The impact of postpartum depression on child development

References

• Affonso D. D., Arizmendi T. G. Disturbances in post-partum adaptation and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 1986; 5: 15–32
   Google Scholar
• Affonso D., Lovett S., Paul S., Sheptak S. A standardized clinical interview that differentiates pregnancy and postpartum symptoms from perinatal clinical depression. Birth 1990; 17: 121–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Affonso D., Lovett S., Paul S., Arizmendi T., Nussbaum R., Newman L., Johnson B. Predictors of depression symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. Journal of Psychosomatics and Obstetric Gynecology 1991; 12: 255–271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L., Gregoire A., Platz C., Prince M., Kumar R. Screening women for high risk of postnatal depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1994; 38: 539–545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astbury J., Brown S., Lumley J., Small R. Birth events, birth experiences and social differences in postnatal depression. Australian Journal of Public Health 1994; 18: 176–184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkinson A. K., Rickel A. U. Postpartum depression in primiparous parents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1984; 93: 115–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusto A., Kumar R., Catheiros J. M., Matos E., Figueiredo E. Postnatal depression in an urban area of Portugal: comparison of childbearing women and matched controls. Unpublished manuscript, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal. 1995
   Google Scholar
• Ballard C. G., Davis R., Cullen P. C., Mohan R. N., Dean C. Prevalence of postnatal psychiatric morbidity in mothers and fathers. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 164: 782–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck C. T., Reynolds M. A., Rutowski P. Maternity blues and postpartum depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 1992; 21: 287–293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berthiaume M., David H., Saucier J. P., Borgeat F. Correlates of postpartum depressive symptomatology: Comparison of clinical and self-report assessment. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal. 1995. Canada
   Google Scholar
• Boyce P., Parker G., Barnett B., Cooney M., Smith F. Personality as a vulnerability factor to depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 159: 106–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridge L. R., Little B. C., Hayworth J., Dewhurst J., Priest R. G. Psychometric ante-natal predictors of post-natal depressed mood. Journal of Psychosomatic Researc 1985; 29: 325–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S. B., Cohn J. F., Flanagan C., Popper S., Meyers T. Course and correlates of postpartum depression during the transition to parenthood. Development and Psychopathology 1992; 4: 29–47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S. B., Cohn J. F. Prevalence and correlates of postpartum depression in first-time mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1985; 100: 594–599
   Google Scholar
• Carothers A. D., Murray L. Estimating psychiatry morbidity by logistic regression: Application to post-natal depression in a community sample. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 695–702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carro M. G., Grant K. E., Gotlib I. H., Compas B. E. Postpartum depression and child development: An investigation of mothers and fathers as sources of risk and resilience. Development and Psychopathology 1993; 5: 567–579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke M, Williams A. J. Depression in women after prenatal death. Lancet 1979; 1: 916–917
   Google Scholar
• Coble P. A., Reynolds C. F., Kupfer D. J., Houck P. R. Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder: I. Psychiatric symptomatology. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1994; 35: 205–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins N. L., Dunkel-Schetter C., Lobel M., Scrimshaw S. C. M. Social support in pregnancy: Psychosocial correlates of birth outcomes and postpartum depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993; 65: 1243–1258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper J. P., Campbell E. A., Day A., Kennerly H., Bond A. Nonpsychotic psychiatric disorder after childbirth—a prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 152: 799–806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper P. J., Murray L. Course and recurrence of postnatal depression: Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 166: 191–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox J. L. Postnatal depression: A comparison of African and Scottish women. Social Psychiatry 1983; 18: 25–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox J. L., Connor Y., Kendell R. E. Prospective study of the psychiatric disorders of childbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 140: 111–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox J. L., Murray D., Chapman G. A controlled study of the onset, duration, and prevalence of postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 163: 27–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona C. E. Causal attributions and perinatal depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1983; 92: 161–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona C. E. Social support and stress in the transition to parenthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1984; 98: 378–390
   Google Scholar
• Cutrona C. E., Troutman B. R. Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: A mediation model of postpartum depression. Child Development 1986; 57: 1507–1518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fouw P. J., Pop V. J., Donkers M. M., Horsten M., van Son M. J. Long-term follow-up study on maternal depression. Poster presented at the International Conference of the Marce Society, CambridgeEngland, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Demyttenaere K., Lenaerts H., Nijs R., Van Assche F. A. Individual coping style and psychological attitudes during pregnancy predict depression levels during pregnancy and during postpartum. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1995; 91: 95–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrovsky L., Perez-Hirshberg M., Itskowitz R. Depression during and following pregnancy: Quality of family relationships. The Journal of Psychology 1987; 121: 213–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dover A. EnglandThe influence of dependency and self-criticism on postpartum adjustment. Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, TorontoCanada, 1993
   Google Scholar
• Fegetter P., Cooper P., Gath D. Non-psychotic disorders in women one year after childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1981; 25: 369–372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gotlib I. H., Whiffen V. E., Mount J. H., Milne K., Cordy N. I. Prevalence rates and demographic characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and the postpartum. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989; 57: 269–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib I. H., Whiffen V. E., Wallace P. M., Mount J. H. Prospective investigation of postpartum depression: Factors involved in onset and recovery. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 122–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff L. A., Dyck D. C. Sociotropy and difficult infant temperament: Evidence for a diathesis-stress model of postpartum depression. Unpublished manuscript, PsycHealth Centre, Winnepeg, ManitobaCanada, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Greene S. M., Nugent J. K., Wieczorek-Deering D., O'Mahony P., Graham R. The patterning of depressive symptoms in a sample of first-time mothers. The Irish Journal of Psychology 1991; 12: 263–275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah P., Adams D., Lee A., Glover V., Sandler M. Links between early post-partum mood and post-natal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 160: 777–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayworth J., Little C., Carter S. B., Raptopoulous P. I., Priest R. G., Sandler N. A predictive study of postpartum depression: some predisposing characteristics. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1980; 53: 161–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll S. E., Ritter C., Lavin J., Hulsizer M. R., Cameron R. P. Depression prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995; 63: 445–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt W. J. The detection of postnatal depression in general practice using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. New Zealand Medical Journal 1995; 108: 57–59
   Google Scholar
• Jadresic E, Araya R. Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors in Santiago. Revista Medica de Chile 1996, (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Jadresic E., Araya R., Jara C. Validation of a postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in Chilean postpartum women. Unpublished manuscript, Departmento de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, Universidad de Chile, SantiagoChile, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura T., Toda M. A., Sugawara K., Shima S., Sugawara M. Psychological and social correlates of the onset of postnatal depression in Japan. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociocultural Environmental Research, NIMH, ChibaJapan, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura T., Shima S., Sugawara M., Toda M. A. Temporal variation of validity of self-rating questionnaires: Repeated use of the General Health Questionnaire and Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale among women during antenatal and postnatal periods. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1994; 90: 446–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Robson K. M. A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 35–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logsdon M. C., McBride A. B., Birkimer J. C. Social support and postpartum depression. Research in Nursing and Health 1994; 17: 449–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little B. C., Hayworth J., Benson P., Bridge L. R., Dewhurst J., Priest R. G. Psychophysiological antenatal predictors of postnatal depressed mood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1982; 26: 419–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussier V., David H., Borgeat F., Saucier J. F. Methodological issues in the assessment of postnatal depression: A comparison of clinician and self-report rating scales. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, MontrealCanada, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Martin C. J., Brown G. W., Goldberg D. P., Brockington I. F. Psycho-social stress and puerperal depression. Journal of Affective Disorder 1989; 16: 283–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenry P. C., Browne D. H., Kotch J. B., Symons M. J. Mediators of depression among low-income, adolescent mothers of infants: a longitudinal perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1990; 19: 327–347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray L, Cartwright W. The role of obstetric factors in postpartum depression. Journal of Infant and Reproductive Psychology 1993; 11: 215–219
   Google Scholar
• Neugebauer R. Rate of depression in the puerperium. British Journal of Psychiatry 1983; 143: 421–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara M. W. Social support, life events, and depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 569–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara M. W., Rehm L. P., Campbell S. B. Predicting depressive symptomatology: cognitive-behavioral models and postpartum depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1982; 91: 457–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara M. W., Neunaber D. J., Zekoski E. M. Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1984; 93: 158–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara M. W., Zekoski E. M., Philipps L. H., Wright E. J. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: Comparison of child-bearing and nonchildbearing women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1990; 99: 3–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara M. W., Schlechte J. A., Lewis D. A., Varner M. W. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: Psychological, environmental, and hormonal variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 63–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano T, Nomura J. Endocrine study of the maternity blues. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1992; 16: 921–932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykel E. S., Emms E. M., Fletcher J., Rassaby E. S. Life events and social support in puerperal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 136: 339–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfost K. S., Lum C. U., Stevens M. J. Femininity and work plans protect women against postpartum dysphoria. Sex Roles 1989; 21: 423–431
   Google Scholar
• Pfost K. S., Stevens M. J., Lum C. U. The relationship of demographic variables, antepartum depression, and stress to postpartum depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1990; 46: 588–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B. Atypical depression following childbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry 1968; 114: 1325–1335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pop V. J., Essed G. G., De Geus C. A., van Son M. M., Komproe I. H. Prevalence of postpartum depression or is it postnatal depression?. Acta Obstetrica de Gynecologica Scandinavica 1993; 72: 354–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees W. D., Lutkins S. G. Parental depression before and after childbirth. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 1971; 21: 26–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rouillon F., Thalassionos M., Miller H. D., Lemperiere T. Folates and post partum depression. Journal of Affective Disorder 1992; 25: 235–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saks B. R., Frank J. B., Lowe T. L., Berman W., Naftolin F., Cohen D. J. Depressed mood during pregnancy and the puerperium: Clinical recognition and implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 728–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saucier J. F., Borgeat F., David H., Bernazzani O, Casoni D. CanadaA preliminary attempt to predict postnatal depression from data measured in early pregnancy. Paper presented at the Fifth World Congress of the World Association of Infant Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, ChicagoUSA, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Shaper A. M., Rooney B. L., Kay N. R., Silva P. D. Use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to identify postpartum depression in a clinical setting. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1994; 39: 20–624
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu Y. M., Kaplan B. J. Postpartum depression in the United States and Japan. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 1987; 18: 15–30
   Google Scholar
• Stamp G. E., Crowther C. A. Postnatal depression: A South Australian Prospective survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994; 34: 164–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steer R. A., Scholl T. O., Beck A. T. Revised Beck Depression Inventory scores of innercity adolescents: Pre- and postpartum. Psychological Reports 1990; 66: 315–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe K. J., Dragonas T., Golding J. The effects of psychosocial factors on the mother's emotional well-being during early parenthood: a cross-cultural study of Britain and Greece. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 1992; 10: 205–217
   Google Scholar
• Troutman B. R., Cutrona C. E. Nonpsychotic postpartum depression among adolescent mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1990; 99: 69–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson E, Evans S. J. W. An example of cross-cultural measurement of psychological symptoms in post-partum mothers. Social Science and Medicine 1986; 23: 869–874
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson J. P., Elliott S. A., Rugg A. J., Brough D. I. Psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 453–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster M. L., Thompson J. M. D., Mitchell E. A., Werry J. S. Postnatal depression in a community cohort. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 28: 42–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiffen V. E. Vulnerability to postpartum depression: A prospective multivariate study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1988; 97: 467–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar