63
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Clinical anxiety and the selective encoding of threatening information

Pages 279-292 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • Baptista A., Figueira M. L. Information processing in patients with panic disorder, World Congress of Cognitive Therapy. OxfordEngland July, 1989
  • Beck A. T., Clark D. A. Anxiety and depression: An information processing perspective. Anxiety Research 1988; 1: 23–36
  • Beck A. T., Emery. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: a cognitive perspective. Basic Books, New York 1985
  • Beck A. T., Rush A. A cognitive model of anxiety formation and anxiety resolution. Stress and Anxiety, I. Sarason, C. Spielberger. Halsted Press, New York 1975; Vol. 2
  • Beck A. T., Brown G., Steer R. A., Eidelson J. I., Rlskind J. H. Differentiating anxiety and depression utilizing the Cognition Checklist. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1987; 96: 179–183
  • Beck A. T., Laude R., Bohnert M. Ideational components of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974; 31: 319–325
  • Broadbent D. E., Broadbent M. Anxiety and attentional bias: state and trait. Cognition and Emotion 1988; 2: 165–184
  • Burgess I. S., Jones L. N., Robertson S. A., Radcliffe W. N., Emerson E., Lawler P., Crow T. J. The degree of control exerted by phobic and non-phobic verbal stimuli over the recognition behaviour of phobic and non-phobic subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1981; 19: 223–234
  • Butler G., Mathews A. Cognitive processes in anxiety, Advances. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983; 5: 51–62
  • Butler G., Mathews A. Anticipatory anxiety and risk perception. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1987; 91: 551–565
  • Clark D. A., de Silva P. The nature of depressive and anxious intrusive thoughts: distinct or uniform phenomena?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985; 23: 383–393
  • Cohen J. Partialed products are interactions; partialed powers are curved components. Psychological Bulletin 1978; 85: 858–866
  • Corteen R. S., Wood B. Autonomic responses to shock associated words. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1972; 9: 308–313
  • Davison G. C., Feldman P. M., Osborn C. E. Articulated thoughts irrational beliefs, and fear of negative evaluation. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1984; 8: 349–362
  • Deutsch J. A., Deutsch D. Attention: some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review 1963; 70: 80–90
  • Dunn J. C., Kirsner K. Implicit memory: task or process?. Implicit Memory: theoretical issues, S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn, K. Klrsner. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1989
  • Ehlers A., Margraf J., Davies S., Roth W. T. Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks. Cognition and Emotion 1988; 2: 201–220
  • Eysenck H. J., Eysenck M. W. Personality and Individual Differences. Plenum Press, New York 1985
  • Eysenck M. W. Anxiety and attention. Anxiety Research 1988; 1: 9–15
  • Eysenck M. W., Mathews A. Trait anxiety and cognition. Theoretical Foundations of Behaviour Therapy, H. J. Eysenck, I. Martin. Plenum, New York 1987
  • Eysenck M. W., MacLeod C., Mathews A. Cognitive functioning in anxiety. Psychological Research 1987; 49: 189–195
  • Eysenck M. W., Mogg K., May J., Richards A., Mathews A. Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 144–150
  • Foa E. B., Feske U., Murdock T. B., Kozak M. J., McCarthy P. R. Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 156–162
  • Foa E. G., McNaixy R. J. Sensitivity to feared stimuli in obsessive-compulsives: a dichotic listening analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1986; 10: 477–486
  • Geller V., Shaver P. Cognitive consequences of self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1976; 12: 99–108
  • Greenberg M. S., Beck A. T. Depression versus anxiety: a test of the content specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989; 98: 9–13
  • Hibbert G. A. Ideational components of anxiety: their origin and content. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 618–624
  • Hope D. A., Rapee R. M., Heimberg R. G., Dombeck M. J. Representations of the self in social phobia: vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1990; 14: 177–189
  • Ingram R. E., Kendall P. C. Cognitive clinical psychology: implications of an information processing perspective. Information Processing Approaches to Clinical Psychology, R. E. Ingram. Academic Press, Orlando 1986
  • Kenardy J., Evans L., Oei T. P. S. Cognition and heart rate in panic disorders during everyday activity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1989; 3: 33–43
  • Kendler K. S., Heath A. C., Martin N. G., Eaves L. J. Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 451–457
  • Klinger E., Barter S. G., Maxeiner M. E. Current concerns: assessing therapeutic relevant motivation. Assessment Strategies for Cognitive Behavioural Interventions, P. C. Kendall, S. D. Hollon. Academic Press, New York 1981
  • Kringlen E. Obsessional neurotics: a long-term follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry 1965; 111: 709–727
  • MacLeod C. Cognitive psychology and cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology: research and development, H. Dent. Croom Helm, New York 1987
  • MacLeod C. Mood disorders and cognition. Cognitive Psychology: an international review, M. W. Eysenck. Wiley, Chichester 1990
  • MacLeod C., Mathews A. Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: human experimental psychology 1988; 38: 659–670
  • MacLeod C., Mathews A. Cognitive-experimental approaches to the emotional disorders. Handbook of Behaviour Therapy and Psychological Science: an integrative approach, P. R. Martin. Pergamon, New York 1991
  • MacLeod C., Mathews A. Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: accessibility of information or the assignment of processing priorities?. Behaviour Research and Therapy.
