References
- Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K. Time trends and familial risks in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:885–889.
- Diepgen TL, Mahler V. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(suppl 61):1–6.
- Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM, Tollefson MM, Otley CC, Weaver AL, Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA. 2005;294:681–690.
- Cockerell CJ. Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma (‘actinic keratosis’). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):11–17.
- Ackerman AB, Mones JM. Solar (actinic) keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:9–22.
- Dinehart SM, Nelson-Adesokan P, Cockerell C, Russell S, Brown R. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma derived from actinic keratosis. Cancer. 1997;79:920–923.
- Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet. 1988;(i):795–797.
- Guenthner ST, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas consistently show histologic evidence of in situ changes: A clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41(3 Pt 1):443–448.
- Czarnecki D, Meehan CJ, Bruce F, Culjak G. The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arise in actinic keratoses. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002;6:207–219.
- Glogau RG. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):S23–S24.
- Fuchs A, Marmur E. The kinetics of skin cancer: Progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:1099–1101.
- Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, Luque C, Eide MJ, Bingham SF, for the Department of Veteran Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial Group. Actinic keratoses: Natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Cancer. 2009;115:2523–2530.
- Jorizzo J, Weiss J, Vamvakias G. One-week treatment with 0.5% fluorouracil cream prior to cryosurgery in patients with actinic keratoses: A double-blind, vehicle-controlled, long-term study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:133–139.
- Korman N, Moy R, Ling M, Matheson R, Smith S, McKane S, Dosing with 5% imiquimod cream 3 times per week for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Results of two phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled trials. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:467–473.
- Jorizzo J, Stewart D, Bucko A, Davis SA, Espy P, Hino P, Randomized trial evaluating a new 0.5% fluorouracil formulation demonstrates efficacy after 1-, 2-, or 4-week treatment in patients with actinic keratosis. Cutis. 2002;70:335–339.
- Menter A, Vamvakias G, Jorizzo J. One-week treatment with once-daily fluorouracil cream 0.5% in participants with actinic keratoses. Cutis. 2008;81:509–516.
- Weiss J, Menter A, Hevia O, Jones T, Ling M, Rist T, Effective treatment of actinic keratosis with 0.5% fluorouracil cream for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Cutis. 2002;70(2 suppl):22–29.
- Unis ME. Short-term intensive 5-fluorouracil treatment of actinic keratoses. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21:162–163.
- Epstein E. Twice daily vs. four times daily 5-fluorouracil therapy for actinic keratoses: A split face study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:794–795.
- Tan JK, Thomas DR, Poulin Y, Maddin F, Tang J. Efficacy of imiquimod as an adjunct to cryotherapy for actinic keratoses. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:195–201.
- Lebwohl M, Dinehart S, Whiting D, Lee PK, Tawfik N, Jorizzo J, Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Results from two phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:714–721.
- Zeichner JA, Stern DW, Uliasz A, Itenberg S, Lebwohl M. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized pilot study of imiquimod 5% cream applied once per week for 6 months for the treatment of actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:59–62.
- Levulan Kerastick [package insert]. Wilmington, MA: DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2009.
- Smith S, Piacquadio D, Morhenn V, Atkin D, Fitzpatrick R. Short incubation PDT versus 5-FU in treating actinic keratoses. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2:629–635.
- Touma D, Yaar M, Whitehead S, Konnikov N, Gilchrest BA. A trial of short incubation, broad-area photodynamic therapy for facial actinic keratoses and diffuse photodamage. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:33–40.
- Redbord KP, Hanke CW. Topical photodynamic therapy for dermatologic disorders: Results and complications. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:1197–1202.
- Szeimies RM, Karrer S, Radakovic-Fijan S, Tanew A, Calzavara-Pinton PG, Zane C, Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate compared with cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: A prospective, randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:258–262.
- Freeman M, Vinciullo C, Francis D, Spelman L, Nguyen R, Fergin P, A comparison of photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) with single cycle cryotherapy in patients with actinic keratosis: A prospective, randomized study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14:99–106.
- Pearlman DL. Weekly pulse dosing: Effective and comfortable topical 5-fluorouracil treatment of multiple facial actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:665–667.
- Epstein E. Does intermittent ‘pulse’ topical 5-fluorouracil therapy allow destruction of actinic keratoses without significant inflammation? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:77–80.
- Robins P. Pulse therapy with 5-FU in eradicating actinic keratoses with less than recommended dosage. J Drugs Dermatol. 2002;1:25–30.
- Labandeira J, Pereiro M Jr, Valdes F, Toribio J. Intermittent topical 5-fluorouracil is effective without significant irritation in the treatment of actinic keratoses but prolongs treatment duration. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 1):517–520.
- Salasche SJ, Levine N, Morrison L. Cycle therapy of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp with 5% topical imiquimod cream: An open-label trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:571–577.
- Krawtchenko N, Roewert-Huber J, Ulrich M, Mann I, Sterry W, Stockfleth E. A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: A comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(suppl 2):34–40.
- Hanke CW, Beer KR, Stockfleth E, Wu J, Rosen T, Levy S. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: Results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 3-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:573–581.
- Swanson N, Abramovits W, Berman B, Kulp J, Rigel DS, Levy S. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: Results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:582–590.
- Abadir DM. Combination of topical 5-fluorouracil with cryotherapy for treatment of actinic keratoses. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1983;9:403–404.
- Gilbert DJ. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential combination of 5-fluorouracil and photodynamic therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4:161–163.
- Shaffelburg M. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential use of photodynamic therapy; and imiquimod 5% cream. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8:35–39.
- Martin GM. Changing paradigms and emerging therapies in the treatment of actinic keratoses. J Clin Aesthetic Derm. 2010;3:S4–S10.
- Katz BE. The fluor-hydroxy pulse peel: A pilot evaluation of a new superficial chemical peel. Cosmet Dermatol. 1995;8:24–30.
- Marrero GM, Katz BE. The new fluor-hydroxy pulse peel. A combination of 5-fluorouracil and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24:973–978.
- Ditre C. Combination therapy using 5-FU and 70% glycolic acid peels [abstract]. 4th Annual Advances in Cosmetic and Medical Dermatology Meeting; 25 February – 1 March 2008; Wailea, Maui, HI, USA.
- Ditre CM. The treatment of photodamaged skin with 5% 5-fluorouracil peels. Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;20:568–572.
- Humphreys TR, Werth V, Dzubow L, Kligman A. Treatment of photodamaged skin with trichloroacetic acid and topical tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:638–644.
- Price NM. The treatment of actinic keratoses with a combination of 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod creams. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:778–781.
- Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ, Moshell AN, Tarone RE, Peck GL. Prevention of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum with the use of oral isotretinoin. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1633–1637.
- Peck GL, DiGiovanna JJ, Sarnoff DS, Gross EG, Butkus D, Olsen TG, Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19(1 Pt 2):176–185.
- Hong WK, Lippman SM, Itri LM, Karp DD, Lee JS, Byers RM, Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:795–801.
- Smith MA, Parkinson DR, Cheson BD, Friedman MA. Retinoids in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:839–864.
- Sander CA, Pfeiffer C, Kligman AM, Plewig G. Chemotherapy for disseminated actinic keratoses with 5-fluorouracil and isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(2 Pt 1):236–238.
- Bercovitch L. Topical chemotherapy of actinic keratoses of the upper extremity with tretinoin and 5-fluorouracil: A double-blind controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 1987;116:549–552.