Key challenges in providing services to people who use drugs: The perspectives of people working in emergency departments and shelters in Atlantic Canada

References

• Armstrong P, Armstrong H. Wasting away: The undermining of Canada's health care2nd. Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Canada 2010
   Google Scholar
• Beyon CM, Roe B, Duffy P, Pickering L. Self reported health status, and health service contact, of illicit drug users aged 50 and over: A qualitative interview study in Merseyside, United Kingdom. BioMed Central Geriatrics 2009; 9: 45, DOI:10.1186/1471-2318-9-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bezanson K. Gender, the state, and social reproduction: Household insecurity in neo-liberal times. Toronto University Press, Toronto, Canada 2006
   Google Scholar
• Butters J, Erickson PG. Meeting the health care needs of female crack users: A Canadian example. Women & Health 2003; 37(3)1–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cities and Environment Unit. (2006). The cost of homelessness: The value of investment in housing support services in Halifax. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, School of Planning. Retrieved July 19, 2013, from http://www.homelesshub.ca/Library/View.aspx?id=34963
   Google Scholar
• Corbin J, Strauss A. Basics of qualitative research3rd. Sage Publications, Los Angeles 2008
   Google Scholar
• D’Onofrio G, Degutis LC. Integrating project ASSERT: A screening, intervention, and referral to treatment program for unhealthy alcohol and drug use into an urban emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine 2010; 17: 903–911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J. Exploring the (bio)political dimensions of voluntarism and care in the city: The case of a ‘low barrier’ emergency shelter. Health & Place 2011; 17: 24–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbairn N, Milloy MJ, Zhang R, Lai C, Grafstein E, Kerr T, Wood E. Emergency department utilization among a cohort of HIV-positive injecting drug users in a Canadian setting. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011; 43: 236–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Rehm J, Brissette S, Brochu S, Bruneau J, El-Guebaly N, Baliunas D, et al. Illicit opioid use in Canada: Comparing social, health, and drug use characteristics of untreated users in five cities (OPICAN Study). Journal of Urban Health 2005; 82: 250–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea S, Vlahov D. Social determinants of health of drug users: Socioeconomic status, homelessness, and incarceration. Public Health Report 2002; 117: S135–S145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraghty C, Harkin, K., & O’Reilly, F. (2008, July). Evaluation of the safetynet methadone programme pilot at the Dublin Simon emergency shelter. (Safetynet Methadone Programme Report). Dublin: Primary Care Safetynet for Homeless People. Retrieved June 5, 2013 from the National Documentation Centre on Drug Use Web site http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11724/
   Google Scholar
• Glasser I, Zywiak WH. Homelessness and substance misuse: A tale of two cities. Substance Use & Misuse 2003; 38: 551–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulcur L, Stehancic A, Shinn M, Tsembris S, Fischer SN. Housing, hospitalization, and cost outcomes for homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities participating in continuum of care and housing first programmes. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 2003; 13: 171–186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber PS, Demirkol A, Lange K, Murnion B. Management of injecting drug users admitted to hospital. The Lancet 2009; 374: 1284–1293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansagi H, Engdahl B, Romelsjö A. Predictors of repeated emergency department visits among persons treated for addiction. European Addiction Research 2012; 18: 47–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2012). Canadian alcohol and drug use monitoring survey: Summary of results for 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2013, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/drugs-drogues/stat/_2011/summary-sommaire-eng.php#a2
   Google Scholar
• Henderson S, Stacey CL, Dohan D. Social stigma and the dilemmas of providing care to substance users in a safety-net emergency department. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2008; 19: 1336–1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam MM, Day CA, Conigrave KM. Harm reduction healthcare: From an alternative to the mainstream platform?. International Journal of Drug Policy 2010; 21: 131–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam MM, Topp L, Day CA, Dawson A, Conigrave KM. The accessibility, acceptability, health impact and cost implications of primary healthcare outlets that target injecting drug users: A narrative synthesis of literature. International Journal of Drug Policy 2012; 23: 94–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabanow J. Open for business: Exploring the life stages of two Canadian street youth shelters. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 2002; 29: 99–116
   Google Scholar
• Katz D. Fade-out. The unmaking of the Canadian keynesian welfare state. Social Policy Journal 2003; 2: 27–38
   Google Scholar
• Kerr T, Wood E, Grafstein E, Ishida T, Shannon K, Lai C, Tyndall MW, et al. High rates of primary care and emergency department use among injection drug users in Vancouver. Journal of Public Health 2005; 27: 62–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchen B, Curry-Stevens A. The rise, fall and re-configuration of the Canadian welfare states. Canadian Review of Social Policy 2006; 56: v–xii
   Google Scholar
• Kosny AA, Eakin JM. The hazards of helping: Work, mission and risk in non-profit social service organizations. Health, Risk & Society 2008; 10: 149–166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lightman E, Mitchell A, Wilson B. Poverty is making us sick: A comprehensive survey of income and health in Canada. Wellesley Institute, Toronto, Canada 2008
   Google Scholar
• Lightman ES, Riches G. Window on the world. From modest rights to commodification in Canada's welfare state. European Journal of Social Work 2000; 3: 179–190
   Google Scholar
• Marynowski-Traczyk D, Broadbent M. What are the experiences of emergency department nurses in caring for clients with a mental illness in the emergency department?. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal 2011; 14: 172–179
   Google Scholar
• Morris DM, Gordon JA. The role of the emergency department in the care of homeless and disadvantaged populations. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2006; 24: 839–848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muckle W, Turnbull J. Sheltering the homeless. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2006; 175: 1177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najman JM, Toloo G, Williams GM. Increasing socio-economic inequalities in drug-induced deaths in Australia: 1981–2002. Drug and Alcohol Review 2008; 27: 613–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale J, Kennedy C. Good practice towards homeless drug users: Research evidence from Scotland. Health and Social Care in the Community 2002; 10: 196–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale J, Tompkins C, Sheard L. Barriers to accessing generic health and social care services: A qualitative study of injecting drug users. Health and Social Care in the Community 2008; 16: 147–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly F, & Murphy, C. (2011, March). Bringing methadone to homeless heroin users: a review of a new service. (Safetynet Methadone Programme Review 2011). Retrieved June 5, 2013, from: http://www.primarycaresafetynet.ie/uploaded_documents/Safetynet_Methadone_Programme_Review_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Palepu A, Sthrathdee SA, Hogg RS, Anis AH, Rae S, Cornelisse PGA, Schechter MT, et al. The social determinants of emergency department and hospital use by injection drug users in Canada. Journal of Urban Health 1999; 76: 409–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palepu A, Tyndall MW, Leon H, Muller J, O'shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT, Anis AH. Hospital utilization and costs in a cohort of injection drug users. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2001; 165: 415–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker J, Jackson L, Dykeman M, Gahagan J, Karabanow J. Access to harm reduction services in Atlantic Canada: Implications for non-urban residents who inject drugs. Health & Place 2012; 18: 152–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson, B., Hirsch, G., & Andres, K. (2013). Structural factors that promote stigmatization of drug users with hepatitis C in hospital emergency departments. International Journal of Drug Policy, 24, 471–478
   Google Scholar
• Pauly B. Shifting moral values to enhance access to health care: Harm reduction as a context for ethical nursing practice. International Journal of Drug Policy 2008; 19: 195–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauly, B., Reist, D., Belle-Isle, L., & Schactman, C. (2013). Housing and harm reduction: What is the role of harm reduction in addressing homelessness? International Journal of Drug Policy, 24, 284–290
   Google Scholar
• Popova S, Rehm J, Fischer B. An overview of illegal opioid use and health services utilization in Canada. Public Health 2006; 120: 320–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe P, Stevens A. Are drug treatment services only for ‘thieving junkie scumbags’? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities. Social Science & Medicine 2008; 67: 1065–1073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael D. Poverty in Canada: Implications for health and quality of life2nd. Canadian Scholars’ Press, Toronto 2011
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes T. The ‘risk environment’: A framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. International Journal of Drug Policy 2002; 13: 85–94
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes T. Risk environments and drug harms: A social science for harm reduction approach. International Journal of Drug Policy 2009; 20: 193–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes T, Simic M. Transition and the HIV risk environment. British Medical Journal 2005; 331: 220–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice JJ, Prince MJ. Changing politics of Canadian social policy. University of Toronto Press Incorporated, Toronto, Canada 2000
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz R, Zelenev A, Bruce RD, Altice FL. Retention on buprenorphine treatment reduces emergency department utilization, but not hospitalization, among treatment-seeking patients with opioid dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2012; 43: 451–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence JM, Bergmans Y, Strike C, Links PS, Ball JS, Rhodes AE, Rufo C, et al. Experiences of substance-using suicidal males who present frequently to the emergency department. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2008; 10: 339–346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2013). Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses. Retrieved June 14, 2013 from: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A
   Google Scholar
• Stax TB. Estimating the use of illegal drugs among homeless people using shelters in Denmark. Substance Use & Misuse 2003; 38: 443–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens A, Radcliffe P, Sanders M, Hunt N. Early exit: Estimating and explaining early exit from drug treatment. Harm Reduction Journal 2008; 5: 13, DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-5-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney R, Conroy AB, Dwyer R, Aitken CK. The economic burden to the public health system of treating non-viral injecting-related injury and disease in Australia (a cost of illness analysis). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2009; 33: 352–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walberg R, & Björnberg, A. (2008, September 12). Canadian health consumer index – 2008. (Policy Series No. PS047) Frontier Centre for Public Policy & Health Consumer Powerhouse. Retrieved July 25, 2012 from: http://www.fcpp.org/publication.php/2346
   Google Scholar