994
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales

, &
Pages 428-436 | Received 17 Jun 2014, Accepted 21 Jan 2015, Published online: 16 Mar 2015

References

  • Álvarez Velasco, C. (2014). Reforms and contradictions in Ecuador's drug policy, Memo, August 2014. Washington: Washington Office on Latin America
  • Ashworth, A., & Roberts, J. (2013). The origins and nature of sentencing guidelines in England and Wales. In Ashworth, A., & Roberts J. (Eds.), Sentencing guidelines: Exploring the English model (pp. 1–14). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Ashworth, A. (2010). Sentencing and criminal justice (5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Bailey, C. (2013). Exploring female motivations for drug smuggling on the island of Barbados: Evidence from her majesty's prison, Barbados. Feminist Criminology, 8, 117–141
  • Beckett, K. (1997). Making crime pay: Law and order in contemporary American politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Caulkins, J.P., Burnett, H., & Leslie, E. (2009). How illegal drugs enter an island country: Insights from interviews with interviews with incarcerated traffickers. Global Crime, 10, 66–96
  • Chesney-Lind, M. (2002). Imprisoning women: The unintended victims of mass imprisonment. In Mauer, M., & Chesney-Lind, M. (Eds.), Invisible punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment (pp. 79–94). New York: New Press
  • Coleman, K. (2013). Seizures of drugs in England and Wales, 2012–2013. London: Home Office
  • Collins, J. (2014). The economics of a new global strategy. In Collins J. (Ed.), Ending the drug wars. Report of the LSE expert group in the economics of drug policy (pp. 8–17). London: London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Cooper, J. (2013). Nothing personal: The impact of personal mitigation at sentencing the Creation of the Council. In Ashworth, A., & Roberts J. (Eds.), Sentencing guidelines: Exploring the English model (pp. 157–164). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Corva, D. (2008). Neoliberal globalization and the war on drugs: Transnationalizing illiberal governance in the Americas. Political Geography, 27, 176–193
  • Dorado, M-C. (2005). Desventajas del castigo penal ‘exclusivo’ a las colombianas, mensajeras de drogas en Europa. In Martín Palomo M.T., Miranda López M.J., & Vega Solís C. (Eds.), Delitos y Fronteras: Mujeres extranjeras en prisión (pp. 301–338). Madrid: Editorial Complutense
  • Dorn, N., & Murji, K. (1992). Low level drug enforcement. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 20, 159–171
  • Duke, K. (2006). Out of crime and into treatment? The criminalisation of contemporary drug policy since tackling drugs together. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 13, 409–415
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCCDA). (2012). A definition of “drug mules” for use in a European context. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
  • Fleetwood, J. (2014). Drug mules: Women in the international cocaine trade. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan
  • Fleetwood, J. (2011). Five kilos: Penalties and practice in the international cocaine trade. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 375–393
  • Fortson, R. (1996). The sentencing of drug couriers. In Green P. (Ed.), Drug couriers: A new perspective (pp. 79–111). London: Quartet
  • Giacomello, C. (2013). Women, drug offenses and penitentiary systems in Latin America. London: International Drug Policy Consortium
  • Green, P. (1998). Drugs, trafficking and criminal policy: The scapegoat strategy. Winchester: Waterside Press
  • H.M. Government. (2013). Serious and organised crime strategy. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty. London: The Stationary Office
  • Harper, R.L., Harper, G.C., & Stockdale, J.E. (2000). The role and sentencing of women in drug trafficking crime. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 101–114
  • Harris, G. (2010). Sentencing for drugs offences in England and Wales, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug policies, no. 5, June. London: International Drug Policy Consortium
  • Harris, G. (2011a). Conviction by numbers: Threshold quantities for drug policy, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug policies, no. 14, May. London: International Drug Policy Consortium
  • Harris, G. (2011b). TNI/IDPC – Sentencing Council: Expert Seminar on Proportionality of Sentencing for Drug Offences (May 20, 2011). Retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2184341
  • Home Office. (2002). Updated drug strategy, 2002. London: HMSO
  • Home Office. (2010a). Drug strategy 2010: Reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: Supporting people to live a drug free life. London: HMSO
  • Home Office. (2010b). Summary table 3. Seizures of controlled drugs by drug type, class and amount seized 2012/13 by the UKBA/Border Force. London: Home Office
  • Home Office. (2011). Summary Table 3 ‘Seizures of controlled drugs by drug type, class and amount seized 2012/13 by the UKBA/Border Force’. London: Home Office
  • Home Office. (2012). Summary Table 3. Seizures of controlled drugs by drug type, class and amount seized 2012/13 by the UKBA/Border Force. London: Home Office
  • Home Office. (2013a). Summary Table 1. Number of drug seizures by class, drug type and year, 2003 to 2012/13. London: Home Office
  • Home Office. (2013b). Summary Table 3. Seizures of controlled drugs by drug type, class and amount seized 2012/13 by the UKBA/Border Force. London: Home Office
  • Hughes, C., Ritter, A., Cowdery, N., & Phillips, B. (2014). Australian threshold quantities for ‘drug trafficking’: Are they placing drug users at risk of unjustified sanction?. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice (Vol. 467 (March)). Australian Government: Australian Institute for Criminology
  • Huling, T. (1995). Women drug couriers: Sentencing reform needed for prisoners of war. Criminal Justice, 9, 15–19
  • Huling, T. (1996). Prisoners of war: Drug couriers in the United States. In Green P. (Ed.), Drug couriers: A new perspective (pp. 46–60). London: Quartet
  • International Drug Policy Consortium. (2011). Response from IDPC to the Sentencing Council for England and Wales Consultation on the Drug Offences Guideline. London: International Drug Policy Consortium. Retrieved from http://www.druglawreform.info/images/stories/documents/IDPC_SC_Response_20062011.pdf
  • Jacobson, J., Kirby, A., & Hough, M. (2011). Public attitudes to the sentencing of drug offences. Sentencing Council Research Series 01/11. London: Institute for Criminal Policy Research/Sentencing Council
  • Lai, G. (2012). Drugs, crime and punishment: Proportionality of sentencing for drug offences, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 20. London: International Drug Policy Consortium
  • Lee, M., & South, N. (2008). Drugs policing, 497–522. In Newburn, T. (Ed.), Handbook of policing. Collumpton, Devon: Willan
  • Loveless, J. (2012). Court of appeal: When is a courier not a ‘Mule’? Journal of Criminal Law, 76, 1–10
  • Marshall, E., & Moreton, K. (2011). Drug “mules”: Twelve case studies. London: Sentencing Council
  • Maslen, H., & Roberts, J. (2013). Remorse and sentencing: An analysis of sentencing guidelines and sentencing practice. In Ashworth, A., & Roberts J. (Eds.), Sentencing guidelines: Exploring the English Model (pp. 122–149). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Matrix Knowledge Group. (2007). The illicit drug trade in the United Kingdom, Online report 20/07. London: Home Office
  • Metall, P., & Youngers, C. (Eds.). (2011). Systems overload: Drug laws and prisons in latin America. London/Washington: Transnational Institute/Washington Office on Latin America.
  • Oliss, P. (1994). Mandatory minimum sentencing: Discretion, the safety valve and the Sentencing guidelines. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 63, 1851–1892
  • Padfield, N. (2013). Exploring the success of sentencing guidelines. In Ashworth, A., & Roberts J. (Eds.), Sentencing guidelines: Exploring the English Model (pp. 31–51). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Pina-Sanchez, J., & Linacre, R. (2013). Sentence consistency in England and Wales: Evidence from the Crown Court Sentencing Survey. British Journal of Criminology, 53, 1118–1138
  • Prison Reform Trust & Hibiscus/FPWP. (2012). No way out: A briefing paper on foreign national women in prison in England and Wales, January 2012 (pp. 1–16). London.
  • Raine, J.W., & Dustan, E. (2009). How well do sentencing guidelines work? Equity, proportionality and consistency in the determination of fine levels in the Magistrates' Courts of England and Wales. The Howard Journal, 48(1), 13–36
  • Reuter, P., & Stevens, A. (2007). An analysis of UK drug policy. London: UK Drug Policy Commission
  • Roberts J. (2013b). Complying with sentencing guidelines: Latest findings from the Crown Court Sentencing Survey. In Ashworth, A., & Roberts J. (Eds.), Sentencing guidelines: Exploring the English Model (pp. 124–121). Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Roberts, J. (2013a). Sentencing guidelines in England and Wales: Recent developments and emerging issues. Law and Contemporary Problems, 76(1), 1–23
  • Rolles, S. (2010). An alternative to the war on drugs. British Medical Journal, 341, 3360–6665
  • Seddons, T. (2000). Explaining the drug-crime link: Theoretical, policy and research issues. Journal of Social Policy, 29 (1), 95–107
  • Sentencing Council. (2011a). Drugs offences, analysis and research bulletins. London: Sentencing Council
  • Sentencing Council. (2011b). Drug offences guidelines: Professional consultation, London: Sentencing Council
  • Sentencing Council. (2012a). Drug offences: Definitive guideline. London: Sentencing Council
  • Sentencing Council. (2012b). Crown court sentencing survey: Annual publication, 2012. London: Sentencing Council
  • Sentencing Council. (2012c). Consultation stage resource assessment – Guideline on drugs. London: Sentencing Council
  • Sentencing Guidelines Council. (2004). Overarching principles: Seriousness. London: Sentencing Guidelines Council
  • Smith, Z., & Gowlandt, J. (2012). Drug sentencing: What 's the deal? The new sentencing regime for drug offences. The Journal of Criminal Law, 76, 389–398
  • SOCA. (2007). Annual plan 2007/2008. London: The Stationary Office
  • Stevens, A. (2007). When two dark figures collide: Evidence and discourse on drug-related crime. Critical Social Policy, 27, 77–99
  • Sudbury, J. (2005). “Mules,” “Yardies” and other folk devils: Mapping cross border imprisonment in Britain. In Sudbury J. (Ed.), Global lockdown: Race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex (pp. 167–184). London: Routledge
  • UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs. (2009). Promoting international cooperation in addressing the involvement of women and girls in drug trafficking, especially as couriers (Report on the 52nd Session (14 March 2008 and 11–20 March 2009), Resolution 52/1, Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2009 Supplement No. 8, UN Doc. E/2010/28)
  • UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs. (2011). Promoting international cooperation in addressing the involvement of women and girls in drug trafficking, especially as couriers (Report of the executive director, UN doc.E/CN7/2011/7)
  • Youngers, C., & Rosin, E. (Eds.). (2005). Drugs and democracy in Latin America: The impact of U.S. policy. London: Lynne Rienner
  • Zaitch, D. (2009). Reducción de daños, seguridad y tráfico de drogas ilícitas. Cuadernos de Seguridad, 11/12, 51–80

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.