorders of gender identity: What to do and who should do it? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204, 96–97.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Berenbaum, S. A., Beltz, A. M., & Corley, R. (2015). The importance of puberty for adolescent development: conceptualization and measurement Advances in Child Development and Behavior 48, 53–92.
  • Birkett, M., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2015). Does it get better? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress and victimization in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 56, 280–285.
  • Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J., & Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 495–514.
  • Burke, S. M., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Veltman, D. J., Klink, D. T., & Bakker, J. (2014). Hypothalamic response to the chemo-signal androstadienone in gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 5, 60. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00060
  • Burke, S. M., Veltman, D. J., Gerber, J., Hummel, T., & Bakker, J. (2012). Heterosexual men and women both show a hypothalamic response to the chemo-signal androstadienone. PloS One, 7, e40993.
  • Coates, S., & Person, E. S. (1985). Extreme boyhood femininity: isolated behavior or pervasive disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 702–709.
  • Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Pfäfflin, F. (2003). Transgenderism and intersexuality in childhood and adolescence: Making choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Schagen S. E., Steensma T. D., de Vries A. L., & Delemarre-van de Waal H. A. (2011). Puberty suppression in a gender-dysphoric adolescent: a 22-year follow-up. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 40, 843–847.
  • Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Steensma, T. D., & de Vries, A. L. (2011). Treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 689–700.
  • Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & van Goozen, S. H. (1997). Sex reassignment of adolescent transsexuals: a follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 263–271.
  • Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J.,… Zucker, K. (2011). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender and gender non-conforming people, version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 165–232.
  • de Vries, A.L., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2012) Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approach. . Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 301–320.
  • de Vries, A. L., Doreleijers, T. A., Steensma, T. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in gender dysphoric adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 52, 1195–1202.
  • de Vries, A. L., Kreukels, B. P., Steensma, T. D., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Comparing adult and adolescent transsexuals: an MMPI-2 and MMPI-A study. Psychiatry Research, 186, 414–418.
  • de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, 134, 696–704.
  • de Vries, A. L., Noens, I. L., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A., & Doreleijers, T. A. (2010). Autism spectrum disorders in gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 930–936.
  • de Vries, A. L., Steensma, T. D., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 2276–2283.
  • de Vries, A. L., Steensma, T. D., VanderLaan, D. P., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Zucker, K. J. (2015). Poor peer relations predict parent- and self-reported behavioral and emotional problems of adolescents with gender dysphoria: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1007/s00787-015-0764-7
  • Delemarre-van de Waal, H.A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2006). Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155, S1131–S1137.
  • Drescher, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., & Winter, S. (2012) Minding the body: situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11. International Review of Psychiatry; 24, 568–577.
  • Edwards-Leeper, L., & Spack, N. P. (2012). Psychological evaluation and medical treatment of transgender youth in an interdisciplinary ‘Gender Management Service’ (GeMS) in a major pediatric center. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 321–336.
  • Giedd, J. (2008). The teen brain: insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 335–343.
  • Grossman, A. H., & D'Augelli, A. R. (2007). Transgender youth and life-threatening behaviors. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 527–537.
  • Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. E., Gooren, L. J., Meyer, W. J., III, & Spack, N. P.,… Montori, V. M. (2009). Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94, 3132–3154.
  • Hewitt, J. K., Paul, C., Kasiannan, P., Grover, S. R., Newman, L. K., & Warne, G. L. (2012). Hormone treatment of gender identity disorder in a cohort of children and adolescents. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196, 578–581.
  • Hidalgo, M. A., Ehrensaft, D., Tishelman, A. C., Clark, L. F., Garofalo, R., Rosenthal, S. M.,… Olson, J. (2013). The gender affirmative model: What we know and what we aim to learn. Human Development, 56, 285–290.
  • Hoekzema, E., Schagen, S. E., Kreukels, B. P., Veltman, D. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Delemarre-van de Waal, H., & Bakker, J. (2015). Regional volumes and spatial volumetric distribution of gray matter in the gender dysphoric brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 55, 59–71.
