172
Views
81
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Pathophysiological mechanisms in somatization

&
Pages 81-97 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • Abbey S. E., Garfinkel P. E. Neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome: the role of culture in the making of a diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991a; 148: 1638–1641
  • Abbey S. E., Garfinkel P. E. Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: cause, effect, or covariate. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1991b; 13: S73–S83, Suppl.
  • Allan W. W., Masters W. H. Traumatic laceration of uterine support. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1955; 70: 500–513
  • Allen T. E., Agus B. Hyperventilation leading to hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry 1968; 125: 632–637
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1987, 3rd edition
  • Angus R. G., Heslegrave R. J., Myles W. S. Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation, with and without chronic physical exercise on mood and performance. Psychophysiology 1985; 22: 276–282
  • Asher R. A. J. The dangers of going to bed. British Medical Journal 1947; II: 967–968
  • Barofsky I., Legro M. W. Definition and measurement of fatigue. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1991; 13(supplement 1)S94–97
  • Bass C., Chambers J., Gardner W. N. Hyperventilation provocation in patients with chest pain and a negative treadmill exercise test. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1990; 35: 83–89
  • Bass C., Gardner W. N. Respiratory and psychiatric abnormalities in chronic symptomatic hyperventilation. British Medical Journal 1985; 290: 1387–1390
  • Bass C., Murphy M. The chronic somatizer and the Government White Paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1990; 83: 203–205
  • Beard R. W., Highman J. W., Pearce S., Reginald P. W. Diagnosis of pelvic varisosities in women with chronic pelvic pain. The Lancet 1984; II: 946–949
  • Beecher H. K. Measurement of subjective responses. Oxford University Press, New York 1959
  • Behan P. O., Behan W. M., Bell E. J. The postviral fatigue syndrome—an analysis of the findings in 50 cases. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1985; 10: 211–222
  • Blau J. N., Wiles C. M., Solomon F. S. Unilateral somatic symptoms due to hyperventilation. British Medical Journal 1983; 286: 1108
  • Breggin P. R. The psychophysiology of anxiety: with a review of the literature concerning adrenaline. Journal of Nervous and Neural Disease 1964; 139: 558–568
  • Breier A., Albus M., Pickar D., Zahn T. P., Wolkowitz O. M., Paul S. M. Controllable and uncontrollable stress in humans: alterations in mood and neuroendocrine and psychophysiological function. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1419–1425
  • Butler S., Chalder T., Ron M., Wessely S. Cognitive behaviour therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1991; 54: 153–158
  • Carnett J. B. Intercostal neuralgia as a cause of abdominal pain and tenderness. Surgery Gynecology of Obstetrics 1926; 42: 625–632
  • Chen M. K. The epidemiology of self-perceived fatigue among adults. Preventative Medicine 1986; 15: 74–81
  • Clark D. A cognitive approach to panic. Behavior Research and Therapy 1986; 24: 461
  • Costa P. T., McCrae R. R. Hypochondriasis, neuroticism, and aging: when are somatic complaints unfounded. American Psychologist 1985; 40: 19–28
  • Crea F., Davies G., Chiercha S. Different susceptibility to myocardial ischaemia provoked by hyperventilation and cold pressor test in exertional and variant angina pectoris. American Journal of Cardiology 1985; 56: 18–22
  • Creed F. H. Functional abdominal pain, in: Somatization: Physical symptoms and psychological illness. Blackwell Scientific Publications 1990; 6: 141–170
  • David A. S., Wessely S., Pelois A. J. Postviral fatigue syndrome: time for a new approach. British Medical Journal 1988; 296: 696–698
  • David A. S., Wessely S., Pelosi A. J. Chronic fatigue syndrome: signs of a new approach. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1991; 45: 158–162
  • Dent R., Yates D., Higgenbottam T. Does the hyperventilation syndrome exist. Thorax 1983; 38: 223
  • Docherty M., Pattrick M., Smith J. Sleeping electroencephalograms (EEC) in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) and osteoarthritis (OA. American College of Rheumatology 1990, abstract
  • Dock W. The evil sequelae of complete bed rest. Journal of the American Medical Association 1944; 125: 1083–1085
  • Dubner R. (1975) Neironal plasticity and pain following peripheral tissue inflammation or nerve injury. Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain. 1975, M. R Bond, J. E Charlton, C. J. Woolf. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 263–276
  • Abdominal wall tenderness test: could Carnett cut costs. The Lancet 1991; 337: 1134
  • Eisenberg L. Disease and Illness. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 1977; 1: 9–23
  • Engel G. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. American Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137: 535–544
  • Eysenck H. J., Eysenck S. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Hodder & Stoughton, London 1975
  • Flor H., Birbaumer N., Schulte W. Stress-related electromyographic responses in patients with chronic termporomandibular pain. Pain 1991; 46: 145–152
  • Flor H., Turk D. C., Birbaumer N. Assessment of stress-related psychophysiological responses in chronic back pain patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985; 53: 354–364
  • Folgering H., Snick A. Hyperventilation syndrome and muscle fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1988; 32: 165–171
  • Friedman M. Studies concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of neurocirculatory asthenia IV. The respiratory manifestations of neurocirculatory asthenia. American Heart Journal 1945; 30: 557–566
  • Gardner W., Bass C. Hyperventilation in clinical practice. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1989; 41: 73–81
  • Gardner W. N., Meah M., Bass C. Controlled study of respiratory responses during prolonged measurement in patients with chronic hyperventilation. The Lancet 1986; II: 826–830
  • Goldberg D., Bridges K. Somatic presentations of psychiatric illness in primary care. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1988; 32: 137–144
  • Goldberg D., Gask L., O'Dowd T. The treatment of somatization: teaching techniques of reattribution. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1989; 33: 689–695
  • Goldenberg D. L. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatic Diseases Clinic. North America 1989a; 15: 61–71
  • Goldenberg D. L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatic Diseases Clinic. North America 1989b; 15: 499–512
  • Goldenberg D. L., Simms R. W., Geiger A., Komaroff A. L. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in a primary care practice. Arthritis Rheumatism 1990; 33: 381–387
  • Goodman A. Organic unity theory: the mindbody problem revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 553–563
  • Gordon E., Kraiuhin C, Kelly P., Meares R., Howson A. A neurophysiological study of somatization disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1986; 27: 295–301
  • Greenbaum D., Abitz L., Van Egeren L., Mayle J., Greenbaum R. Irritable bowel symptom prevalence, rectal-sigmoid motility and psychometrics in symptomatic subjects not seeing physicians. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1174
  • Greenleaf J. E., Kozlowski S. Physiological consequences of reduced physical activity during bed rest. Exercise and Sports Science Review 1982; 10: 84–119
  • Hall M. W., Sowden D. S., Gravestock N. Abdominal wall tenderness test. The Lancet 1991; 337: 1606
  • Herrington J. P., Burns T. W., Balart L. A. Chest pain and dysphagia in patients with prolonged peristaltic contractile duration of the oesophagus. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1984; 29: 134–140
  • Holmes G. P., Kaplan J. E., Gantz N. M., Komaroff A. L., Schonberger L. B., Straus S. E., et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition Annals of International Medicine. 1988; 7: 217–230
  • Horvath T., Friedman J., Meares R. Attention in hysteria: A study of Janet's hypothesis by means of habituation and arousal methods. American Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137: 217–221
  • Howell J. B. Behavioural breathlessness. Thorax 1990; 45: 287–292
  • Hughes J. R., Crow R. S., Mittlemark M. B., Leon A. S. Physical activity, smoking, and exercise-induced fatigue. Journal of Behavioural Medicine 1984; 7: 217–230
  • Jessup B. A. Relaxation and Biofeedback. Textbook of Pain, P. D. Wall. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1989, 989-1000
  • Kellner R. Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985; 42: 821–833
  • Kendall R. E. Chronic fatigue, viruses and depression. The Lancet 1991; 337: 160–162
  • Kennedy H. G. Fatigue and Fatiguability. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 153: 1–5
  • Kirmayer L. J., Robbins J. M. Concepts of somatization. Current concepts of somatization, L. J. Kirmayer, J. M. Robbins. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1991
  • Komaroff A. L., Buchwald D. Symptoms and signs of chronic fatigue syndrome. Review of Infectious Diseases 1991; S8–11, 13 Supplement 1
  • Kroenke K., Mangelsdorff D. Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy and outcome. American Journal of Medicine 1989; 86: 262–266
  • Kumar D., Wingate D. L. The irritable bowel syndrome: a paroxysmal motor disorder. The Lancet 1985; II: 973–977
  • Lamb L. E., Stevens P. M., Johnson R. L. Hypokinesia secondary to chair rest from 4 to 10 days. Aerospace Medicine 1965; 36: 755–763
  • Lewis B. I. Chronic hyperventilation syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association 1954; 155: 1204–1208
  • Lewis T. The Soldier's Heart and the Effort Syndrome. Shaw & Sons, London 1918
  • Lipowski Z. J. Somatization: a borderland between medicine and psychiatry. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1986; 135: 609–613
  • Lloyd A. R., Hales J. P., Gandevia S. C. Muscle strength, endurance and recovery in the post infection fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1316–1322
  • Lloyd A. R., Gandevia S. C., Hales J. P. Muscle performance, voluntary activation, twitch properties and perceived effort in normal subjects and patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain 1991; 114: 85–98
  • Lum L. C. The syndrome of chronic hyperventilation. Modem Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, O. Hill. Butterworth Press, London 1976; 3
  • Lynch P., Bakal D. A., Whitelaw W., Fung T. Chest muscle activity and panic anxiety: a preliminary investigation. Psychosomatic Medicine 1991; 53: 80–89
  • Mayou R. Medically unexplained physical symptoms. British Medical Journal 1991; 303: 534–535
  • McCain G. Role of physical fitness training in the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. American Journal of Medicine 1991; 18(3A)73–77, (suppl.
  • McKell T. E., Sullivan A. J. The hyperventilation syndrome in gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 1947; 9: 6–16
  • Moldofsky H., Scarisbrick P. Induction of neurasthenic musculoskeletal pain syndrome by selective sleep stage deprivation. Psychosomatic Medicine 1976; 38: 35–44
  • Moldofsky H., Scarisbrick P., England R., Smythe H. Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-REM sleep disturbances in patients with “fibrositis syndrome” and healthy subjects. Psychosomatic Medicine 1975; 37: 341–351
  • Moos R., Van Dort B. Physical and emotional symptoms and campus health centre utilization. Social Psychiatry 1977; 12: 107–115
  • Morris S., Sharpe M., et al, et al (unpublished data)
  • Murphy M. Somatization: Embodying the problem. British Medical Journal 1989; 298: 1331–1332
  • Myles W. S. Sleep deprivation, physical fatigue, and the percept of exercise intensity. Medicine and science in sports medicine 1989; 17: 580–584
  • Okel B. B., Hurst J. W. Prolonged hyperventilation in man. Archives of Internal Medicine 1961; 108: 157–162
  • Pearson M. G., Qadiri M. R., Finn R. Hypokalaemia in the chronic hyperventilation syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1986; 28–29, 40
  • Pennebaker J. W. The Psychology of physical symptoms. Springer-Verlag0, New York 1982
  • Pennebaker J. W., Hughes C., O'Heeron R. C. The psychophysiology of confession: linking inhibitory and psychosomatic processes. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 1987; 52: 781–793
  • Pennebaker J. W., Skelton J. A. Selective monitoring of bodily sensations. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 1981; 41: 213–223
  • Pennebaker J. W., Susman J. R. Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes. Social Science and Medicine 1988; 26: 327–332
  • Pennebaker J. W., Watson D. The Psychology of Somatic symptoms. Current Concepts of Somatization ibid, L. J. Kirmayer, J. M. Robbins, 1991
  • Reginald P. W., Beard R. W., Kooner J. S. Intravenous dihydroergotamine to relieve pelvic congestion with pain in young women. The Lancet 1987; II: 351–353
  • Riley M. S., O'Brien C. J., McClusky D. R., Bell N. P., Nicholls D. P. Aerobic work capacity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal 1990; 301: 953–956
  • Rosen S. D., King J. C, Wilkinson J. B., Nixon P. G. Is chronic fatigue syndrome synonymous with effort syndrome. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1990; 83: 761–764
  • Royal College of Physicians. The need for an increased number of consultant physicians with specialist training in gastroenterology. Gut 1984; 25: 99–102
  • Sainsbury P., Gibson J. G. Symptoms of anxiety and tension and the accompanying physiological changes in muscular system. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1954; 17: 216–224
  • Salkovskis P., Clark D. Affective responses to hyperventilation: a test of the cognitive model of panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 51–61
  • Saltin B., Blomqvist G., Mitchell J. H., et al. Response to exercise after bed rest and after training. Circulation 1968; 38(7)1–78, (Suppl.)
