Early maladaptive schema factors, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability: an analysis of biopsychosocial models of pain

References

• Crowley-Matoka M, Saha S, Dobscha SK, Burgess DJ. Problems of quality and equity in pain management: exploring the role of biomedical culture. Pain Med 2009;10:1312–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk DC. Cognitive factors in chronic pain and disability. Advances in cognitive behavioural therapy. London: Sage;1996. pp. 83–115.
   Google Scholar
• Finestone HM, Alfeeli A, Fisher WA. Stress-induced physiologic changes as a basis for the biopsychosocial model of chronic musculoskeletal pain: a new theory? Clin J Pain 2008;24:767–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld-Smith K, Petroski GF, Hewett JE, Johnson JC, Wright GE, Smarr KL, Walker SE, Parker JC. A biopsychosocial model of disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 1996;9:368–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzesiak RC. The matrix of vulnerability. In: Grzesiak RC, Ciccone DS, editors. Psychological vulnerability to chronic pain. New York: Springer;1994. pp. 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson M, Poston WS, Linder J, Taylor JE, Haddock CK, Foreyt JP. Depression predicts disability in long-term chronic pain patients. Disabil Rehabil 2002;24:334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnstein P, Caudill M, Mandle CL, Norris A, Beasley R. Self efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between pain intensity, disability and depression in chronic pain patients. Pain 1999;80:483–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Mayer TG. The dominant role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability. Spine 1995;20:2702–2709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Türp JC, Kowalski CJ, Stohler CS. Greater disability with increased pain involvement, pain intensity and depressive preoccupation. Eur J Pain 1997;1:271–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Yu F. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of low-back pain and related disability with psychological distress among patients enrolled in the UCLA Low-Back Pain Study. J Clin Epidemiol 2003;56:463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995;62:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estlander AM, Vanharanta H, Moneta GB, Kaivanto K. Anthropometric variables, self-efficacy beliefs, and pain and disability ratings on the isokinetic performance of low back pain patients. Spine 1994;19:941–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison E, Asenlöf P, Lindberg P. Self-efficacy, fear avoidance, and pain intensity as predictors of disability in subacute and chronic musculoskeletal pain patients in primary health care. Pain 2004;111:245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young Casey C, Greenberg MA, Nicassio PM, Harpin RE, Hubbard D. Transition from acute to chronic pain and disability: a model including cognitive, affective, and trauma factors. Pain 2008;134:69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brage S, Sandanger I, Nygård JF. Emotional distress as a predictor for low back disability: a prospective 12-year population-based study. Spine 2007;32:269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma L, Cahue S, Song J, Hayes K, Pai YC, Dunlop D. Physical functioning over three years in knee osteoarthritis: role of psychosocial, local mechanical, and neuromuscular factors. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:3359–3370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Boersma K. Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin J Pain 2003;19:80–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindell O, Johansson SE, Strender LE. Predictors of stable return-to-work in non-acute, non-specific spinal pain: low total prior sick-listing, high self prediction and young age. A two-year prospective cohort study. BMC Fam Pract 2010;11:53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDermid JC, Donner A, Richards RS, Roth JH. Patient versus injury factors as predictors of pain and disability six months after a distal radius fracture. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55:849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natvig B, Eriksen W, Bruusgaard D. Low back pain as a predictor of long-term work disability. Scand J Public Health 2002;30:288–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo P, Oksanen T, Sivertsen B, Hall M, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M. Sleep disturbances as a predictor of cause-specific work disability and delayed return to work. Sleep 2010;33:1323–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercado AC, Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Côté P. Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain. Pain 2005;117:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RT, Pachas WN, Keith D. Relationship between traumatic events in childhood and chronic pain. Disabil Rehabil 1999;21:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rome HP Jr, Rome JD. Limbically augmented pain syndrome (LAPS): kindling, corticolimbic sensitization, and the convergence of affective and sensory symptoms in chronic pain disorders. Pain Med 2000;1:7–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DA, Luecken LJ, Zautra AJ. Are reports of childhood abuse related to the experience of chronic pain in adulthood? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Clin J Pain 2005;21:398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latthe P, Mignini L, Gray R, Hills R, Khan K. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ 2006;332:749–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paras ML, Murad MH, Chen LP, Goranson EN, Sattler AL, Colbenson KM, Elamin MB, et al. Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;302:550–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ. A prospective study of the effects of sexual or physical abuse on back pain. Pain 2002;96:347–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Naimark B. Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health and health care utilization. Child Abuse Negl 2010;34:454–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling EA, Aseltine RH Jr, Gore S. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health 2007;7:30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilera M, Arias B, Wichers M, Barrantes-Vidal N, Moya J, Villa H, van Os J, et al. Early adversity and 5-HTT/BDNF genes: new evidence of gene-environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population. Psychol Med 2009;39:1425–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karevold E, Røysamb E, Ystrom E, Mathiesen KS. Predictors and pathways from infancy to symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Dev Psychol 2009;45:1051–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubino IA, Nanni RC, Pozzi DM, Siracusano A. Early adverse experiences in schizophrenia and unipolar depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009;197:65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Sonty S, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, Gitelman DR. Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. J Neurosci 2004;24:10410–10415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A, Rush A, Shaw B, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford;1979.
   Google Scholar
• Young JE. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange Inc;1990.
   Google Scholar
• Young JE, Klosko J, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford;2003.
   Google Scholar
• Young JE, Weinberger A, Beck A. Cognitive therapy for depression. In: Barlow D, editor. Clinical handbook of psychology disorders, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford;2001. pp. 264–308.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffart A, Sexton H, Hedley L, Wang C, Holthe H, Haugum J, Nordahl H, Hovland O, Holte A. The structure of maladaptive schemas: a confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-derived scales. Cognit Ther Res 2005;29:627–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozois D, Martin R, Bieling P. Early maladaptive schemas and adaptive/maladaptive styles of humor. Cognit Ther Res 2009;33:585–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsen M, Wang CE, Richter J, Myrland I, Pedersen SK, Eisemann M, Waterloo K. Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects. Clin Psychol Psychother 2009;16:394–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saariaho T, Saariaho A, Karila I, Joukamaa M. Early maladaptive schema factors, chronic pain and depressiveness: a study with 271 chronic pain patients and 331 control participants. Clin Psychol Psychother 2011; Volume.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambassi G. Pain and depression: the egg and the chicken story revisited. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009;49 Suppl 1:103–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magni G, Moreschi C, Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Prospective study on the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 1994;56:289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Chronic pain-associated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clin J Pain 1997;13:116–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie SR, Wang J. More data on major depression as an antecedent risk factor for first onset of chronic back pain. Psychol Med 2005;35:1275–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis PJ, Reeves JL 2nd, Hastie BA, Graff-Radford SB, Naliboff BD. Depression determines illness conviction and pain impact: a structural equation modeling analysis. Pain Med 2000;1:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covic T, Adamson B, Spencer D, Howe G. A biopsychosocial model of pain and depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-month longitudinal study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:1287–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huis’t Veld RM, Vollenbroek-Hutten MM, Groothuis-Oudshoorn KC, Hermens HJ. The role of the fear-avoidance model in female workers with neck-shoulder pain related to computer work. Clin J Pain 2007;23(1):28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth RS, Geisser ME, Bates R. The relation of post-traumatic stress symptoms to depression and pain in patients with accident-related chronic pain. J Pain 2008;9:588–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieir O, Thombs BD, Hudson M, Taillefer S, Steele R, Berkson L, Bertrand C, et al. Symptoms of depression predict the trajectory of pain among patients with early inflammatory arthritis: a path analysis approach to assessing change. J Rheumatol 2009;36:231–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnstein P. The mediation of disability by self efficacy in different samples of chronic pain patients. Disabil Rehabil 2000;22:794–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner DK, Rudy TE, Kim YS, Golla S. Do medical factors predict disability in older adults with persistent low back pain? Pain 2004;112:214–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteve R, Ramírez-Maestre C, López-Marínez AE. Adjustment to chronic pain: the role of pain acceptance, coping strategies, and pain-related cognitions. Ann Behav Med 2007;33:179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise TN, Meyers AL, Desaiah D, Mallinckrodt CH, Robinson MJ, Kajdasz DK. The significance of treating somatic symptoms on functional outcome improvement in patients with major depressive disorder: a post hoc analysis of 2 trials. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2008;10:270–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannella DT, Lobel M, Glass P, Lokshina I, Graham JE. Factors associated with depressed mood in chronic pain patients: the role of intrapersonal coping resources. J Pain 2007;8:256–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne CE. Psychological distress confirmed as predictor of long-term back-related functional limitations in primary care settings. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:714–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson E, Hansson T, Jonsson R. Predictors for work ability and disability in men and women with low-back or neck problems. Eur Spine J 2006;15:780–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samwel HJ, Kraaimaat FW, Crul BJ, Evers AW. The role of fear-avoidance and helplessness in explaining functional disability in chronic pain: a prospective study. Int J Behav Med 2007;14:237–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw WS, Means-Christensen A, Slater MA, Patterson TL, Webster JS, Atkinson JH. Shared and independent associations of psychosocial factors on work status among men with subacute low back pain. Clin J Pain 2007;23:409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westman A, Linton SJ, Ohrvik J, Wahlén P, Leppert J. Do psychosocial factors predict disability and health at a 3-year follow-up for patients with non-acute musculoskeletal pain? A validation of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. Eur J Pain 2008;12:641–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börsbo B, Peolsson M, Gerdle B. The complex interplay between pain intensity, depression, anxiety and catastrophising with respect to quality of life and disability. Disabil Rehabil 2009;31:1605–1613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain Suppl 1986;3:1–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring Health. A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;1996. pp. 341–345.
   Google Scholar
• Seymour RA. The use of pain scales in assessing the efficacy of analgesics in post-operative dental pain. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;23:441–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain 1983;17:45–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wewers ME, Lowe NK. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health 1990;13:227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard CA. Preliminary validity study of the pain disability index. Percept Mot Skills 1984;59:974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait RC, Pollard CA, Margolis RB, Duckro PN, Krause SJ. The Pain Disability Index: psychometric and validity data. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987;68:438–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönblad M, Järvinen E, Hurri H, Hupli M, Karaharju EO. Relationship of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) with three dynamic physical tests in a group of patients with chronic low-back and leg pain. Clin J Pain 1994;10:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait RC, Chibnall JT. Factor structure of the pain disability index in workers compensation claimants with low back injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1141–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation;1996.
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Finnish translation copyright. Helsinki: Psykologien kustannus Oy;2004.
   Google Scholar
• Harris CA, D’Eon JL. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory–second edition (BDI-II) in individuals with chronic pain. Pain 2008;137:609–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saariaho T, Saariaho A, Karila I, Joukamaa M. The psychometric properties of the Finnish Young Schema Questionnaire in chronic pain patients and a non-clinical sample. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2009;40:158–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JE, Brown G., Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form, 2nd ed. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York;2003.
   Google Scholar
• Waller G, Meyer C, Ohanian V. Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire: core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women. Cognit Ther Res 2001;25:137–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welburn K, Coristine M, Dagg P, Pontefract A, Jordan S. The Schema Questionnaire–Short Form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognit Ther Res 2002;26:519–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford;2005.
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher L. A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc;1994.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson B. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association;2004.
   Google Scholar
• Costello A, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 2005;10(7):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan D. Structural equation modeling: foundations and extensions. London: Sage;2009.
   Google Scholar
• Browne M, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage;1993.
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog K, Sörbom D. Lisrel 7, a guide to the program and applications, 2nd ed. New York: SPSS Inc;1988.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 1990;107:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler P, Bonnet D. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychol Bull 1980;88:588–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akaike H. Factor analysis on AIC. Psychometrika 1987;52:317–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keogh E, McCracken LM, Eccleston C. Gender moderates the association between depression and disability in chronic pain patients. Eur J Pain 2006;10:413–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000;85:317–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houdenhove B, Neerinckx E, Lysens R, Vertommen H, Van Houdenhove L, Onghena P, Westhovens R, D’Hooghe MB. Victimization in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in tertiary care: a controlled study on prevalence and characteristics. Psychosomatics 2001;42:21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin RH, Hetzel RD, Banks SM. Toward a model of the pathogenesis of chronic pain. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1999;4:176–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dersh J, Gatchel RJ, Polatin P. Chronic spinal disorders and psychopathology. research findings and theoretical considerations. Spine J 2001;1:88–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Souza JB, Potvin S, Goffaux P, Charest J, Marchand S. The deficit of pain inhibition in fibromyalgia is more pronounced in patients with comorbid depressive symptoms. Clin J Pain 2009;25:123–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MD. Finding pain between minds and bodies. Clin J Pain 2001;17:146–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintner JL, Cohen ML, Buchanan D, Katz JD, Williamson OD. Pain medicine and its models: helping or hindering? Pain Med 2008;9:824–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saariaho T, Saariaho A, Karila I, Joukamaa M. Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients. Scan J Pain 2010; 1(4):196–202.
   Google Scholar