  • Holt, V., Skagerberg E., & Dunsford M. (2014). Young people with features of gender dysphoria: Demographics and associated difficulties. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, [Epub]. Doi: 10.1177/1359104514558431
  • Hsieh, S., & Leininger, J. (2014). Resource list: Clinical care programs for gender-nonconforming children and adolescents. Pediatric Annals, 43, 238–244.
  • Kaltiala-Heino, R., Sumia, M., Työläjärvi, M., & Lindberg, N. (2015). Two years of gender identity service for minors: Overrepresentation of natal girls with severe problems in adolescent development. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 9.
  • Khatchadourian, K., Amed, S., & Metzger, D. L. (2014). Clinical management of youth with gender dysphoria in Vancouver. The Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 906–911.
  • Klink, D., Caris, M., Heijboer, A., van Trotsenburg, M., Rotteveel, J. (2015). Bone mass in young adulthood following gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment and cross-sex hormone treatment in adolescents with gender dysphoria. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 100, E270–E275.
  • Kreukels B. P., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Puberty suppression in gender identity disorder: the Amsterdam experience. . Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 7, 466–472.
  • Lawrence, A. A. (2003). Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surger. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 299–315.
  • Lawrence, A. A. (2010). Sexual orientation versus age of onset as bases for typologies (subtypes) for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 514–545.
  • Leibowitz, S., & Spack, N. (2011). The development of a gender identity psychosocial clinic: treatment issues, logistical considerations, interdisciplinary cooperation, and future initiatives. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 701–724.
  • Lindgren, T. W., & Pauly, I. B. (1975). A body image scale for evaluating transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 4, 639–656.
  • Liu, R. T., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Suicidal ideation and self-harm in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 221–228.
  • Menvielle, E. (2012). A comprehensive program for children with gender variant behaviors and gender identity disorders. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 357–368.
  • Miesen, A.I.R., Hurley, H., & de Vries, ALC (2016). Gender Dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review. Intl Rev of Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print]. Doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199.
  • Ndoro S. (2014). Effective multidisciplinary working: the key to high-quality care. British Journal of Nursing, 23, 724–747.
  • Olson, J., & Garofalo, R. (2014). The peripubertal gender-dysphoric child: Puberty suppression and treatment paradigms. Pediatric Annals, 43, e132–e137.
  • Olson, J., Schrager, S. M., Belzer, M., Simons, L. K., & Clark, L. F. (2015). Baseline Physiologic and Psychosocial Characteristics of Transgender Youth Seeking Care for Gender Dysphoria. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 57, 374–380.
  • Pleak, R. R., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., O'Brien, J. D., Bowen, H. A., & Morganstein, A. (1989). Cross-gender behavior and psychopathology in boy psychiatric outpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 385–393.
  • Richards C., Bouman, W., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., T'Sjoen, G. (2016). Non-binary or genderqueer genders. International Review of Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print]. Doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446.
  • Robinson, J. P., Espelage, D. L., & Rivers, I. (2013). Developmental trends in peer victimization and emotional distress in LGB and heterosexual youth. Pediatrics, 131, 423–430.
  • Schagen, S. E., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Blanchard, R., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2012). Sibling sex ratio and birth order in early-onset gender dysphoric adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 541–549.
  • Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.
  • Sherer, I., Rosenthal, S. M., Ehrensaft, D., & Baum, J. (2012). Child and adolescent gender center: A multidisciplinary collaboration to improve the lives of gender nonconforming children and teens. Pediatrics in Review, 33, 273–275.
  • Simmons H., & White F. (2014). Our many selves in Erickson-Schroth L. (Ed.), Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community (pp. 3–23). New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
  • Sizonenko PC. (1987). Normal sexual maturation. Pediatrician 14, 191–201. PMID: 3331201
  • Skagerberg, E., Davidson, S., & Carmichael, P. (2013). Internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a group of young people with gender dysphoria. International Journal of Transgenderism, 14, 105–112.