  • Sanders D., Bass C. Coping with chest pain. 1991, unpublished manuscript
  • Sharpe M., Archard L., Banatvala J., et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1991a; 84: 118–121
  • Sharpe M. Psychiatric management of post-viral fatigue syndrome. British Medical Bulletin 1991b; 47: 989–1005
  • Shaw F., Creed F. The cost of somatization. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1990; 35: 307–312
  • Smitth G. R., Monson R. A., Ray D. C. Psychiatric consultation in somatization disorder. A randomized controlled study. New England Journal of Medicine 1986; 314: 1407–1413
  • Smythe H. Referred pain and tender points. American Journal of Medicine 1986; 81(3A)90–92, (suppl.
  • Stearns A. W. A history of the development of the concept of functional nervous disease during the past twenty-five hundred years. American Journal of Psychiatry 1946; 103: 289–308
  • Steckel W. The interpretation of dreams. Liveright, New York 1943; 580
  • Stoeckle J. D., Davidson G. E. Bodily complaints and other symptoms of depressive reaction. Journal of the American Medical Association 1962; 180: 134–139
  • Stokes M. J., Cooper R. G., Edwards R. H. T. Normal muscle strength and fatiguability in patients with effort syndromes. British Medical Journal 1988; 297: 1014–1016
  • Tyrer D. The role of bodily feelings in anxiety. Oxford University Press, London 1976
  • Thomson W. H., Dawes R. F., Carter S. S. Abdominal wall tenderness: a useful sign in chronic abdominal pain. British Journal of Surgery 1991; 78: 223–225
  • Von Korff M, Le Resche L. Graded chronic pain status: an epidemiologic evaluation. Pain 1990; 40: 279–291
  • Watson D., Clark L. A. Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin 1984; 96: 465–490
  • Watson D., Pennebaker J. W. Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review 1989; 96: 234–254
  • Wessely S. Old Wine in new bottles: Neurasthenia and “ME”. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 35–53
  • Wessely S., Powell E. Fatigue syndromes: a comparison of chronic “postviral” fatigue with neuromuscular and affective disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1989; 52: 940–948
  • Wessely S. Chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1991; 54: 669–671
  • Whelton C, Saskin P., Salit H., Moldofsky H. Post-viral fatigue syndrome and sleep. Sleep Research 1988; 17: 307
  • Wildenthal K., Fuller D. S., Shapiro W. Paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias induced by hyperventilation. American Journal of Cardiology 1968; 21: 436–441
  • Wood P. Da Costa's syndrome (or effort syndrome. British Medical Journal 1941; i: 767–772; 805–811; 845–851
  • Woods S., Natterson J., Silverman J. Medical students' disease: hypochondriasis in medical education. Journal of Medical Education 1978; 41: 785–790
  • World Health Organization. Mental, behavioural and developmental disorders. International Classification of Diseases Draft Chapter V. (copyright reserved). Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva 1990, 10th revision
  • Wyke B. Brain Functions and Metabolic Disorders. Butterworth, London 1963
  • Zubek J. P., Wilgosh L. Prolonged immobilization of the body: changes in performance and in the electroencephalograms. Science 1963; 140: 306–308

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.