HIV and the brain: functional investigations in drug users

References

• Beck A. T., Steer R. A. Beck Depression Inventory—Manual. The Psychological Corporation, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• Beck A. T., Ward C. H., Mendelson M., Mock J. E., Erlbaugh J. K. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton A. L. Revised Visual Retention Test—Test Manual. The Psychological Corporation, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Bergman H. Cognitive deficits and morphological cerebral change in a random sample of social drinkers. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M. Galanter. Plenum, New York 1985; Vol. 3: 265–276
   Google Scholar
• Blackwood D. H. R., St. Clair D. M., Blackburn I. M., Tyrer G. M. B. Cognitive brain potentials and psychological deficits in presenile dementia of Alzheimer type and alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome. Psychological Medicine 1987; 17: 349–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinkhorn S. F., Hendrickson D. E. Averaged evoked responses and psychometric intelligence. Nature 1982; 295: 596–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkowski J. G., Benton A. L., Spreen O. Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia 1967; 5: 135–140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon A. D., Bennett T. L. Digital finger tapping test manual. Western Psychological Services 1985; 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Carlin A. S. Neuropsychological consequences of drug abuse. Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, I. Grant, K. M. Adams. Oxford University Press, New York 1986; 478–497
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. Classification system for human T-lymphocyte virus type III/lympha-denopathy-associated virus infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 1986; 105: 234–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford J. R., Besson J. A. O., Parker D. M., Sutherland K. M., Keen P. L. Estimation of premorbid intellectual level in depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1987; 26: 313–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford J. R., Parker D. M., Besson J. A. O. Estimation of premorbid intelligence in organic conditions. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 153: 178–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan V. G. Editorial: neuropsychological aspects of HIV infection. AIDS Care 1991, (in press)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egan V. G., Crawford J. R., Brettle R. P., Goodwin G. M. The Edinburgh cohort of HIV-positive drug users: current intellectual function is impaired, but not due to early AIDS dementia complex. AIDS 1990; 4: 651–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery G., Steer R. A., Beck A. T. Depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among heroin addicts. International Journal of the Addictions 1981; 16: 425–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodin D. S., Aminoff M. J. Electrophysio-logical differences between subtypes of dementia. Brain 1986; 109: 1103–1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodin D. S., Aminoff M. J., Chernoff D. N., Hollander H. Long latency event-related potentials in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Annals of Neurology 1990; 27: 414–419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin G. M., Chiswick A., Egan V., St. Clair D., Brettle R. P. The Edinburgh Cohort of HIV positive drug users: prospective testing of brain function using auditory event-related potentials shows progressive slowing in patients with CDC stage IV disease. AIDS 1990; 4: 1243–1250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman D. E. Neuropsychological Toxicology. Pergamon Press, New York 1988
   Google Scholar
• Henderson A. S. The epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. British Medical Bulletin 1986; 42: 3–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman B. L., Johnson K. A. HIV encephalo-pathy: on the road to a useful diagnostic test?. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1991; 32: 1475–1477
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kean D., Blane A., Chiswick A., Goodwin G., Best J. J. K., Brettle R. Changes in T1 and T2 on repeated MR brain scans in a cohort of HIV-positive patients. Neuroradiology 1991; 33(Suppl)580–581
   Google Scholar
• Lezak M. D. Neuropsychological Assessment, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York 1983
   Google Scholar
• Miller D., Riccio M. Non-organic psychiatric and psychosocial syndromes associated with HIV-1 infection and disease. AIDS 1990; 4: 381–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson H. E., O'Connell S. Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex 1978; 14: 234–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormerod I., Johnson G., Macmanus D., Du Boulay E. P. G.H., McDonald W. I. Relaxation times of apparently normal cerebral white matter in multiple sclerosis. Acta Radiology (Suppl) 1986; 369: 382–384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peaker A., Stewart L. E. Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test—A review. Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, J. R. Crawford, D. M. Parker. Plenum, New York 1989
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum A., Ford J. M., Wenegrat B. G., Roth W. T., Kopeil B. S. Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. 1. Normal ageing. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1984a; 59: 85–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfefferbaum A., Wenegrat B. G., Ford J. M., Roth W. T., Koppeil B. S. Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. II. Dementia, depression and schizophrenia. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1984b; 59: 203–223
   Google Scholar
• Plant M. A. Drugtakers in an English Town. Tavistock, London 1975
   Google Scholar
• Pratapchand R., Sinniah M., Salem F. A. Cognitive evoked potential P300—A metric for cerebral concussion. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia 1988; 78: 185–189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price R. W., Brew B. J. The AIDS dementia complex. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988; 158: 1079–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan R. M., Davison L. A. Clinical Neuropsychology: current status and applications. Hemisphere, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Rey A. L'Examen Clinique en Psychologie. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1964
   Google Scholar
• Robertson J. R., Bucknall A. B. V., Welsby P. D., et al. An epidemic of AIDS related virus (HTLV-III/LAV) infection among intravenous drug abusers in a Scottish general practice. British Medical Journal 1986; 292: 527–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro D. M., Harrison D. W. Alternate forms of the AVLT: a procedure and test of form equivalence. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1990; 5: 405–410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw B., Steer R. A., Beck A. T., Schut J. Structure of depression in drug addicts. British Journal of Addiction 1979; 74: 295–303
   Google Scholar
• Smith M. A., Kean D., Best J. J. K., Douglas R. H. B., Macdonald H. L. Specification measurements of an NMR imager. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, New York 1984; 692
   Google Scholar
• St. Clair D. M., Blackwood D. H. R., Christie J. E. P300 and other long latency auditory evoked potentials in presenile dementia of Alzheimer type and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 147: 702–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimson G. V. Heroin and Behaviour. Irish University Press, Shannon 1973
   Google Scholar
• Teo R. K. C., Ferguson D. A. The acute effects of ethanol on auditory event-related potentials. Psychopharmacology 1986; 90: 179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. A. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised Test Manual. The Psychological Corporation, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. A. Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised Manual. The Psychological Corporation, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Report on Suicidal Behaviour Amongst People with HIV and AIDS. Geneva 1990a
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global program on AIDS. 1990b, Report on the Second Consultation on the Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV-1 Infection. Report Reference Number WHO/GPA/MNH/90.1.
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond A. S., Snaith R. P. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scan-dinavica 1983; 67: 361–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar