Analgetic effects of non-thermal GSM-1900 radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the land snail Helix pomatia

References

• Achaval M, Penha M A, Swarowsky A, Rigon P, Xavier LL, Violoa GG, Zancan DM. 2005. The terrestrial Gastropoda Megalobulimus abbreviatus as a useful model for nociceptive experiments: Effects of morphine and naloxone on thermal avoidance behavior. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 38:73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauréus Koch CL, Sommarin M, Persson BR, Salford LG, Eberhardt JL. 2003. Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes. Bioelectromagnetics 24:395–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzo F, Cadossi M, Cavani F, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Setti S, Cadossi R, Giardino R. 2008. Cartilage repair with osteochondral autografts in sheep: Effect of biophysical stimulation with pulsed electromagnetic fields. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 26:631–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard JP, Blackman CF. 1994. Clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 15:217–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Seppia C, Ghione S, Luschi P, Ossenkopp KP, Choleris E, K avaliers M. 2007. Pain perception and electromagnetic fields. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 31:619–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyakonova VE, Elofsson R, Carlberg M, Sakharov DA. 1995. Complex avoidance behaviour and its neurochemical regulation in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis. General Pharmacology 26:773–777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LO. 2008. Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 27:215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk RH, Monsees TK. 2006. Effects of electromagnetic fields on cells: physiological and therapeutical approaches and molecular mechanisms of interaction. A review. Cells Tissues Organ 182:59–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartzke J, Lange C. 2002. Cellular target of weak magnetic fields: Ionic conduction along actin filaments of microvilli. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 283:C1333–1346.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliani L, Soffritti M. 2010. Non-thermal effects and mechanisms of interaction between electromagnetic fields and living matter. An ICEMS Monograph. European Journal of Oncology 5. Available from: http://www.icems.eu/papers.htm. pp 0–420.
   Google Scholar
• Heimburg T, Jackson AD. 2005. On soliton propagation in biomembranes and nerves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102: 9790–9795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirpi L, Salanki J. 1973. Seasonal and activity-dependent changes of the serotonin level in the c.n.s. and the heart of the snail (Helix pomatia L.). Comparative and General Pharmacology 4:285–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyland JG. 2000. Physics and biology of mobile telephony. The Lancet 356:1833–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juutilainen J, Kumlin T, Naarala J. 2006. Do extremely low frequency magnetic fields enhance the effects of environmental carcinogens? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. International Journal of Radiation Biology 82:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavaliers M. 1987. Evidence for opioid and non-opioid forms of stress-induced analgesia in the snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Brain Research 410:111–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. 1988. Magnetic fields inhibit opioid-mediated ‘analgesic’ behaviours of the terrestrial snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Journal of Comparative Physiology 162:551–558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP, Lipa SM. 1990. Day-night rhythms in the inhibitory effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields on opiate-mediated ‘analgesic’ behaviors of the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Brain Research 517:276–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc D, Hatcher D, Post R. 2000. Finite-difference time-domain front-end utility. Brooks City-Base, TX: Brooks Airforce Base.
   Google Scholar
• Lednev VV. 1993. Possible mechanism for the effect of weak magnetic fields on biological systems: Correction of the basic expression and its consequences. In: Blank M, editor. Electricity and magnetism in biology and medicine. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Press, Inc. pp 550–552.
   Google Scholar
• Malmgren L. 1998. Radio frequency systems for NMR imaging: Coil development and studies of non-thermal biological effects. [PhD thesis]; Department of Applied Electronics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Salford LG. 2009. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology 16:103–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Persson BRR, Salford LG, Brun A. 1997. Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication. Wireless Networks 3:455–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilla A. 2002. Low-intensity electromagnetic and mechanical modulation of bone growth and repair: Are they equivalent? Journal of Orthopaedic Science 7:420–428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prato FS, Ossenkopp KP, Kavaliers M, Sestine E, Teskey GC. 1987. Attenuation of morphine-induced analgesia in mice by exposure to magnetic resonance imaging: Separate effects of the static, radiofrequency and time-varying magnetic fields. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5:9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson JA, Theberge J, Weller J, Drost DJ, Prato FS, Thomas AW. 2010. Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field exposure can alter neuroprocessing in humans. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 7:467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salford LG, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BRR. 1992. Electromagnetic field-induced permeability of the blood-brain barrier shown by immunohistochemical methods. In: Nordén B, Ramel C, editors. Interaction mechanism of low-level electromagnetic fields in living systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp 251–258.
   Google Scholar
• Salford LG, Brun A, Eberhardt JL, Persson BRR. 1993. Permeability of the blood-brain-barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic- radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 30:293–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salford LG, Brun A, Sturesson K, Eberhardt JL, Persson BR. 1994. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz. Microscopy Research and Technique 27:535–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salford LG, Nittby H, Brun A, Grafström G, Eberhardt JE, Malmgren L, Persson BRR. 2007. Nonthermal effects of EMF upon the mammalian brain: The Lund experience. The Environmentalist 27:493–500.
   Google Scholar
• Salford LG, Nittby H, Brun A, Grafström G, Malmgren L, Sommarin M, Eberhardt J, Widebren B, Persson BRR. 2008. The mammalian brain in the electromagnetic fields designed by man-with special reference to blood-brain barrier function, neuronal damage and possible physical mechanisms. Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 173:283–309.
   Google Scholar
• Salford LG, Persson B, Malmgren L, Brun A. 2001. Téléphonie mobile et barrière sang-cerveau. In: Lannoye P, Marco Pietteur B, editors. Téléphonie mobile – effects potentiels sur la santé des ondes électromagnétiques de haute fréquence. >Belgium: Emburg. pp 141–152.
   Google Scholar
• Santini MT, Rainaldi G, Indovina PL. 2009. Cellular effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. International Journal of Radiation Biology 85:294–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shupak NM, McKay JC, Nielson WR, Rollman GB, Prato FS, Thomas AW. 2006. Exposure to a specific pulsed low-frequency magnetic field: A double-blind placebo-controlled study of effects on pain ratings in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients. Pain Research & Management 11:85–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shupak NM, Prato FS, Thomas AW. 2003. Therapeutic uses of pulsed magnetic-field exposure: A review. Radio Science Bulletin 307:9–32.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas AW, Kavaliers M, Prato FS, Ossenkopp KP. 1997. Antinociceptive effects of a pulsed magnetic field in the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Neuroscience Letters 222:107–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AW, Kavaliers M, Prato FS, Ossenkopp KP. 1998. Analgesic effects of a specific pulsed magnetic field in the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis: Consequences of repeated exposures, relations to tolerance and cross-tolerance with DPDPE. Peptides 19:333–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AW, Graham K, Prato F, McKay J, Morley Forster P, Moulin DE, Chari S. 2007. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial using a low-frequency magnetic field in the treatment of musculoskeletal chronic pain. Pain Research & Management 12:249–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysdale DM, Lipa SM, Ossenkopp KP, Kavaliers M. 1991. Inhibitory effects of 60-Hz magnetic fields on opiate-induced ‘analgesia’ in the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis, under natural conditions. Physiology & Behavior 49:53–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. 2009. Genetic damage in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electro- magnetic fields: A meta-analysis of data from 87 publications (1990–2007). International Journal of Radiation Biology 85: 196–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu N, Kavaliers M. 1991. Pertussis toxin reduces the day-night rhythm of nociception and mu and kappa opioid peptide- mediated antinociception in the snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Peptides 12:877–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar