304
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Drug treatment practitioners’ perceptions of methadone diversion and their responses to it

&
Pages 22-32 | Published online: 14 Sep 2012

References

  • Adams AS, Soumerei SB, Lomas J, Ross-Degnan D. Evidence of self-report bias in assessing adherence to guidelines. International Journal of Quality in Health Care 1999; 11: 187–192
  • Bell J. The global diversion of pharmaceutical drugs: Opiate treatment and the diversion of pharmaceutical opiates: A clinician's perspective. Addiction 2010; 105: 1531–1537
  • Best D, Harris J, Gossop M, Farrell M, Finch E, Noble A, Strang J. Use of non-prescribed methadone and other illicit drugs during methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review 2000; 19: 9–16
  • Caplehorn JRM, Bell J. Methadone dosage and retention of patients in maintenance treatment. The Medical Journal of Australia 1991; 15: 195–199
  • Corkery J, Schifano F, Ghodse H, Oyefeso A. The effects of methadone and its role in fatalities. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 2004; 19: 565–576
  • Darke S, Ross J, Hall W. Prevalence and correlates of the injection of methadone syrup in Sydney, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1996; 43: 191–198
  • Dasgupta N, Bailey EJ, Cicero T, Inciardi J, Parrino M, Rodenblum A, Dart RC. Post-marketing surveillance of methadone and buprenorphine in the United States. Pain Medicine 2010; 11: 1078–1091
  • Davis W, Johnson B. Prescription opioid use, misuse, and diversion among street drug users in New York city. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008; 92: 267–276
  • Department of Health (England) and the devolved administrations (2007). Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. London: Department of Health (England), the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive.
  • Duffy P, Baldwin H. The nature of methadone diversion in England: A Merseyside case study. Harm Reduction Journal 2012; 9(3)1–10
  • Eccles MP, Hrisos S, Francis J, Kaner E, Dickinson HO, Beyer F, Johnston M. Do self-reported intentions predict clinicians’ behaviour: A systematic review. Implementation Science 2006; 1: 28
  • Edmunds M, Hough M, Urquía N. Tackling local drug markets. Home Office, London 1996
  • Farre M, Mas A, Torrens M, Moreno V, Cami J. Retention rate and illicit opioid use during methadone maintenance interventions: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2002; 65: 283–290
  • Fountain J, Griffiths P, Farrell M, Gossop M, Strang J. Diversion tactics: How a sample of drug misusers in treatment obtained surplus drugs to sell on the illicit market. International Journal of Drug Policy 1997; 9: 159–167
  • Fountain J, Griffiths P, Farrell M, Gossop M, Strang J. Benzodiazepines in polydrug-using repertoires: The impact of the decreased availability of temazepam gel-filled capsules. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 1999; 6: 61–69
  • Fountain J, Strang J, Gossop M, Farrel M, Griffiths P. Diversion of prescribed drugs by drug users in treatment: Analysis of the UK market and new data from London. Addiction 2000; 95: 393–406
  • Gerra G, Saenz E, Busse A, Maremmani I, Ciccocioppo R, Zaimovic A, , Somaini L, et al. Supervised daily consumption, contingent take-home incentive and non-contingent take-home in methadone maintenance. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2011; 35: 483–489
  • Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The discovery of grounded theory. Aldine, Chicago, IL 1967
  • Golstein A, Hansteen RW, Horns WH. Control of methadone dosage by patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 1975; 234: 724–737
  • Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D, Treacy S. Routes of drug administration and multiple drug misuse: Regional variations among clients seeking treatment at programmes throughout England. Addiction 2000; 95: 1197–1206
  • Gossop M, Stewart D, Browne N, Marsden J. Methadone treatment for opiate dependent patients in general practice and specialist clinic settings: Outcomes at 2-year follow-up. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2003; 24: 313–321
  • Graham NA, Merlo LJ, Goldberger BA, Gold MS. Methadone- and heroin-related deaths in Florida. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2008; 34: 347–353
  • Hall W, Degenhardt L. Regulating opioid prescribing to provide access to effective treatment while minimizing diversion: An overdue topic for research. Addiction 2007; 102: 1685–1688
  • Hay G, Gannon M, MacDougall J, Millar T, Eastwood C, McKeganey N. Estimates of the prevalence of opiate use and/or crack cocaine use (2006/07). Home Office, London 2008
  • Heinemann A, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Stein S, Schmoldt A, Püschel K. Methadone-related fatalities in Hamburg 1990–1999: Implications for quality standards in maintenance treatment?. Forensic Science International 2000; 113: 449–455
  • Hoare J, Moon D. Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey: England and Wales. Home Office, London 2010
  • Home Office. Drug strategy 2010: Reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: Supporting people to live a drug free life. Home Office, London 2010
  • Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Cicero TJ. Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Medicine 2007; 8: 171–183
  • Johnson M, (2004). The black market in methadone – Some reflections. Retrieved from http://www.smmgp.org.uk/download/others/other041.pdf
  • Katz NP, Adams EH, Benneyan JC, Birnbaum HG, Budman SH, Buzzeo RW, , Lande SD, et al. Foundations of opioid risk management. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2007; 23: 103–118
  • King VL, Stoller KB, Hayes M, Umbricht A, Currens M, Kidorf MS, , Brooner RK, et al. A multicenter randomized evaluation of methadone medical maintenance. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2002; 65: 137–148
  • Larance B, Degenhardt L, O’Brien S, Lintzeris N, Winstock A, Mattick RP, , Ali R, et al. Prescribers’ perceptions of the diversion and injection of medication by opioid substitution treatment patients. Drug and Alcohol Review 2011; 30: 613–620
  • Latowsky M. Methadone death, dosage and torsade de pointes: Risk-benefit policy implications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2006; 38: 513–519
  • Lauzon P, Vincelette J, Bruneau J, Lamothe F, Lachance N, Brabant M, Soto J. Illicit use of methadone among IV drug users in Montreal. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1994; 11: 457–461
  • Lin C, Detels R. A qualitative study exploring the reason for low dosage of methadone prescribed in the MMT clinics in China. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011; 117: 45–49
  • Madden ME, & Shapiro, S.L. (2011). The methadone epidemic: Methadone-related deaths on the rise in Vermont. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 32, 131–135
  • Matheson C, Bond C, Hickey F. Prescribing and dispensing for drug misusers in primary care: Current practice in Scotland. Family Practice 1999; 16: 375–379
  • Mitchell SG, Kelly SM, Brown BS, Schacht Reisinger H, Peterson JA, Ruhfa A, , Schwartz RP, et al. Uses of diverted methadone and buprenorphine by opioid addicted individuals in Baltimore, Maryland. The American Journal on Addictions 2009; 18: 346–355
  • Mohamad N, Bakar NHA, Musa N, Talib N, Ismail R. Better retention of Malaysian opiate dependents treated with high dose methadone in methadone maintenance therapy. Harm Reduction Journal 2010; 7: 30
  • Morrison A, Elliott L, Gruer L. Injecting-related harm and treatment-seeking behaviour among injecting drug users. Addiction 1997; 92: 1349–1352
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007). Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence. Retrieved from http://www.nice.org.uk/TA114
  • Neale J. Drug users’ views of substitute prescribing conditions. International Journal of Drug Policy 1999; 10: 247–258
  • Neale J. Methadone, methadone treatment and non-fatal overdose. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2000; 58: 117–124
  • Office for National Statistics (2010). Mid year population estimates 2009: 24/06/10. Retrieved from http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106
  • Parker H, Kirby P. Methadone maintenance and crime reduction on Merseyside. Home Office Police Research Group, London 1996
  • Parker H, Newcombe R. Heroin use and acquisitive crime in an English community. The British Journal of Sociology 1987; 38: 331–350
  • Resnick RB, Butler P, Washton AM. Patient self-adjustment of methadone maintenance dose. Problems of drug dependence1981: Proceedings of the 43rd annual scientific meeting, the committee on problems of drug dependence, inc., LS Harris. National lnstitute on Drug Abuse, Maryland 1981; 327–330
  • Risser D, Honigschnabl S, Stichenwirth M, Pfudl S, Sebald D, Kaff A, Bauer G. Mortality of opiate users in Vienna, Austria. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2001; 64: 251–256
  • Ritter A, Di Natale R. The relationship between take-away methadone policies and methadone diversion. Drug and Alcohol Review 2005; 24: 347–352
  • Robles E, Miller FB, Gilmore-Thomas KK, McMillan DE. Implementation of a clinic policy of client-regulated methadone dosing. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2001; 20: 225–230
  • Roche A, McCabe S, Smyth BP. Illicit methadone use and abuse in young people accessing treatment for opiate dependence. European Addiction Research 2008; 14: 219–225
  • Seymour A, Black M, Jay J, Cooper G, Weir C, Oliver J. The role of methadone in drug-related deaths in the west of Scotland. Addiction 2003; 98: 995–1002
  • Strang J, Sheridan J. Methadone prescribing to opiate addicts by private doctors: Comparison with NHS practice in south east England. Addiction 2001; 96: 567–576
  • Strang J, Sheridan J, Hunt C, Kerr B, Gerada C, Pringle M. The prescribing of methadone and other opioids to addicts: National survey of GPs in England and Wales. British Journal of General Practice 2005; 55: 444–451
  • Sunjic S, Howard J. “Non injectables”: Methadone syrup and benzodiazepine injection by methadone-maintained clients. Drug and Alcohol Review 1996; 15: 245–250
  • The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse (2004). Methadone dose and methadone maintenance treatment. Retrieved from http://www.nta.nhs.uk
  • The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse. NTA Business Plan 2010–2011. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, London 2010
  • van Ameijden E, Langendam E, Coutinho R. Dose-effect relationship between overdose mortality and prescribed methadone dosage in low-threshold maintenance programs. Addictive Behaviors 1999; 24: 559–563
  • Vlahov D, O’Driscoll P, Mehta SH, Ompad DC, Gern R, Galai N, Kirk GD. Risk factors for methadone outside treatment programs: Implications for HIV treatment among injection drug users. Addiction 2007; 102: 771–777
  • Weinrich M, Stuart M. Provision of methadone treatment in primary care medical practices: Review of the Scottish experience and implications for US policy. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 1343–1348
  • Winstock AR, Lea T. Diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients in public opioid treatment clinics in New South Wales, Australia. Substance Use and Misuse 2010; 45: 240–252
  • Winstock AR, Lea T, Sheridan J. Prevalence of diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients receiving opioid treatment at community pharmacies in New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy 2008; 19: 450–458

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.