161
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The role of marijuana use etiquette in avoiding targeted police enforcement

, , &
Pages 689-706 | Published online: 11 Feb 2010

References

  • Akers RL. Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application, 3rd. Roxbury, Los Angeles 2000
  • Beckett K, Nyrop K, Pfingst L. Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology 2005a; 44(1)105–137
  • Beckett K, Nyrop K, Pfingst L, Bowen M. Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle. Social Problems 2005b; 52(3)419–441
  • Bollen KA, Lennox R. Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin 1991; 110(2)305–314
  • Boys A, Marsden J, Fountain J, Griffiths P, Stillwell G, Strang J. What influences young people's use of drugs? A qualitative study of decision-making. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 1999; 6(3)373–387
  • Buerger ME, Farrell A. The evidence of racial profiling: Interpreting documented and unofficial sources. Police Quarterly 2002; 5(3)272–305
  • Cannabis Action Network (2008). Be a good neighbor campaign. Retrieved 3 January, 2008, from http://www.cannabisactionnetwork.org/campaigns.php?do=do&campaign=neighbor
  • Compton WM, Grant BF, Colliver JD, Glantz MD, Stinson FS. Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004; 291(17)2114–2121
  • Cureton SR. Justifiable arrests or discretionary justice: Predictors of racial arrest differentials. Journal of Black Studies 2000; 30(5)703–719
  • Darlington RB. Regression and linear models. McGraw-Hill, New York 1990
  • Dethroner Media (2006). Real world marijuana etiquette. Retrieved 3 January, 2008, from http://dethroner.com/2006/11/07/real-world-marijuana-etiquitte
  • Diamantopoulos A, Winklhofer H. Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research 2001; 38(2)269–277
  • Dunham RG, Alpert GP, Stroshine MS, Bennett K. Transforming citizens into suspects: Factors that influence the formation of police suspicion. Police Quarterly 2005; 8(3)366–393
  • Dunlap E, Benoit E, Sifaneck SJ, Johnson BD. Social constructions of dependency by blunts smokers: Qualitative reports. International Journal of Drug Policy 2006; 17(3)171–182
  • Dunlap E, Johnson BD, Sifaneck SJ, Benoit E. Sessions, cyphers, and parties: Settings for informal social controls of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2005; 4(3/4)43–80
  • Fine M, Freudenberg N, Payne Y, Perkins T, Smith K, Wanzer K. ‘Anything can happen with police around’: Urban youth evaluate strategies of surveillance in public places. Journal of Social Issues 2003; 59(1)141–158
  • Flynn K. Arrests soar in crackdown on marijuana. New York Times Nov. 17, 1998; 1
  • Golub A, (Ed.). The cultural/subcultural contexts of marijuana use at the turn of the twenty-first century. Haworth, Binghamton, NY 2006
  • Golub A, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Smoking marijuana in public: The spatial and policy shift in New York City arrests, 1992–2003. Harm Reduction Journal 2006; 3(22), http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/pdf/1477-7517-1473-1422.pdf
  • Golub A, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. The race/ethnic disparities in marijuana arrests in New York City. Criminology and Public Policy 2007; 6(1)131–164
  • Harcourt BE, Ludwig J. Reefer Madness: Broken Windows policing and misdemeanor marijuana arrests in New York City, 1989–2000. Criminology and Public Policy 2007; 6(1)165–182
  • Harris DA. The importance of research on race and policing: Making race salient to individuals and institutions within criminal justice. Criminology and Public Policy 2007; 6(1)5–24
  • Jensen EL, Gerber J, Mosher C. Social consequences of the War on Drugs: The legacy of failed policy. Criminal Justice Policy Review 2004; 15(1)100–121
  • Johnson BD, Bardhi F, Sifaneck SJ, Dunlap E. Marijuana argot as subculture threads: Social constructions by users in New York City. British Journal of Criminology 2006a; 46(1)46–77
  • Johnson BD, Golub A, Dunlap E, Sifaneck SJ, McCabe J. Policing and social control of public marijuana use and selling in New York City. Law Enforcement Executive Forum 2006b; 6(5)55–85
  • Johnson BD, Ream GL, Dunlap E, Sifaneck SJ. Civic norms and etiquettes regarding marijuana use in public settings in New York City. Substance Use and Misuse 2008; 43(7)895–918
  • Johnson WT, Petersen RE, Wells LE. Arrest probabilities for marijuana users as indicators of selective law enforcement. American Journal of Sociology 1977; 83(3)681–699
  • Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162(8)1403–1413
  • Kennedy R. Race, crime, and the law, 1st. Pantheon Books, New York 1997
  • King RS, Mauer M. The war on marijuana: The transformation of the War on Drugs in the 1990's. Harm Reduction Journal 2006; 3(6), http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/pdf/1477-7517-1473-1476.pdf
  • Lende DH, Smith EO. Evolution meets biopsychosociality: An analysis of addictive behavior. Addiction 2002; 97(4)447–458
  • Levine HG, Small DP. Marijuana arrest crusade: Racial bias and police policy in New York City. 2008, Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.nyclu.org/files/MARIJUANA-ARREST-CRUSADE_Final.pdf
  • Lilly JR, Cullen FT, Ball RA. Criminological theory: Context and consequences, 3rd. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks 2002
  • Marsicano G, Wotjak CT, Azad SC, Bisogno T, Rammes G, Cascio M-G, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories. Nature 2002; 418(6897)530–534
  • New York State. New York Criminal Statutes and Rules: 2001 Graybook. Lexis, New York 2000
  • Peretti-Watel P. Neutralization theory and the denial of risk: Some evidence from cannabis use among French adolescents. British Journal of Sociology 2003; 54(1)21–42
  • Petrocelli M, Piquero AR, Smith MR. Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis of police traffic stop data. Journal of Criminal Justice 2003; 31(1)1–11
  • Ramchand R, Pacula RL, Iguchi MY. Racial differences in marijuana-users' risk of arrest in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006; 84(3)264–272
  • Ream GL, Benoit E, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Smoking tobacco along with marijuana increases symptoms of cannabis dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008; 95(3)199–208
  • Ream GL, Johnson BD, Sifaneck SJ, Dunlap E. Distinguishing blunts users from joints users: A comparison of marijuana use subcultures. New research on street drugs, SM Cole. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY 2006; 245–273
  • Reitzel J, Piquero AR. Does it exist? Studying citizens' attitudes of racial profiling. Police Quarterly 2006; 9(2)161–183
  • Ridgeway G. Analysis of racial disparities in the New York Police Department's stop, question, and frisk practices. 2007, Retrieved 13 March, 2008, from http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2007/RAND_TR534.pdf
  • Sifaneck SJ, Ream GL, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Retail marijuana purchases in designer and commercial markets in New York City: Sales units, weights, and prices per gram. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007; 90S(Behavior and Economics Supplemental Issue)S40–S51
  • Smith MR, Alpert GP. Searching for direction: Courts, social science, and the adjudication of racial profiling claims. Justice Quarterly 2002; 19(4)673–703
  • Sullivan RJ, Hagen EH. Psychotropic substance-seeking: Evolutionary pathology or adaptation?. Addiction 2002; 97(4)389–400
  • ‘Uncle Taz’ (2007). Smoking etiquette: Commonly accepted practices. Retrieved 3 January, 2008, from http://uncletaz.com/marijuana/smoketiq.html
  • Vasquez E. Numbers show how police work varies by precinct. The New York Times February 5, 2005; B1–B4
  • Viki GT, Culmer MJ, Eller A, Abrams D. Race and willingness to cooperate with the police: The roles of quality of contact, attitudes toward the behaviour and subjective norms. British Journal of Social Psychology 2006; 45(2)285–302
  • Viveros M-P, Marco EM, File SE. Nicotine and cannabinoids: Parallels, contrasts and interactions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2006; 30(8)1161–1181
  • Ward J. NYPD view: New procedures credited with crime drop [Electronic Version]. American City & County 1997; 112: 28–31, Retrieved December 21, 2006 from http://americancityandcounty.com/mag/government_nypd_view_new/
  • Weitzer R, Tuch SA. Race and policing in America: Conflict and reform. Cambridge University Press, New York 2006
  • Wilson G, Dunham R, Alpert G. Prejudice in police profiling: Assessing an overlooked aspect in prior research. American Behavioral Scientist 2004; 47(7)896–909

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.