References
- Aas HN, Leigh BC, Anderssen N, Jakobsen R. Two-year longitudinal study of alcohol expectancies and drinking among Norwegian adolescents. Addiction 1998; 93: 373–384
- Allen JP, Moore C, Kuperminc G, Bell K. Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development 1998; 69: 1406–1419
- Armsden GC, Greenberg MT. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1987; 16: 427–454
- Bahr S, Marcos A, Maughan S. Family, educational and peer influences on the alcohol use of female and male adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1995; 56: 457–469
- Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1986
- Bandura A. Self efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman, New York 1997
- Bandura A, Barbaranelli C, Caprara GV, Pastorelli C. Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development 1996; 67: 1206–1222
- Barnes HL, Olson DH. Parent-adolescent communication and the circumplex model. Child Development 1985; 56: 438–447
- Bauman KE, Ennett ST. On the importance of peer influence for adolescent drug use: Commonly neglected considerations. Addiction 1996; 91: 185–198
- Baumeister RF, Campbell JD, Krueger JII, Vohs KD. Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2003; Supplement 4: 1–44
- Bergen HA, Martin G, Roeger L, Allison S. Perceived academic performance and alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use: Longitudinal relationships in young community adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 2005; 30: 1563–1573
- Best D, Manning V, Gossop M, Gross S, Strang J. Excessive drinking and other problem behaviours among 14-16 year old school children. Addictive Behaviors 2006; 31: 1424–1435
- Blume AW, Lostutter TW, Schmaling KB, Marlatt GA. Beliefs about drinking behavior predict drinking consequences. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2003; 35: 395–399
- Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Does adolescent self-esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self-esteem. Development and Psychopathology 2008; 20: 319–339
- Bogenschneider K, Wu MY, Raffaelli M, Tsay JC. Parent influences on adolescent peer orientation and substance use: The interface of parenting practices and values. Child Development 1998; 69: 1672–1688
- Bonomo YA, Bowes G, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Patton GC. Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: A cohort study over seven years. Addiction 2004; 99: 1520–1528
- Bot SM, Engels R, Knibbe RA. The effects of alcohol expectancies on drinking behaviour in peer groups: Observations in a naturalistic setting. Addiction 2005; 100: 1270–1279
- Botvin GJ. Preventing adolescent drug abuse through life skills training: Theory, methods and effectiveness. Social programs that really work, J Crane. Russell Sage Foundation, New York 1998; 256–276
- Brook JS, Brook DW, Richter L, Whiteman M. Risk and protective factors of adolescent drug use: Implications for prevention programs. Handbook of drug abuse prevention. theory, science, and practice, Z Sloboda, WK Bukoski. Springer, New York 2006; 523–540
- Brown SA, Christainsen BA, Goldman MS. The alcohol expectancy questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of adolescent and adult alcohol expectancies. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1987; 48: 483–491
- Bryant AL, Zimmerman MA. Examining the effects of academic beliefs and behaviors on changes in substance use among urban adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology 2002; 94: 621–637
- Carrigan MH, Ham LS, Thomas SE, Randall CL. Alcohol outcome expectancies and drinking to cope with social situations. Addictive Behaviors 2008; 33: 1162–1166
- Carroll A, Houghton S, Wood R, Unsworth K, Hattie J, Gordon L, Bower J. Self-efficacy and academic achievement in Australian high school students: The mediating effects of academic aspirations and delinquency. Journal of Adolescence 2009; 32: 797–817
- Christiansen BA, Goldman MS, Inn A. Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents: Separating pharmacological from social-learning influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1982; 50: 336–344
- Christiansen BA, Goldman MS, Roehling PV, Smith GT. Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989; 57: 93–99
- Cohen DA, Rice JC. Parenting styles, adolescent substance use, and academic achievement. Journal of Drug Education 1997; 27: 199–211
- Dakof GA. Understanding gender differences in adolescent drug abuse: Issues of comorbidity and family functioning. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2000; 32: 25–32
- Donovan JE. Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004; 35: 529e7–529e18
- Dusek JB. Commentary on the special issue: The maturing of self-esteem research with early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence 2000; 20: 231–240
- Eisenbach-Stangl, I., & Thom, B. (2009). Intoxication and intoxicated behaviour in contemporary European cultures: Myths, realities and the implications for policy, (prevention) practice and research. Policy Brief (February) European Centre for Social Welfare, Policy and Research, Vienna.
- Enoch MA. Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcoholism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006; 1094: 193–201
- Epstein JA, Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. Positive impact of competence skills and psychological wellness in protecting inner-city adolescents from alcohol use. Prevention Science 2002; 3: 95–104
- Gaffney LR, Thorpe K, Young R, Collett R, Occhipinti S. Social skills, expectancies and drinking in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 1998; 23: 587–599
- Goldman MS, Christiansen BA. Do alcohol expectancies mediate drinking patterns of adults?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985; 57: 512–519
- Goldman MS, Del Boca FK, Darkes J. Alcohol expectancy theory: The application of cognitive neuroscience. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism, 2nd, HT Blane, KE Leonard. Guilford, New York 1999; 203–246
- Grant BF, Dawson DA. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiological survey. Journal of Substance Abuse 1997; 9: 103–110
- Gullone E, Robinson K. The inventory of parent and peer attachment – revised (IPPA-R) for children: A psychometric investigation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2005; 1: 67–79
- Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 1992; 112: 64–105
- Health Promotion Agency [HPA]. Drinking behaviour among young people in Northern Ireland: Secondary analysis of alcohol data from 1997 to 2003. Health Promotion Agency, Belfast 2005
- Hibell, B.B., Guttormsson, U., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A., & Kraus L. (2008). The ESPAD report 2007: Alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 European countries. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN) and Council of Europe Pompidou Group.
- Hingson RW, Edwards EM, Heeren T, Rosenbaum D. Age of drinking onset and injuries, motor vehicle crashes, and physical fights after drinking and when not drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2009; 33: 1–8
- Jackson S, Bijstra J, Oostra L, Bosma H. Adolescents’ perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development. Journal of Adolescence 1998; 21: 305–322
- Jessor R, Jessor SL. Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. Academic Press, New York 1977
- Jones BT, Corbin W, Fromme K. A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction 2001; 96: 57–72
- Karatzias A, Power KG, Swanson V. Predicting use and maintenance of use of substances in Scottish adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2001; 30: 465–484
- Keeves JP. Some attitude scales for educational research purposes. Australian Council for Educational Research, VictoriaAustralia 1974
- Keeves JP, Larkin AI. The context of motivation. International Journal of Educational Research 1986; 10: 205–213
- Kidorf M, Sherman MF, Johnson JG, Bigelow GE. Alcohol expectancies and changes in beer consumption of first-year college students. Addictive Behaviors 1995; 20: 225–231
- Komro KA, Maldonado-Molina MM, Tobler AL, Bonds JR, Muller KE. Effects of home access and availability of alcohol on young adolescents’ alcohol use. Addiction 2007; 102: 1597–1608
- Latendresse SJ, Rose RJ, Viken RJ, Pulkkinen L, Kapiro J, Dick DD. Parenting mechanisms in links between parents’ and adolescents’ alcohol use behaviors. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2008; 32: 322–330
- Leigh BC. Attitudes and expectancies as predictors of drinking habits: A comparison of three scales. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1989; 50: 432–440
- Leigh BC, Stacy AW. Alcohol outcome expectancies: Scale construction and predictive utility in higher order confirmatory models. Psychological Assessment 1993; 5: 216–229
- Lewis BA, O’Neill HK. Alcohol expectancies and social deficits relating to problem drinking among college students. Addictive Behaviors 2000; 25: 295–299
- Loretto WA. Youthful drinking in Northern Ireland and Scotland: Preliminary results from a comparative study. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 1994; 1: 143–152
- Massey EK, Gebhardt WA, Garnefski N. Adolescent goal content and pursuit: A review of the literature from the past 16 years. Developmental Review 2008; 28: 421–460
- Mayer J, Filstead WJ. The adolescent alcohol involvement scale. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1979; 40: 291–300
- McArdle P, Wiegersma A, Gilvarry E, Kolte B, McCarthy S, Fitzgerald M, , Quensel S, et al. European adolescent substance use: The roles of family structure, function and gender. Addiction 2002; 97: 329–336
- McBride N, Farringdon F, Midford R, Meuleners L, Phillips M. Harm minimization in school drug education: Final results of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP). Addiction 2004; 99: 278–291
- McCrystal P, Percy A, Higgins K. Drug use patterns and behaviours of young people at an increased risk of drug use during adolescence. International Journal of Drug Policy 2006; 17: 393–401
- McGee R, Williams S. Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents?. Journal of Adolescence 2000; 23: 569–582
- Mensch BS, Kandel DB. Dropping out of high school and drug involvement. Sociology of Education 1988; 61: 95–113
- Mounts NS, Steinberg L. An ecological analysis of peer influence on adolescent grade point average and drug use. Developmental Psychology 1995; 31: 915–922
