Exercise training utilizing body weight-supported treadmill walking with a young adult with cerebral palsy who was non-ambulatory

REFERENCES

• Anders C, Wagner H, Puta C, Grassme R, Petrovitch A, Scholle HC 2007 Trunk muscle activation patterns during walking at different speeds. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 17: 245–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angilley H, Haggas S 2009 Physical fitness in children with movement difficulties. Physiotherapy 95: 144–146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey MJ, Ratcliffe CM 1995 Reliability of physiological cost index measurements in walking normal subjects using steady-state, non-steady-state and post-exercise heart rate recording. Physiotherapy 81: 618–623
   Google Scholar
• Behrman AL, Harkema SJ 2007 Physical rehabilitation as an agent for recovery after spinal cord injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 18: 183–202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borg GA 1982 Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 377–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratteby Tollerz L, Olsson RM, Forslund AH, Norrlin SE 2011 Reliability of energy cost calculations in children with cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis and healthy controls. Acta Paediatrica 100: 1616–1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffart LM, Westendorp T, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Stam HJ, Roebroeck ME 2009 Perceived barriers to and facilitators of physical activity in young adults with childhood-onset physical disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 41: 881–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh PR, Kram R 1985 The efficiency of human movement – a statement of the problem. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 304–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernak K, Stevens V, Price R, Shumway-Cook A 2008 Locomotor training using body-weight support on a treadmill in conjunction with ongoing physical therapy in a child with severe cerebellar ataxia. Physical Therapy 88: 88–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherng RJ, Liu CF, Lau TW, Hong RB 2007 Effect of treadmill training with body weight support on gait and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86: 548–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choksi A, Townsend EL, Dumas HM, Haley SM 2010 Functional recovery in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury. Pediatric Physical Therapy 22: 214–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damiano DL, DeJong SL 2009 A systematic review of the effectiveness of treadmill training and body weight support in pediatric rehabilitation. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 33: 27–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels JT 1985 A physiologist's view of running economy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 332–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson A, Willen C, Sunnerhagen KS 2007 Measurement of energy cost by the physiological cost index in walking after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88: 1298–1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day JA, Fox EJ, Lowe J, Swales HB, Behrman AL 2004. Locomotor training with partial body weight support on a treadmill in a nonambulatory child with spastic tetraplegic cerebral palsy: A case report. Pediatric Physical Therapy 16: 106–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Schryver AM, Keulemans YC, Peters HP, Akkermans LM, Smout AJ, De Vries WR, van Berge-Henegouwen GP 2005 Effects of regular physical activity on defecation pattern in middle-aged patients complaining of chronic constipation. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 40: 422–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieruf K, Burtner PA, Provost B, Phillips J, Bernitsky-Beddingfield A, Sullivan KJ 2009 A pilot study of quality of life in children with cerebral palsy after intensive body weight-supported treadmill training. Pediatric Physical Therapy 21: 45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd KJ, Foley S 2007 Partial body-weight-supported treadmill training can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy: A clinical controlled trial. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 49: 101–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durstine JL, Painter P, Franklin BA, Morgan D, Pitetti KH, Roberts SO 2000 Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled. Sports Medicine 30: 207–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman AB, Haley SM, Coryell J 1990 Concurrent and construct validity of the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Physical Therapy 70: 602–610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler EG, Kolobe TH, Damiano DL, Thorpe DE, Morgan DW, Brunstrom JE, Coster WJ, Henderson RC, Pitetti KH, Rimmer JH, Rose J, Stevenson RD 2007 Promotion of physical fitness and prevention of secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy: Section on pediatrics research summit proceedings. Physical Therapy 87: 1495–1510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson E, Ruff RL, Daly JJ 2007 Physiological cost index as a proxy measure for the oxygen cost of gait in stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 21: 429–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gall C, Kingsnorth S, Healy H 2006 Growing up ready: A shared management approach. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 26: 47–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh AK, Tibarewala DN, Dasgupta SR, Goswami A, Ganguli S 1980 Metabolic cost of walking at different speeds with axillary crutches. Ergonomics 23: 571–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh AK, Ganguli S, Bose KS 1982 Metabolic energy demand and optimal walking speed in post-polio subjects with lower limb afflictions. Applied Ergonomics 13: 259–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glanzman A 2009 Cerebral palsy. Goodman CC and Fuller KS Pathology, Implications for the Physical Therapist, 3rd edn, p 1517. St Louis, Missouri, Sanders-Elsevier Inc
   Google Scholar
• Gorter JW 2009 Transition to adult-oriented health care: Perspectives of youth and adults with complex physical disabilities. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 29: 362–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorter H, Holty L, Rameckers EE, Elvers HJ, Oostendorp RA 2009 Changes in endurance and walking ability through functional physical training in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy 21: 31–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham RC, Smith NM, White CM 2005 The reliability and validity of the physiological cost index in healthy subjects while walking on 2 different tracks. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86: 2041–2046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groslambert A, Mahon AD 2006 Perceived exertion: Influence of age and cognitive development. Sports Medicine 36: 911–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagberg K, Haggstrom E, Branemark R 2007 Physiological cost index (PCI) and walking performance in individuals with transfemoral prostheses compared to healthy controls. Disability and Rehabilitation 29: 643–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagberg K, Tranberg R, Zugner R, Danielsson A 2011 Reproducibility of the physiological cost index among individuals with a lower-limb amputation and healthy adults. Physiotherapy Research International 16: 92–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havercamp SM, Scandlin D, Roth M 2004 Health disparities among adults with developmental disabilities, adults with other disabilities, and adults not reporting disability in North Carolina. Public Health Reports 119: 418–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlihan CM, Stevenson RD 2009 Bone density in cerebral palsy. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 20: 493–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imms C, Reilly S, Carlin J, Dodd K 2008 Diversity of participation in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50: 363–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iriberri M, Galdiz JB, Gorostiza A, Ansola P, Jaca C 2002 Comparison of the distances covered during 3 and 6 min walking test. Respiratory Medicine 96: 812–816
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson CC 2009 The benefits of physical activity for youth with developmental disabilities: A systematic review. American Journal of Health Promotion 23: 157–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen JR, Bech-Pedersen DT, Zeeman P, Sørensen J, Andersen LL, Schönberger M 2010 Effect of intensive outpatient physical training on gait performance and cardiovascular health in people with hemiparesis after stroke. Physical Therapy 90: 527–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kann L, Brener ND, Wechsler H 2007 Overview and summary: School health policies and programs study 2006. Journal of School Health 77: 385–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O 1957 The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis Et Biologiae Fenniae 35: 307–315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK 2010 Exercise on a treadmill or walking outdoors? A randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of two walking exercise programmes late after stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 24: 46–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leerar PJ, Miller EW 2002 Concurrent validity of distance-walks and timed-walks in the well-elderly. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 25: 3–7
   Google Scholar
• Leung AS, Chan KK, Sykes K, Chan KS 2006 Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a 2-min walk test to assess exercise capacity of COPD patients. Chest 130: 119–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liptak GS 2008 Health and well being of adults with cerebral palsy. Current Opinion in Neurology 21: 136–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher CA, Williams MT, Olds T, Lane AE 2007 Physical and sedentary activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 49: 450–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell BC, Kerr C, Parkes J, Cosgrove A 2005 Validity of a 1 minute walk test for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 47: 744–748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNevin NH, Coraci L, Schafer J 2000 Gait in adolescent cerebral palsy: The effect of partial unweighting. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81: 525–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mockford M, Caulton JM 2008 Systematic review of progressive strength training in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy who are ambulatory. Pediatric Physical Therapy 20: 318–333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mutlu A, Krosschell K, Spira DG 2009 Treadmill training with partial body-weight support in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 51: 268–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman D 2007 Exercise prescription. In: Exercise Testing and Prescription; a Health Related Approach, 5th edn, p 232. Boston, MA, McGraw Hill
   Google Scholar
• Norman JF 2006 Accelerometry as an estimate of energy expenditure in healthy children and children with cerebral palsy during self-paced ambulation. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice 4: 1–5
   Google Scholar
• Norman JF, Bossman S, Gardner P, Moen C 2004 Comparison of the energy expenditure index and oxygen consumption index during self-paced walking in children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy and children without physical disabilities. Pediatric Physical Therapy 16: 206–211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Byrne JM, Jenkinson A, O'Brien TM 1998 Quantitative analysis and classification of gait patterns in cerebral palsy using a three-dimensional motion analyzer. Journal of Child Neurology 13: 101–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeffinger D, Bagley A, Rogers S, Gorton G, Kryscio R, Abel M, Damiano D, Barnes D, Tylkowski C 2008 Outcome tools used for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy: Responsiveness and minimum clinically important differences. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50: 918–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B 1997 Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 39: 214–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, Livingston MH 2008 Content validity of the expanded and revised gross motor function classification system. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50: 744–750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul L, Rafferty D, Marshal R 2009 Physiological cost of walking in those with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): A case-control study. Disability and Rehabilitation 31: 1598–1604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips JP, Sullivan KJ, Burtner PA, Caprihan A, Provost B, Bernitsky-Beddingfield A 2007 Ankle dorsiflexion fMRI in children with cerebral palsy undergoing intensive body-weight-supported treadmill training: A pilot study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 49: 39–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce S, Fergus A, Brady B, Wolff-Burke M 2011 Examination of the functional mobility assessment tool for children and adolescents with lower extremity amputations. Pediatric Physical Therapy 23: 171–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasschaert F, Jones K, Forward M 2011 The clinical relevance of selecting resting data at different points in an energy cost of walking test in cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 53: 245–249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Provost B, Dieruf K, Burtner PA, Phillips JP, Bernitsky-Beddingfield A, Sullivan KJ, Bowen CA, Toser L 2007 Endurance and gait in children with cerebral palsy after intensive body weight-supported treadmill training. Pediatric Physical Therapy 19: 2–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raja K, Joseph B, Benjamin S, Minocha V, Rana B 2007 Physiological cost index in cerebral palsy: Its role in evaluating the efficiency of ambulation. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 27: 130–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao SS, Beaty J, Chamberlain M, Lambert PG, Gisolfi C 1999 Effects of acute graded exercise on human colonic motility. American Journal of Physiology 276: G1221–G1226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid D, Boschen K, Wright V, Haley SM, Coster W 1993 Critique of the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 13: 57–93
