Investigating Putative Genetic and Environmental Forms of Schizophrenia: methods and findings

References

• Alm T., Lindstrom L. H., Ost L. G., Ohman A. Electrodermal non-responding in schizophrenia: Relationships to attentional, clinical, biochemical, computed tomographical and genetic factors. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1984; 1: 195–208
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen N. C., Endicott J., Spitzer R. L., Winokur G. The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry 1977; 34: 1229–1235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asarnow R. F., Cromwell R. L., Rennick P. M. Cognitive and evoked response measures of information processing in schizophrenics with and without a family history of schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1978; 166: 719–730
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron M., Gruen R., Asms L. Schizophrenia: A comparative study of patients with and without family history of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 140: 516–517
   Google Scholar
• Bartels M., Mann K., Friedrich W. Tardive dyskinesia: Marked predominance in nongenetic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1985; 20: 101–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beaty T., Boughman J. A. Problems in detecting etiological heterogeneity in genetic disease illustrated with retinitis pigmentosa. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1986; 24: 493–504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellodi L., Bussoleni C., Scorza-Smeraldi R., Grassi G., Zaechetti L., Smeraldi E. Family study of schizophrenia: exploratory analysis for relevant factors. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1986; 12: 120–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmaker R., Galon A., Perez L., Epstein R. Platelet monoamine oxidase in schizophrenics with and without family history of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1977; 131: 551–552
   Google Scholar
• Boklage C. E. Schizophrenia, brain asymmetry development, and twinning: Cellular relationship with etiological and possibly prognostic implications. Biological Psychiatry 1977; 12: 19–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boronow J. J., Pickar D., Van Kammen D. P., Paul S. M. Normal ventricles and sulci in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1983; 19: 581–586
   Google Scholar
• Crow T. J. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process. British Medical Journal 1980; 28: 66–68
   Google Scholar
• Eaves L. J., Kendler K. S., Schulz S. C. The familial sporadic classification: Its power for the resolution of genetic and environmental etiological factors. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1986; 20: 115–130
   Google Scholar
• Faraone S. V., Lyons M. J., Tsuang M. T. Mathematical models of genetic transmission. Handbook of Schizophrenia, M. T. Tsuang, J. C. Simpson. Epidemiology and Genetics, Nosology 1988; 3: 501–530, Elsevier (Eds)
   Google Scholar
• Faraone S. V., Tsuang M. T. Quantitative models of the genetic transmission of schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin 1985; 98: 41–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer M. Psychoses in the offspring of schizophrenic monozygotic twins and their normal co-twins. British Journal of Psychiatry 1971; 118: 43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer M. Genetic and environmental factors in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrics Scandinavica 1973, 238: 1–152, Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind N., Galaburda A. M. Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research. Archives of Neurology 1985; 42: 428–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg S. C. Positive and negative family history for schizophrenia: Differentiating variables. Controversies in Schizophrenia, M. Alpert. Guilford Press, New York 1985; 317–329
   Google Scholar
• Goldin L. R., DeLisi L. E., Gershon E. S. Unravelling the relationship between genetic and environmental risk factors in psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151: 302–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. M., Faraone S. V., Chen W. J., Tolomiczencko G. S., Tsuang M. T. Gender differences in the familial transmission of schizophrenia, in submission
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. M., Santangelo S. L., Simpson J. C., Tsuang M. T. The role of gender in identifying subtypes of schizophrenia: A latent class analytic approach. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. M., Tsuang M. T., Faraone S. V. Gender and schizophrenia: Implications for understanding the heterogeneity of the illness. Psychiatry Research 1989; 28: 243–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottesman I. I., Bertelsen A. Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla 1972
   Google Scholar
• Gottesman I. I., Bertelsen A. Risks in the offspring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, in press
   Google Scholar
• Gottesman I. I., Shields J. Contributions of twin studies to perspectives on schizophrenia. Progress in Experimental Personality Research, Vol, B. A. Maker. Academic Press, New York 1966; 3
   Google Scholar
• Gottesman I. I., Shields J. Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin-Study Vantage Point. Academic Press, New York 1972
   Google Scholar
• Gottesman I. I., Shields J. Schizophrenia: The Epigenetic Puzzle. Cambridge University Press, London 1982; 242
   Google Scholar
• Hays P. Electroencephalograpic variants and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1977; 40: 753–755
   Google Scholar
• Holzman P. S., Kringlen E., Matthysse S., Upton R. B., Cramer G., Levin S., Lange K., Levy D. L. A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988; 45: 641–647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler K. S. Sporadic vs familial classification given etiologic heterogeneity: I. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive power. Genetic Epidemiology 1987; 4: 313–330
   Google Scholar
• Kendler K. S., Gruenberg A. M., Tsuang M. T. Psychiatric illness in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic and surgical control patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985; 42: 770–779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler K. S., Hays P. Familial and sporadic schizophrenia: A symptomatic, prognostic, and EEG comparison. American Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1557–1562
   Google Scholar
• Kendler K. S., Tsuang M. T. Outcome and familial psychopathology in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988; 45: 338–346
   Google Scholar
• Kendler K. S., Tsuang M. T., Hays P. Age at onset in schizophrenia: A familial perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 881–890
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy J. L., Giuffra L. A., Mokes H. W., Cavallisforza L. L., Pakstis A. J., Kidd J. R., Castiglione C. M., Sjorgren B., Wettenberg L., Kidd K. K. Evidence against linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 5 in a northern Swedish pedigree. Nature 1988; 336: 167–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavan M., Toone B. K., Marshall W., Padi M. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in schizophrenia: A familial perspective. Psychiatry Research 1988; 23: 345–348
   Google Scholar
• Kinney D. K., Jacobsen S. Environmental factors in schizophrenia: New adoption evidence, L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, S. Matthysse, New York 1978; 38–51, The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment
   Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia, R. M. Barclay. Originally published, Huntington 1971
   Google Scholar
• Kremen W. S., Seidman L. J., Faraone S. V., Tsuang M. T. Components of attention in psychotic disorders: Replication and extension of recent neuropsychological findings, (in submission)
   Google Scholar
• Kringlen E. Heredity and Environment in the Functional Psychoses. London 1967
   Google Scholar
• Lander E. S. Splitting schizophrenia. Nature 1988; 336: 105–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhard K. The Classification of Endogenous Psychoses. New York 1979
   Google Scholar
• Lewine R. R. J., Watt N. F., Grubb T. W. High-risk-for-schizophrenia research: Sampling bias and its implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1981; 7: 273–280
   Google Scholar
• Lewis S. W., Murray R. M. Obstetric complications, neurodevelopmental deviance, and risk of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1987; 21: 413–421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis S., Reveley A., Reveley M., Chitkara B., Murray R. The familial/sporadic distinction as a strategy in schizophrenia research. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151: 306–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchins D., Pollin W., Wyatt R. J. Laterality in monozygotic schizophrenic twins: An alternative hypothesis. Biological Psychiatry 1980; 15: 87–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxenburger M. Zurfrage der Erbberatung in den Familien Schizophrener. Medizinische Klinik 1936; 32: 1136–1138
   Google Scholar
• Lyons M. J., Faraone S. V., Kremen W. S., Tsuang M. T. Familial and sporadic schizophrenia: A simulation study of statistical power. Schizophrenia Research 1989; 2: 345–353
   Google Scholar
• Maricq H. R. Familial schizophrenia as defined by nailfold capillary pattern and selected psychiatric traits. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1963; 136: 216–226
   Google Scholar
• Maricq H. R. Capillary morphology and the course of illness in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1966; 142: 63–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuffin P., Farmer A., Gottesman I. I. Is there really a split in schizophrenia? The genetic evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 581–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mednick S., Schulsinger F., Teasdale T., Schulsinger H., Venables P., Rock D. Schizophrenia in high risk children: Sex differences in predisposing factors. Defects in the Development of Mental Illness, G. Serban, Amsterdam 1978
   Google Scholar
• Mirsky A. F. Behavioral and psychophysiological markers of disordered attention. Environmental Health Perspectives 1987; 74: 191–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray R. M., Reveley A. M., Lewis S. W. Family history, obstetric complications and cerebral abnormality in schizophrenia. Handbook of Schizophrenia, M. T. Tsuang, J. C. Simpson. Epidemiology and Genetics, Nosology 1988; 3: 563–579
   Google Scholar
• Niomgaonkar V. L., Wessely S., Murray R. M. Prevalence of familiality, obstetric complications, and structural brain damage in schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 153: 191–197
   Google Scholar
• Nuechterlein K. H., Dawson M. E. Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1984; 10: 160–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orzack M. H., Kornetsky C. Environmental and familial predictors of attention behavior in chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1971; 9: 21–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandurangi A. K., Dewan M. J., Boucher M., Levy B., Ramachandran T., Bartell K., Bick P. A., Phelps B. H., Major L. A comprehensive study of chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986; 73: 161–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlson G. D., Garbacz D. J., Moberg P. J., Ahn H. S., Depaulo J. R. Symptomatic, familial, perinatal, and social correlates of computerized axial tomography (CAT) changes in schizophrenics and bipolars. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1985; 173: 42–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plomin R. Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior. American Psychologist 1989; 44: 105–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokorny A. D., Mefferd R. B., Stevens G. M. Nailfold capillary plexus and familial schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1970; 150: 146–154
   Google Scholar
• Quitkin F. M., Klein D. F. Two behavioral syndromes in young adults related to possible minimal brain dysfunction. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1969; 131, 7
   Google Scholar
• Quitkin F. M., Rifkin A., Klein D. F. Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders: Organicity in schizophrenia with premorbid asociality and emotionally unstable character disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976; 33: 845–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quitkin F. M., Rifkin A., Tsuang M. T., Kane J. M., Klein D. F. Can schizophrenia with premorbid asociality be genetically distinguished from the other forms of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 1980; 2: 99–105
   Google Scholar
• Reveley A. M., Reveley M. A. The relationship of twinning to the familial-sporadic distinction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 1987; 21: 515–520
   Google Scholar
• Reveley M. A., Reveley A. M., Baldy R. Left cerebral hemisphere hypodensity in discordant schizophrenic twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 625–632
   Google Scholar
• Reveley A. M., Reveley M. A., Clifford C. A., Murray R. M. Cerebral ventricular size in twins discordant for schizophrenia. The Lancet 1982; 540–541
   Google Scholar
• Reveley M. A., Reveley A. M., Clifford C. A., Murray R. M. Genetics of platelet MAO activity in discordant schizophrenic and normal twins. British Journal of Psychiatry 1983; 142: 560–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reveley A. M., Reveley M. A., Murray R. M. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in non-genetic schizophrenia: A controlled twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 89–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romani A., Merello S., Gozzoli L., Zerbi F., Grassi M., Cosi V. P300 and CT scan in patients with chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151: 506–513
   Google Scholar
• Romani A., Zerbi F., Mariotti G., Callieco R., Cosi V. Computed tomography and pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986; 73: 566–573
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal D. Some factors associated with concordance and discordance with respect to schizophrenia in MZ twins. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1959; 129: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudduck C., Franzén G., Löw B., Rorsman B. HLA antigens in patients with and without a family history of schizophrenia. Human Heredity 1984; 34: 291–296
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzkopf S. B., Chapman R. M., Jimenez M., Treglia L., Kane C. F., Lamberti J. S., Nasrallah H. A. Familial and sporadic schizophrenia: Visual evoked potential differences. Biological Psychiatry 1988; 24: 828–833
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzkopf S. B., Nasrallah H. A., Olson S. C., Coffman J. A., McIaughlin J. A. Perinatal complications and genetic loading in schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. Psychiatry Research 1989; 27: 233–239
   Google Scholar
• Sedvall G., Wode-Helgodt B. Aberrant monoamine metabolite levels in CSF and family history of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980; 37: 1113–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrington R., Brynjolfsson J., Petursson H., Potter M., Dudleston K., Barraclough B., Wasmuth J., Dodds M., Gurling H. Localization of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 5. Nature 1988; 336: 164–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu A., Kurachi M., Yamaguchi N., Torii H., Isaki K. Morbidity risk of schizophrenia to parents and siblings of schizophrenic patients. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 1987; 41: 65–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu A., Kurachi M., Yamaguchi N., Torii H., Isaki K. Does family history of schizophrenia influence age at onset of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1988; 78: 716–719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shur E. Family history and schizophrenia: Characteristics of groups with and without positive family histories. Psychological Medicine 1982a; 12: 591–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shur E. Season of birth in high and low genetic risk schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982b; 140: 410–415
   Google Scholar
• Silverman J. M., Mohs R. C., Davidson M., Losonczy M. F., Keefe R. S. E., Breitner J. C. S., Sorokin J. E., Davis K. L. Familial schizophrenia and treatment response. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1271–1276
   Google Scholar
• Slater E. Genetical causes schizophrenic symptoms. Monatsschrift fur Psychiatric und Neurologie, J. Shields, I. Gottesman. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD 1947; 113: 50–58, reprinted in (Eds) Man. Mind, and Heredity8083
   Google Scholar
• Slater E. Psychotic and Neurotic Illnesses in Twins. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1953
   Google Scholar
• Slater E., Shields J. Psychotic and neurotic illnesses in twins. Medical Research Council Special Report 1953; 278
   Google Scholar
• Clair S T., Muir W., Baillie D., Hubbard A., Wright A., Evans H. J. No linkage of chromosome 5q11-q13 markers to schizophrenia in Scottish families. Nature 1989; 339: 305–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang M. T., Lyons M. J., Faraone S. V. Heterogeneity of schizophrenia: Conceptual models and analytic strategies. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990
   Google Scholar
• Tsuang M. T., Winokur G. Criteria for subtyping schizophrenia. Clinical differentiation of hebephrenic and paranoid schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974; 31: 43–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang M. T., Woolson R. F., Simpson J. C. The Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview: Rationale, reliability and validity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1980; 283: 1–38, Suppl.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl O. F. Monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia: A review. Psychological Bulletin 1976; 83: 91–106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker E., Shaye J. Familial schizophrenia: A predictor of neuromotor and attentional abnormalities in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 1153–1156
   Google Scholar
• Wegner J. T., Catalano F., Gibralter J., Kane J. M. Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985; 42: 860–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods B. T., Yurgelun-Todd D., Kinney D. K. Relationship of neurological abnormalities in schizophrenics to family psychopathology. Biological Psychiatry 1987; 21: 325–331
   Google Scholar