  • Skagerberg, E., Parkinson, R., & Carmichael, P. (2013). Self-harming thoughts and behaviors in a group of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. International Journal of Transgenderism, 14, 86–92.
  • Smith, Y. L., van Goozen, S. H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2001). Adolescents with gender identity disorder who were accepted or rejected for sex reassignment surgery: a prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 472–481.
  • Smith, Y. L., Van Goozen, S. H., Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005a). Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals. Psychological Medicine, 35, 89–99.
  • Smith, Y. L., van Goozen, S. H., Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005b). Transsexual subtypes: clinical and theoretical significance. Psychiatry Research, 137, 151–160.
  • Soleman, R. S., Schagen, S. E., Veltman, D. J., Kreukels, B. P., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Lambalk, C. B., … Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. (2013). Sex differences in verbal fluency during adolescence: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in gender dysphoric and control boys and girls. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 1969–1977.
  • Spack, N. P., Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H. A., Leibowitz, S., Mandel, F., Diamond, D. A., & Vance, S. R. (2012). Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Pediatrics, 129, 418–425.
  • Staphorsius, A. S., Kreukels, B. P., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Veltman, D. J., Burke, S. M., Schagen, S. E.,… Bakker, J. (2015). Puberty suppression and executive functioning: An fMRI-study in adolescents with gender dysphoria. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 56, 190–199.
  • Steensma, T. D., Biemond, R., Boer, F. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: A qualitative follow-up study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16, 499–516.
  • Steensma, T. D., Kreukels, B. P., de Vries, A. L., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Gender identity development in adolescence. Hormones and Behavior, 64, 288–297.
  • Steensma, T. D., Zucker, K. J., Kreukels, B. P. C., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Behavioral and emotional problems on the teacher's report form: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 635–647.
  • Steever, J. (2014). Cross-gender hormone therapy in adolescents. Pediatric Annals, 43, e138–e144.
  • Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., Woolard, J., Graham, S., & Banich, M. (2009). Are adolescents less mature than adults?: Minors' access to abortion, the juvenile death penalty, and the alleged APA 'flip-flop.' American Psychologist, 64, 583–594.
  • Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L., Dominska, A., Sokoloff, J., Kenealy, L. E., Berl, M.,… Wallace, G. L. (2014). Increased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1525–1533.
  • Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, doi:10.1037/sgd0000081
  • Tishelman, A., Kaufman, R., Edwards-Leeper, L., Mandel, F., Shumer, D., and Spack, N. (2015). Serving transgender youth: challenges, dilemmas, and clinical examples. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46, 37–45.
  • Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1580–1589.
  • Vanderlaan, D. P., Blanchard, R., Wood, H., & Zucker, K. J. (2014). Birth order and sibling sex ratio of children and adolescents referred to a gender identity service. PloS One, 9, e90257. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090257
  • Wallien, M. S., Zucker, K. J., Steensma, T. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2008). 2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder. Hormones and Behavior, 54, 450–454.
  • Wood, H., Sasaki, S., Bradley, S.J., Singh, D., Fantus, S., Owen-Anderson, A., … & Zucker, K. J. (2013) Patterns of referral to a gender identity service for children and adolescents (1976-2011): age, sex ratio, and sexual orientation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39, 1–6.
  • Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Lowry Sullivan, C. B. (1996). Traits of separation anxiety in boys with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 791–798.
  • Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., Owen-Anderson, A., Kibblewhite, S. J., Wood, H., Singh, D., & Choi, K. (2012). Demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 38, 151–189.
  • Zucker, K. J., Mitchell, J. N., Bradley, S. J., Tkachuk, J., Cantor, J. M., & Allin, S. M. (2006). The Recalled Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire: psychometric properties. Sex Roles, 54, 469–483.
  • Zucker, K. J., Wood, H., Singh, D., & Bradley, S. J. (2012). A developmental, biopsychosocial model for the treatment of children with gender identity disorder. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 369–397.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.