- Muris P. A brief questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2001; 23: 145–149
- Nash S, McQueen A, Bray JH. Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: Family environment, peer influence and parental expectations. Journal of Adolescent Health 2005; 37: 19–28
- Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Young person's behaviour and attitudes survey. NISRA, Belfast 2008
- Perry CL, Jessor R. The concept of health promotion and the prevention of adolescent drug abuse. Health Education Quarterly 1985; 12: 169–184
- Petraitis J, Flay BR, Miller TQ. Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces of the puzzle. Psychological Bulletin 1995; 117: 67–86
- Purdie N, Carroll A, Roche L. Parenting and adolescent self-regulation. Journal of Adolescence 2004; 27: 663–676
- Resnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RWM, Bauman KE, Harris KM, Jones J, , Udry JR, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997; 278: 823–832
- Riesch SK, Anderson LS, Krueger HA. Parent-child communication processes: Preventing children's health-risk behavior. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses 2006; 11: 41–56
- Room, R. (1989). Responses to alcohol-related problems in an international perspective: Characterizing and explaining cultural wetness and dryness. Conference presentation. Retrieved from http://www.bks.no/response.htm
- Room R. Intoxication and bad behaviour: Understanding cultural differences in the link. Social Science and Medicine 2001; 53: 189–198
- Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.). Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT 1989
- Schafer JC, Leigh BC. A comparison of factor structures of adolescent and adult alcohol effect expectancies. Addictive Behaviors 1996; 21: 403–408
- Scheier LM, Botvin GJ, Griffin KW, Diaz T. Dynamic growth models of self-esteem and adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Early Adolescence 2000; 20: 178–209
- Shedler J, Block J. Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist 1990; 45: 612–630
- Smith, L., & Foxcroft, D. (2009). Drinking in the UK: An exploration of trends. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.jrf.org.uk
- Smith GT, Goldman MS, Greenbaum PE, Christiansen BA. Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1995; 104: 32–40
- Sobeck J, Abbey A, Agius E, Clinton M, Harrison K. Predicting early adolescent substance use: Do risk factors differ depending on age of onset?. Journal of Substance Abuse 2000; 11: 89–102
- Steinberg L. We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2001; 11: 1–19
- Steinberg L, Mounts N, Lamborn S, Dornbusch S. Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across various ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence 1991; 1: 19–36
- Sutherland I, Shepherd JP. Social dimensions of adolescent substance use. Addiction 2001; 96: 445–458
- Swadi H. Individual risk factors for adolescent substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1999; 55: 209–224
- Urberg KA, Değirmencioğlu SM, Pilgrim C. Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Developmental Psychology 1997; 33: 834–844
- van der Vorst H, Engels RCME, Meeus W, Dekovic M, Van Leeuwe J. The role of alcohol-specific socialization in adolescents’ drinking behaviour. Addiction 2005; 100: 1464–1476
- van der Vorst H, Engels RCME, Dekovic M, Meeus W, Vermulst AA. Alcohol-specific rules, personality and adolescents’ alcohol use: A longitudinal person-environment study. Addiction 2007; 102: 1064–1075
- Vecchio GM, Gerbino M, Pastorelli C, Del Bove G, Capara GV. Multi-faceted self-efficacy beliefs as predictors of life satisfaction in late adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences 2007; 43: 1807–1818
- Viner RM, Taylor B. Adult outcomes of binge drinking in adolescence: Findings from a UK national birth cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2007; 61: 902–907
- Watkins JA, Howard-Barr EM, Moore MJ, Werch CC. The mediating role of adolescent self-efficacy in the relationship between parental practices and adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Adolescent Health 2006; 38: 448–450
- Webb JA, Moore T, Rhatigan D, Stewart C, Getz JG. Gender differences in the mediated relationship between alcohol use and academic motivation among late adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2007; 77: 478–488
- Wiers RW, van de Luitgaarden J, van den Wildenberg E, Smulders FTY. Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction 2005; 100: 806–819
- Wills TA, Cleary SD. How are social supports mediated?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996; 71: 937–952
- Winters KC, Latimer WW, Stinchfield RD. Clinical issues in the assessment of adolescent alcohol and other drug use. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002; 40: 1443–1456
- Wood MD, Read JP, Mitchell RE, Brand NH. Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004; 18: 19–30
- Yu J. The association between parental alcohol-related behaviours and children's drinking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2003; 69: 253–262
- Zimmerman MA, Schmeelk-Cone KH. A longitudinal analysis of adolescent substance use and school motivation among African-American youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2003; 13: 185–210