References
- Abreu HC, Reiners AA, Azevedo RC, et al. (2015). Incidence and predicting factors of falls of older inpatients. Rev Saúde Pública, 49, 1–8
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). Estimating the prevalence of osteoporosis. Cat. no. PHE 178. Canberra: AIHW
- Boukhris R, Becker KL. (1972). Calcification of the aorta and osteoporosis. JAMA, 219, 1307–11
- Chan SP, Teo CC, Ng SA, et al. (2006). Validation of various osteoporosis risks in elderly Chinese females in Singapore. Osteoporos Int, 17, 1182–8
- Chim H, Tan BH, Ang CC, et al. (2002). The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in a community in Singapore. Maturitas, 41, 275–82
- Cooper C, Campian G, Melton LJ. (1992). Hip fracture in the elderly: A worldwide projection. Osteoporos Int, 2, 285–9
- Dhanwal DK, Dennison EM, Harvey NC, Cooper C. (2011). Epidemiology of hip fracture: worldwide geographic variation. Indian J Orthop, 45, 15–22
- Downey PA, Siegel MI. (2006). Bone biology and the clinical implications for osteoporosis. Phys Ther, 86, 77–91
- Edwards CJ, Hart DJ, Spector TD. (2000). Oral statins and increased bone-mineral density in postmenopausal women. Lancet, 355, 2218–9
- Exton-Smith AN, Millard PH, Payne PR, Wheeler EF. (1969). Pattern of development and loss of bone with age. Lancet, 2, 1154–7
- Firooznia H, Golimbu C, Rafii M, et al. (1984). Quantitative computed tomography assessment of spinal trabecular bone: I. Age-related regression in normal men and women. J Comput Tomogr, 8, 91–7
- Foo LL, Vijaya K, Sloan RA, Ling A. (2013). Obesity prevention and management: Singapore's experience. Obes Rev, 14 Suppl 2, 106–13
- Ghosh M, Majumdar SR. (2014). Antihypertensive medications, bone mineral densities, and bone fractures: A review of old cardiac drugs that provides new insights into osteoporosis. Endocrine, 46, 397–405
- Guo P, Wang S, Zhu Y, et al. (2012). Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis and factors associated with decreased bone mineral density in elderly inpatients with psychiatric disorders in Huzhou, China. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry, 24, 262–70
- Hafner H, van der Heiden W, Behrens S, et al. (1998). Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 24, 99–113
- Halbreich U, Rojansky N, Palter S, et al. (1995). Decreased bone mineral density in medicated psychiatric patients. Psychosom Med, 57, 485–91
- Halbreich U, Palter S. (1996). Accelerated osteoporosis in psychiatric patients: Possible pathophysiological processes. Schizophr Bull, 22, 447–54
- Halbreich U, Kahn LS. (2003). Hyperprolactinemia and schizophrenia: Mechanisms and clinical aspects. J Psychiatr Pract, 9, 344–53
- Halbriech U. (2007). Osteoporosis, schizophrenia, and antipsychotics. CNS Drugs, 21, 641–57
- Henry MJ, Pasco JA, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA. (2011). Prevalence of osteoporosis in Australian men and women: Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Med J Aust, 195, 321–2
- Hummer M, Malik P, Gasser RW, et al. (2005). Osteoporosis in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 162, 162–7
- Jadhav SB, Jain GK. (2006). Statins and osteoporosis: New role for old drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol, 58, 3–18
- Jung DU, Conley RR, Kelly DL, et al. (2006). Prevalence of bone mineral density loss in Korean patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Psychiatry, 67, 1391–6
- Jung DU, Kelly DL, Oh MK, et al. (2011). Bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in older patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 31, 406–10
- Klibanski A, Neer RM, Beitins IZ, et al. (1980). Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women. N Engl J Med, 303, 1511–14
- Koh LKH, Sedrine B, Torralba TP, et al. (2001). A simple tool to identify Asian women at increased risk for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int, 12, 699–705
- Koh LKH. (2002a). Identifying osteoporosis in a cohort of Singapore women using a simple clinical tool. Osteoporos Int, 13, S116
- Koh LKH. (2002b). Identifying osteoporosis in a cohort of Asian men using a simple clinical tool which identifies osteoporosis in Asian women. Osteoporos Int, 13, S120
- Kung AWC, Ho AYY, Ross PD, Reginster JY. (2005). Development of a clinical assessment tool in identifying Asian men with low bone mineral density and comparison of its usefulness of quantitative bone ultrasound. Osteoporos Int, 16, 849–55
- Lee A YJ, Chua BSY, Howe TS. (2007). One-year outcome of hip fracture patients admitted to a Singapore hospital: Quality of life post-treatment. Singapore Med J, 48, 996–9
- Lee J, Seow C, Wong SS, et al. (2013). Annual review clinic: A chronic disease management model of care for schizophrenia and delusional disorder in Singapore. ASEAN J Psychiatr, 14, 90--4
- Muench JM, Hamer AM. (2007). Adverse effects of antipsychotic medication. Am Fam Physician, 81, 617–22
- NIH Consensus Statement. (2000). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement, 17, 1–45
- Riggs BL, Melton LJ III. (1995). The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: Insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone, 17, 505S–11S
- Raisz LG, Rodan GA. (2003). Pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 32, 15–24
- Statistics Singapore. (2014). Population Trends. Available from: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/Publications/publications_and_papers/population_and_population_structure/population2014.pdf [last accessed 20 Oct 2014]
- Stubbs B, De Hert M, Sepehry AA, et al. (2014). A meta-analysis of prevalence estimates and moderators of low bone mass in people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 130, 470–86
- Subramaniam M, See A, Vaingankar JA, Chong SA. (2014). Cardiovascular toxicity as a result of psychotropic drugs. In: Ramachandran MS, ed. Heart and toxins, Chapter 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 275–303
- Teng GG, Curtis Jeffrey R, Saag KG. (2008). Mortality and osteoporotic fractures: Is the link causal, and is it modifiable? Clin Exp Rheumatol, 26, S125–37