146
Views
163
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Genetic Influences in Autism

&
Pages 67-80 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • Armstrong M. D., Low N. L., Bosma J. F. Studies on phenylketonuria, IX. Further observations on the effect of phenylalanine-restricted diet on patients with phenylketonuria. American J. Clin. Nutrition 1957; 5: 543–554
  • August G. J., Stewart M. A., Tasi L. The incidence of cognitive disabilities in the siblings of autistic children. Brit. J. Psychiatry 1981; 13(8)416–422
  • Baron-Cohen S. Autism: a specific cognitive disorder of ‘mind blindness’. Int. Rev. Psych. 1990; 2: 81–90
  • Bailey A., Bolton P., Le-Couteur A., Rutter M., Butler S., Summers D., Webb T., Fragile × in twins and multiplex families with autism (in preparation).
  • Baird T. D., August G. J. Familial heterogeneity in infantile autism. J. Autism Dev. Disorder 1985; 1(5)315–321
  • Bartak L., Rutter M., Cox A. A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental language disorder: 1. The Children. Brit. J. Psychiatry 1975; 12(6)127–145
  • Berry H. K., Sutherland B. S., Guest G. M., Umbarger B. Chemical and clinical observations during treatment of children with phenylketonuria. Pediatrics 1958; 2(1)929–940
  • Bickel H., Gerrard J., Hickmans E. M. The influence of phenylalanine intake on the chemistry and behaviour of a phenylketonuric child. Acta Paediat 1954; 4(3)64–77
  • Bjornson J. Behavior in phenylketonuria: Case with schizophrenia. Archives General Psychiatry 1964; 10: 65–70
  • Blainy J. D., Gulliford R. Phenylalanine-restricted diets in the treatment of phenylketonuria. Archives Dis. Childhood 1956; 3(1)452–566
  • Blomquist H. K., Bohman M., Edvinsson S. O., Gillberg C., Gustavson K., Holmgren G., Wahlström J. Frequency of the fragile × syndrome in infantile autism. Clin. Genet 1985; 2(7)113–117
  • Bolton P., Pickles A., Rutter M., Butler L., Summers D., Webb T. Fragile × and autism. Paper given at the First World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, Churchill College, Cambridge, 3–5 August, 1989
  • Bowman E. P. Asperger's syndrome and autism: The case for a connection. Brit. J. Psych. 1988; 15(2)377–382
  • Brown W., Jenkins E., Cohen I., Fisch G., Wolf-Schein E., Gross A., Waterhouse L., Fein D., Mason-Brothers A., Rivtto E., Ruttenburg B., Bentley W., Castells S. Fragile × and autism: a multicenter study. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1986; 2(3)341–352
  • Cantwell D., Baker L., Rutter M. Family factors. Autism: a reappraisal of concepts and treatment, M Rutter, E. Schopler. Plenum Press, New York 1978; 269–296
  • Cohen I., Brown W., Jenkins E., Krawczun M., French J., Raguthu S., Wolf-Schein E., Sudhalter V., Fisch Wisniewski G. K. Fragile × syndrome in females with autism. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1989; 3(4)302–303
  • Cohen I., Fisch G., Sudhalter V., Wolf-Schein E., Hanson D., Hagerman R., Jenkins E., Brown W. Social gaze, social avoidance, and repetitive behavior in fragile × males: a controlled study. Am. J. Mental Retardation 1988; 92: 436–446
  • Coleman M, Rimland B. Familial autism. The Autistic Syndromes, M Coleman. North Holland Publishing Co., Oxford 1979; 175–182
  • Courchesne E. A neurophysiological view of autism. Neurobiological Issues In Autism, E Schopler, G. Mesibov. Plenum Press, New York 1987; 285–324
  • Courchesne E., Yeung-Courchesne R., Press G., Hesselink J., Jernigan T. Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. New Eng. J. Medicine 1988; 318(21)1349–1354
  • Cowie W. A. An atypical case of phenylketonuria. Lancet 1951; February: 272–277
  • Cox A., Rutter M., Newman S., Bartak L. A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder. II. Parental characteristics. Brit. J. Psychiatry 1975; 12(6)146–159
  • Crowe R., Tsai L., Murray J., Patil S., Quinn J. A study of autism using × chromosome DNA probes. Biological Psych. 1988; 2(4)413–419
  • Einfeld S., Molony H., Hall W. Autism is not associated with the fragile × syndrome. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1989; 3(4)187–193
  • Emery A. E. H. Methodology in Medical Genetics: an introduction to statistical Methods2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1986
  • Falconer D. S. The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives. Annals Hum. Genet 1965; 29: 51–76
  • Fisch G., Cohen I., Jenkins E., Brown W. Screening developmentally disabled male populations for fragile X: the effect of sample size. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1988; 30: 655–663
  • Folstein S. G., Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1977; 1(8)297–321
  • Folstein S, Rutter M. Autism: Familial aggregation and genetic implications. J. Aut. Dev. Disord 1988; 1(8)3–30
  • Freeman B. J., Ritvo E. R., Mason-Brothers A., Pingree C., Yokota A., Jenson W., McMahon W., Petersen B., Mo A., Schroth P. Psychometric assessment of first-degree relatives of 62 autistic probands in Utah. Am. J. Psychiatry 1989; 14(6)361–364
  • Freidman E. The “autistic syndrome” and phenylketonuria. Schizophrenia 1969; 1: 249–261
  • Freidman J., Howard Peebles P. Inheritance of fragile × syndrome: an hypothesis. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1986; 2(3)701–713
  • Gillberg C, Forsell C. Childhood psychosis and neurofibromatosis-More than a coincidence. J. Aut. Dev. Disorders 1984; 14(i)1–8
  • Gillberg C, Wahlstrom J. Chromosome abnormalities in infantile autism and other childhood psychoses: a population study of 66 cases. Dev. Med. Child Neural 1985; 2(7)293–304
  • Gillberg C, Steffenburg S. Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions: a population-based study of 46 cases followed through puberty. J. Autism Dev. Disord 1987; 1(7)273–287
  • Goldfine P., McPherson P., Heath G., Hardesty V., Beauregard L., Gordon B. Association of fragile × syndrome with autism. Am. J. Psychiatry 1985; 14(2)108–110
  • Gurling H. Candidate genes and favoured loci: strategies for molecular genetic research into schizophrenia, manic depression, autism, alcoholism and Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatric Dev. 1986; 4: 289–309
  • Hagerman R. J., Jackson A. W., Levttas A., Rimland B., Braden M. An analysis of autism in fifty males with the fragile × syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet 1986; 2(3)359–374
  • Hanson D. R., Gottesman I. I. The genetics, if any, of infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia. J. Autism Child Schizophrenia 1976; 6: 209–233
  • Hermelin B., O'Connor N. Psychological Experiments with Autistic Children. Pergamon, Oxford 1970
  • Herzberg B. The families of autistic children. The Autistic Syndromes, M. Coleman. North Holland Publishing Co., Oxford 1979; 151–172
  • Ho H, Kalousek D. Brief report: Fragile × syndrome in autistic boys. J. Aut. Dev. Disorders 1989; 1(9)343–347
  • Hobson R. The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1986; 27(5)671–680
  • Hunt A, Dennis J. Psychiatric disorder among children with tuberous sclerosis. Dev. Med. Child Neural 1987; 2(9)190–198
  • Israel M. Autosomal suppressor gene for Fragile X: an hypothesis. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1987; 2(6)19–31
  • Jones M. B., Szatmari P. Stoppage rules and genetic studies of autism. J. Aut. Dev. Disord 1988; 1(8)31–40
  • Kakonen M., Alitalo T., Airaksinen R., Mati-Lainen R., Launiala K., Autio S., Leisti J. Prevalence of the fragile × syndrome in four birth cohorts of children of school age. Human Genet 1987; 7(7)85–87
  • Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 1943; 1(3)43–56
  • Kemper M. B., Hagerman R. J., Ahmad R. S., Mariner R. Cognitive profiles and the spectrum of clinical manifestations in heterozygous fra(x) females. Am. J. Med. Genet 1986; 2(3)139–156
  • Kolvin L, Garside R., Kidd J. Studies in the childhood psychoses. IV. Parental personality and attitude and childhood psychoses. Brit. J. Psychiatry 1971; 11(8)403–406a
  • Laird C. Proposed mechanism of inheritance and expression of the human fragile-X syndrome of mental retardation. Genetics 1987; 11(7)587–599
  • Le Couteur A., Bailey A. J., Rutter M., Gottesman I. An epidemiologically based twin study of autism. Paper given at the First World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, Churchill College, Cambridge, 3–5 August, 1989a
  • Le Couteur A., Rutter M., Lord C., Rios P., Robertson S., Holdgrafer M., McLennan J. Autism diagnostic interview: a standardized investigator-based instrument. J. AM. Dev. Disord 1989b; 1(9)363–387
  • Ledbetter D., Ledbetter S., Nussbaum R. Implications of Fragile × expression in normal males for the nature of the mutation. Nature 1986; 32(4)161–163
  • Lennox L., Callias M., Rutter M. Cognitive characteristics of parents of autistic children. J. Aut. Child Schizophrenia 1977; 7: 243–261
  • Lord C, Schopler E. Neurobiological implications of sex differences in autism. Neurobiological Issues in Autism, E Schopler, G. Mesibov. Plenum Press, New York 1987; 192–212
  • Lotter V. Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: I. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry 1966; 1: 124–137
  • Lotter V. Factors related to outcome in autistic children. J. Aut. Dev. Disord 1974; 4: 263–277
  • MacDonald H., Rutter M., Rios P., Bolton P. Cognitive and social abnormalities in the siblings of autistic and Down's Syndrome probands. Paper given at First World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, Churchill College, Cambridge, 3–5 August, 1989a
  • MacDonald H., Rutter M., Howlin P., Rios P., Le Couteur A., Evered C., Folstein S. Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1989b; 30: 865–877
  • McGillivray B., Herbst D., Dill J., Sandercock H., Tischler B. Infantile autism: an occasional manifestation of fragile (X) mental retardation. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1986; 2(3)353–358
  • Minton J., Campbell M., Green W., Green W., Jennings S., Samit C. Cognitive assessment of siblings of autistic children. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 1982; 21(3)256–261
  • Netley C. F., Lockyer L., Greenbaum G. Parental characteristics in relation to diagnosis and neurological status in childhood psychosis. Brit. J. Psychiatry 1975; 12(7)440–444
  • Nichols P. L. Familial mental retardation. Behavior Genetics 1984; 1(4)161–170
  • Payton J. B., Steele M. W., Wenger S. L., Minshaw N. J. The fragile × marker in perspective. J. Am. Acad. Child Adol. Psychiatry 1989; 2(8)417–421
  • Pembrey M. Chromosomal abnormalities. Biological Risk Factors for Psychosocial Disorders, M Rutter, P. Casaer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, (in press)
  • Piven J., Gayle J., Chase G., Fink B., Landa R., Wzorek M., Folstein S. A family history study of neuropsychiatric disorders in adult siblings of autistic individuals. J. Am. Acad. Child Adol. Psychiatry 1990, (in press)
  • Reiss A. L., Feinstein C., Rosebaum K. N. Autism and genetic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1986; 1(2)724–728
  • Reiss A. L., Hagerman R. J., Vinogradov S., King R. Psychotic disorders in early childhood. Recent Developments in Schizophrenia, British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication, A. J. Coppen, A. Walk, 1988a; 45: 25–30
  • Reiss A. L., Patel S., Kumar A. J., Freund L. Preliminary communication: Neuroanatomical variations of the posterior fossa in men with the fragile × (Martin-Bell) syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet 1988b; 3(1)407–414
  • Riikonen R, Amnell G. Psychiatric disorders in children with earlier infantile spasms. Dev. Med. Child Neural 1981; 2(3)747–760
  • Rutter M. Psychiatric disability in female carriers of the fragile-X chromosome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1967; 2: 133–158
  • Rutter M. Biological basis to autism: implications for intervention. Preventative and Curative Interventions in Mental Retardation, F. J. Menolascino, J. A. Stark. Brookes Publishing, Baltimore, MD 1988; 265–294
  • Rutter M. Autism as a genetic disorder. Mental Illness and The New Genetics, P McGuffin, R. Murray. Heinemann Medical) (in press, Oxford 1990
  • Rutter M., Bolton P., Harrington R., Le Couteur A., MacDonald H., Simonoff E. Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders: I. a review of research strategies. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1990; 31(1)3–38
  • Rutter M, Mawhood L. The long-term psychological sequelae of specific development disorders of speech and language. Biological Risk Factors in Childhood Psychopathology, M Rutter, P. Casaer. Cambridge) (in press, Cambridge University Press 1990
  • Schopler E, Loftin J. Thinking disorders in parents of young psychotic children. J. Abnor. Psychology 1969; 7(4)281–287
  • Silliman E. R., Campbell M., Mitchell R. S. Genetic influences in autism and assessment of metalinguistic performance in siblings of autistic children. Autism: nature, diagnosis and treatment, G. Dawson. Guildford, New York 1989; 225–259
  • Smalley S. L., Asarnow R. L., Spence M. A. Autism and genetics: a decade of research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988; 4(5)958–961
  • Spence M. A., Ritvo E. R., Marazita M. L., Funderburk S. J., Sparkes S., Freeman B. Gene mapping studies with the syndrome of autism. Behavior Genetics 1985; 1(5)1–13
  • Steffenburg S., Gillberg C., Hellgren L., Andersson L., Gillberg C., Jakobsson G., Bohman M. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1989; 30: 405–416
  • Steinbach P., Barbi G., Boller Th. On the frequency of telomeric structural changes induced by culture conditions suitable for fragile × expression. Human Genetics 1982; 6(1)160–162
  • Sutherland B. S., Berry H. K., Shirkey H. A syndrome of phenylketonuria with normal intelligence and behavior disturbances. J. Pediatrics 1960; 5(7)521–525
  • Sutherland G. R. Fragile sites on human chromosomes: demonstration of their dependence on the type of tissue culture medium. Science 1977; 19(7)265–266
  • Tsai L. Y. Pre-, peri-, and neo-natal factors in autism. Neurobiological Issues in Autism, E Schopler, G. B. Mesibov. Plenum Press, New York 1987; 180–189
  • Tsai L., Crowe R., Patil S., Murray J., Quinn J. Brief report: search for DNA markers in two autistic males with the fragile × syndrome. J. Aut. Dev. Disorders 1988; 1(8)681–685
  • Venter P., Op'y Hof J., Cietzee D., van der Walt C., Retief A. No marker (X) syndrome in autistic children. Human Genetics 1984; 67: 107
  • Vogel F, Motulsky A. G. Human Genetics2nd edn. Springer Verlag, New York 1986
  • Wahlstrom J., Gillberg C., Gustavson K., Holmgren G. Infantile autism and the fragile X. A Swedish multicenter study. Am. J. Medical Genetics 1986; 2(3)403–408
  • Webb T. O., Bundey S., Thake A., Todd J. The frequency of the fragile × chromosome among school children in Coventry. J. Med. Gene 1896; 2(3)396–399
  • Weeks D, Lange K. The affected-pedigree-member method of linkage analysis. Am. J. Human Genetics 1988; 4(2)315–326
  • Wing L. Aperger's syndrome: a clinical account. Psychological Medicine 1981; 1(1)115–129
  • Wing L, Gould J. Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. J. Autism Dev. Disord 1979; 9: 11–30
  • Wolff S., Narayan S., Moyes B. Personality characteristics of parents of autistic children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1988; 2(9)143–154
  • Wright H., Young R., Edwards J., Abramson R., Duncan J. Fragile × syndrome in a population of autistic children. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 1986; 2(5)641–644
  • Yuwiler D, Freedman D. Neurotransmitter research in autism. Neurobiological Issues in Autism, E Schopler, G. Mesibov. Plenum Press, New York 1987; 263–284

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.