  • MacLeod C., Mathews A., Tata P. Atten-tional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986; 95: 15–20
  • MacLeod C., Tata P., Mathews A. Perception of emotionally valenced information in depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1987; 26: 67–68
  • Marcel A. J. Conscious and unconscious perception: experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 1983; 15: 197–237
  • Mathews A. Anxiety and the selective processing of threatening information. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation, V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower, N. H. Frijda. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht 1988
  • Mathews A., Eysenck M. W. Clinical anxiety and cognition. Theoretical Foundations of Behaviour Therapy, H. J. Eysenck, I. Martin. Plenum, New York 1987
  • Mathews A., MacLeod C. Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985; 23: 563–569
  • Mathews A., MacLeod C. Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986; 95: 131–138
  • Mathews A., MacLeod A. An information processing apporach to anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 1987; 1: 105–115
  • Mathews A., May J., Mogg K., Eysenck M. Attentional bias in anxiety: selective search or defective filtering?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1990; 99: 166–173
  • Mathews A., Mogg K., May J., Eysenck M. W. Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989; 98: 236–240
  • Mathews A., Richards A., Eysenck M. Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989; 98: 31–34
  • McNally R. J., Kaspi S. P., Riemann B. C., Zeitlin S. B. Selective processing of threat cues in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1990; 99: 398–402
  • McNally R. J., Riemann B. C., Kim E. Selective processing of threat cues in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 407–412
  • Mizes J. S., Landolfe-Fritsche B., Grossman-McKee D. Patterns of distorted cognitions in phobic disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1987; 11: 583–592
  • Mogg K., Mathews A., Weinman J. Memory bias in clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1987; 96: 94–98
  • Mogg K., Mathews A., Weinmann J. Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states: a replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989; 27: 317–323
  • Navon D., Margalit B. Allocation of attention according to informativeness in visual recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1983; 35: 497–512
  • Noyes R., Crowe R. R., Harris E. L., Hamra B. J., McChesney C. M., Chaudhry D. R. Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: a family study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 227–232
  • Parkinson L., Rachman S. Speed of recovery from an uncontrived stress. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1981; 3: 119–123
  • Perruchet P., Baveux P. Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance. Memory and Cognition 1989; 17: 77–86
  • Rutherford E. M., MacLeod C. Selective processing of threatening information: the cognitive mediator of anxious mood?. American Association of Behavior Therapy Annual Convention, San Francisco, November, 1990
  • Schacter D. L. Implicit memory: history and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1987; 13: 501–518
  • Schneider W., Shiffrin R. M. Controlled and automatic information processing: 1. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review 1977; 84: 1–66
  • Sewitch T. S., Klrsch I. The cognitive content of anxiety: naturalistic evidence for the predominance of threat related thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1984; 8: 49–58
  • Spielberger C. D. Theory and research in anxiety. Anxiety and Behavior, C. D. Spielberger. Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1966
  • Stroop J. R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1935; 18: 643–662
  • Sutton-Simon K., Goldfried M. R. Faulty thinking patterns in two types of anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1979; 3: 193–203
  • Torgensen S. Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983; 40: 1085–1089
  • Treisman A. M., Squire R., Green G. Semantic processing in dichotic listening? A replication. Memory and Cognition 1974; 2: 641–646
  • Usala P. D., Herzog C. Evidence of differential stability of trait and state anxiety in adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991; 60: 471–479
  • Warren R. E. Stimulus encoding and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1972; 94: 90–100
  • Warrington E. K., Weiskrantz L. The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 1974; 12: 419–428
  • Watts F. N., McKenna F. P., Sharrock R., Trezise L. Colour naming of phobia related words. British Journal of Psychology 1986; 77: 97–108
  • Watts F. N., Trezise L., Sharrock R. Processing of phobic stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1986; 25: 253–261
  • Williams J. M. G., Watts F. N., MacLeod C., Mathews A. Cognitive Psychology and the Emotional Disorders. Wiley, Chichester 1988

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.