   Google Scholar
• Robertson R, Goss F, Boer N, Peoples J, Millich N, Balasekaran G, Reichman S, Gallagher J, Thompkins T 2000 Children's OMNI scale of perceived exertion: Mixed gender and race validation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32: 452–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers A, Furler BL, Brinks S, Darrah J 2008 A systematic review of the effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy: An AACPDM evidence report. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50: 808–814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J, Medeiros JM, Parker R 1985 Energy cost index as an estimate of energy expenditure of cerebral-palsied children during assisted ambulation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 27: 485–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J, Gamble JG, Medeiros J, Burgos A, Haskell WL 1989 Energy cost of walking in normal children and in those with cerebral palsy: Comparison of heart rate and oxygen uptake. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 9: 276–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J, Gamble JG, Burgos A, Medeiros J, Haskell WL 1990 Energy expenditure index of walking for normal children and for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 32: 333–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J, Gamble JG, Lee J, Lee R, Haskell WL 1991 The energy expenditure index: A method to quantitate and compare walking energy expenditure for children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 11: 571–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders SW, Rath D, Hodges PW 2004 Postural and respiratory activation of the trunk muscles changes with mode and speed of locomotion. Gait and Posture 20: 280–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindl MR, Forstner C, Kern H, Hesse S 2000 Treadmill training with partial body weight support in nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81: 301–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields N, Murdoch A, Loy Y, Dodd KJ, Taylor NF 2006 A systematic review of the self-concept of children with cerebral palsy compared with children without disability. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 48: 151–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart D, Stavness C, King G, Antle B, Law M 2006 A critical appraisal of literature reviews about the transition to adulthood for youth with disabilities. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 26: 5–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorpe D 2009 The role of fitness in health and disease: Status of adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 51 ( Suppl. 4): 52–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton C 2006 ACSM's Advanced Exercise Physiology. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
   Google Scholar
• Unnithan VB, Katsimanis G, Evangelinou C, Kosmas C, Kandrali I, Kellis E 2007 Effect of strength and aerobic training in children with cerebral palsy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39: 1902–1909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdimarsson O, Sigurdsson G, Steingrimsdottir L, Karlsson MK 2005 Physical activity in the post-pubertal period is associated with maintenance of pre-pubertal high bone density – a 5-year follow-up. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 15: 280–286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M, Skarr D 2003 The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: Feasibility, reliability, and validity. Ambulatory Pediatrics 3: 329–341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M 2005 The PedsQL as a pediatric patient-reported outcome: Reliability and validity of the PedsQL measurement model in 25,000 children. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 5: 705–719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada Y, Kondo I, Sonoda S, Miyasaka H, Teranishi T, Nagai S, Saitoh E 2010 Preliminary trial to increase gait velocity with high speed treadmill training for patients with hemiplegia. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89: 683–687
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters RL, Hislop HJ, Thomas L, Campbell J 1983 Energy cost of walking in normal children and teenagers. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 25: 184–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks SK, Hubbart E, Michaels TK 2000 Keys to bowel success. Rehabilitation Nursing 25: 66–69
   Google Scholar
• Whaley MH, Kaminsky LA, Dwyer GB, Getchell LH, Norton JA 1992 Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24: 1173–1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiart L, Darrah J 1999 Test-retest reliability of the energy expenditure index in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 41: 716–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 2010 Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: Physical Activity. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Yelling M, Lamb K Swaine I 2002 Validity of a pictorial perceived exertion scale for effort estimation and effort production during stepping exercises in adolescent children. European Physical Education Review 8: 157–175
   Google Scholar
• Young N, McCormick A, Mills W, Barden W, Boydell K, Law M, Wedge J, Fehlings D, Mukherjee S, Rumney P, Williams JI 2006 The transition study: A look at youth and adults with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and acquired brain injury. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 26: 25–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zamuner AR, Cunha AB, da Silva E, Negri AP, Tudella E, Moreno MA 2011 The influence of motor impairment on autonomic heart rate modulation among children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities 32: 217–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar