16
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation of Neuronal Muscarinic Receptor Sensitivity

&
Pages 9-27 | Received 28 Mar 1990, Accepted 17 May 1990, Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Aas P., Veiteberg T. A., Fonnum F. Acute and sub–acute inhalation of an organophosphate induce alteration of cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1987; 36: 1261–1266
  • Abdel–Latif A. A. Calcium–mobilizing receptors, polyphosphoinositides, and the generation of second messengers. Pharmacol. Rev. 1986; 38: 227–272
  • Ben–Barak J., Dudai Y. Scopolamine induces an increase in muscarinic receptor level in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 1980; 193: 309–313
  • Ben–Barak J., Gazit H., Silman I., Dudai Y. In vivo modulation of the number of muscarinic receptors in rat brain by cholinergic ligands. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1981; 74: 73–81
  • Benovic J. L., Kuhn H., Weyand I., Condina J., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. Functional desensitization of the isolated β–adrenergic receptor kinase: potential role of an analog of the retinal protein arrestin (48–kDa protein). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 8879–8882
  • Benson D. M., Blitzer R. D., Haroutunian V., Landau E. M. Functional muscarinic supersensitivity in denervated rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 1989; 478: 399–402
  • Brodeur J., Dubois K. P. Studies on the mechanism of acquired tolerance by rats to O, O–diethyl S–2 (ethylthio) phosphorodithioate (di–syston). Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 1964; 149: 560–570
  • Buckley N. J., Bonner T. I., Buckley C. M., Brann M. R. Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO–K1 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 1989; 35: 469–476
  • Burgoyne R. D. Regulation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: Effects of phosphorylating conditions on agonist and antagonist binding. J. Neurochem. 1983; 40: 324–331
  • Burgoyne R. D., Pearce B. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulation and protein phosphorylation in primary cultures of rat cerebellum. Develop. Brain Res. 1982; 2: 55–63
  • Chippendale T. J., Zawolkow G. A., Russell R. W., Overstreet D. H. Tolerance to low acetylcholinesterase levels: Modification of behavior without acute behavioral change. Psychopharmacology 1972; 26: 127–139
  • Cioffi C. L., El–Fakahany E. E. Decreased binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]N–methylscopolamine in mouse brain following acute treatment with an organophosphate. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986; 132: 147–154
  • Cioffi C. L., El–Fakahany E. E. Short–term desensitization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in mouse neuroblastoma cells: Selective loss of agonist low–affinity and pirenzepine high–affinity binding sites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986; 238: 916–923
  • Cioffi C. L., El–Fakahany E. E. Lack of alterations in muscarinic receptor subtypes and phosphoinositide hydrolysis upon acute DFP treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1988; 156: 35–45
  • Cioffi C. L., El–Fakahany E. E. Differential sensitivity of phosphoinositide and cyclic GMP responses to short–term regulation by a muscarinic agonist in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989; 38: 1827–1834
  • Connor D. J., Harrell L. E. Chronic septal lesions cause upregulation of cholinergic but not noradrenergic hippocampal phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Brain Res. 1989; 488: 387–389
  • Costa L. G., Kaylor G., Murphy S. D. Carbachol–and norepinephrine–stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism in rat brain: Effect of chronic cholinesterase inhibition. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986; 239: 32–37
  • Costa L. G., Schwab B. W., Murphy S. D. Differential alterations of cholinergic muscarinic receptors during chronic and acute tolerance to organophosphorus insecticides. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 3407–3413
  • Dillon–Carter O., Chuang D. –M. Homologous desensitization of muscarinic cholinergic, histaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors coupled to phospholipase C in cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem. 1989; 52: 598–603
  • Doods H. N., Mathy M. –J., Davidesko D., van Charldorp K. J., de Jonge A., Van Zwieten P. A. Selectivity of muscarinic antagonists in radioligand and in vivo experiments for the putative M1, M2, and M3 receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987; 242: 257–262
  • Drummond A. H., Joels L. A., Hughes P. J. The interaction of lithium ions with inositol lipid signalling systems. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1987; 15: 32–35
  • Ehlert F. J., Kokka N. Decrease in [3H]–quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to the muscarinic receptor in the longitudinal muscle of the rat ileum following chronic administration of diisopropylfluorophosphate. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 1977; 20: 1–7
  • Ehlert F. J., Kokka N., Fairhurst A. S. Altered [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in the striatum of rats following chronic cholinesterase inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate. Mol. Pharmacol. 1980; 17: 24–30
  • El–Fakahany E. E., Alger B. E., Lai W. S., Pitler T. A., Worley P. F., Baraban J. M. Neuronal muscarinic responses: Role of protein kinase C. FASEB J. 1988; 2: 2575–2583
  • El–Fakahany E. E., Lee J. –H. Agonist–induced muscarinic acetylcholine receptor down–regulation in intact rat brain cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986; 132: 21–30
  • El–Fakahany E. E., Ramkumar V., Lai W. S. Multiple binding affinities of N–methylscopolamine to brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: differentiation from M1 and M2 receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986; 238: 554–563
  • El–Fakahany E. E., Richelson E. Temperature dependence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation, desensitization, and resensitization. J. Neurochem. 1980a; 34: 1288–1295
  • El–Fakahany E. E., Richelson E. Involvement of calcium channels in shortterm desensitization of muscarinic receptor–mediated cyclic GMP formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980b; 77: 6897–6901
  • Feigenbaum P., El–Fakahany E. E. Regulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor density in neuroblastoma cells by brief exposure to agonist: Possible involvement in desensitization of receptor function. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1985; 233: 134–140
  • Fisher S. K., Agranoff B. W. Receptor activation and inositol lipid hydrolysis in neural tissues. J. Neurochem. 1987; 48: 999–1017
  • Fisher S. K., Snider R. M. Differential receptor occupany requirements for muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of inositol lipid hydrolysis in brain and in neuroblastomas. Mol. Pharmacol. 1987; 32: 81–90
  • Forray C., El–Fakahany E. E. On the involvement of multiple muscarinic receptor subtypes in the activation of phosphoinositide metabolism in rat cerebral cortex. Mol. Pharmacol. 1990; 37: 893–902
  • Galper J. B., Dziekan L. C., O'Hara D. S., Smith T. W. The biphasic response of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in cultured heart cells to agonists. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 10344–10356
  • Galper J. B., Smith T. W. Agonist and guanine nucleotide modulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in cultured heart cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 9571–9579
  • Gazit H., Silman I., Dudai Y. Administration of an organophosphate causes a decrease in muscarinic receptor levels in rat brain. Brain Res. 1979; 174: 351–356
  • Goldstein J. L., Anderson R. G.W., Brown M. S. Coated pits, coated vesicles, and receptor–mediated endocytosis. Nature 1979; 279: 679–685
  • Goodbar L., Bartfai T. Long–term atropine treatment lowers the efficacy of carbachol to stimulate phosphatidylinositol breakdown in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. Biochem. J. 1988; 250: 727–734
  • Green D. A., Clark R. B. Specific muscarinic–cholinergic desensitization in the neuroblastoma–glioma hybrid NG108–15. J. Neurochem. 1982; 39: 1125–1131
  • Haga K., Haga T. Agonist–dependent phosphorylation of cerebral and atrial muscarinic receptors: Blockade of the phosphorylation by GTP–binding regulatory proteins and its reversal by guanine nucleotides. Biomed. Res. 1989; 10: 293–299
  • Hammer R., Berrie C. P., Birdsall N. J.M., Burgen A. S.V., Hulme E. C. Pirenzepine distinguishes between different subclasses of muscarinic receptors. Nature 1980; 283: 90–92
  • Harden T. K., Heng M. M., Brown J. H. Receptor reserve in the calcium–dependent cyclic AMP response of astrocytoma cells to muscarinic receptor stimulation: Demonstration by agonist–induced desensitization, receptor inactivation, and phorbol ester treatment. Mol. Pharmacol. 1986; 30: 200–206
  • Harden T. K., Petch L. A., Traynelis S. F., Waldo G. L. Agonist–induced alteration in the membrane form of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 13060–13066
  • Hedlund B., Lorentz M., Reinstam A. –C., Sydbom A. Exposure to carbachol induces several changes in muscarinic cholinergic parameters in N1E–115 mouse neuroblastoma cells. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1988; 62: 12–16
  • Higuchi H., Takeyasu K., Uchida S., Yoshida H. Mechanism of agonistinduced degradation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor in cultured vas deferens of guineapig. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1981; 79: 61–77
  • Higuchi H., Uchida S., Matsumoto K., Yoshida H. Inhibition of agonist–induced degradation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor by quinacrine and tetracaine–Possible involvement of phospholipase A2 in receptor degradation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1983; 94: 229–239
  • Ho A. K.S., Ling Q. –L., Duffield R., Lam P. H., Wang J. H. Phosphorylation of brain muscarinic receptor: evidence of receptor regulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1987; 142: 911–918
  • Hoover R. K., Toews M. L. Activation of protein kinase C inhibits internalization and downregulation of muscarinic receptors in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990; 253: 185–191
  • Joyce J. N., Gibbs R. B., Cotman C. W., Marshall J. F. Regulation of muscarinic receptors in hippocampus following cholinergic denervation and reinnervation by septal and striatal transplants. J. Neurosci. 1989; 9: 2776–2791
  • Kamiya H. –O., Rotter A., Jacobowitz D. M. Muscarinic receptor binding following cholinergic nerve lesions of the cingulate cortex and hippocampus of the rat. Brain Res. 1981; 209: 432–439
  • Klein W. L. Regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 1980; 23: 449–458
  • Klein W. L., Nathanson N., Nirenberg M. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulation by accelerated rate of receptor loss. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1979; 90: 506–512
  • Kubinec J., Vrana K. E., Roskoski R. Paraoxon–induced decrease in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor content in rat heart. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1987; 136: 295–301
  • Kwatra M. M., Benovic J. L., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J., Hosey M. M. Phosphorylation of chick heart muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the β–adrenergic receptor kinase. Biochemistry 1989b; 28: 4543–4547
  • Kwatra M. M., Hosey M. M. Phosphorylation of the cardiac muscarinic receptor in intact chick heart and its regulation by a muscarinic agonist. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 12429–12432
  • Kwatra M. M., Leung E., Maan A. C., McMahon K. K., Ptasienski J., Green R. D., Hosey M. M. Correlation of agonist–induced phosphorylation of chick heart muscarinic receptors with receptor desensitization. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 16314–16321
  • Kwatra M. M., Ptasienski J., Hosey M. M. The porcine heart M2 muscarinic receptor: agonist–induced phosphorylation and comparison of properties with the chick heart receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 1989a; 35: 553–558
  • Lai W. S., El–Fakahany E. E. A selective effect of protein kinase C activation on pirenzepine high–affinity muscarinic receptors in a neuronal clone. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986; 129: 201–202
  • Lai W. S., El–Fakahany E. E. Phorbol ester–induced inhibition of cyclic GMP formation mediated by muscarinic receptors in murine neuroblastoma cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987; 241: 366–373
  • Lai W. S., El–Fakahany E. E. Regulation of [3H]phorbol–12,13–dibutyrate binding sites in mouse neuroblastoma cells: simultaneous down–regulation by phorbol esters and desensitization of their inhibition of muscarinic receptor function. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1988; 244: 41–50
  • Lai W. S., Rogers T. B., El–Fakahany E. E. Protein kinase C is involved in desensitization of muscarinic receptors induced by phorbol esters but not by receptor agonists. Biochem. J. 1990, in press
  • Lee J. –H., El–Fakahany E. E. Heterogeneity of binding of muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat brain homogenates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1985; 233: 707–714
  • Lenox R. H., Hendley D., Ellis J. Desensitization of muscarinic receptor–coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat hippocampus: comparisons with the α1–adrenergic response. J. Neurochem. 1988; 50: 558–564
  • Liles W. C., Nathanson N. M. Regulation of neuronal muscarinic acetylcholine receptor number by protein glycosylation. J. Neurochem. 1986; 46: 89–95
  • Liles W. C., Nathanson N. M. Alteration in the regulation of neuronal muscarinic cholinergic receptor number induced by chronic lithium in neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res. 1988; 439: 88–94
  • Liles W. C., Hunter D. D., Meier K. E., Nathanson N. M. Activation of protein kinase C induces rapid internalization and subsequent degradation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in neuroblastoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 5307–5313
  • Maayani S., Egozi Y., Pinchasi I., Sokolovsky M. On the interaction of drugs with the cholinergic nervous system. Tolerance to oxotremorine in mice: In vivo and in vitro studies. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977; 26: 1681–1687
  • Maloteaux J. –M., Gossuin A., Pauwels P. J., Laduron P. M. Short–term disappearance of muscarinic cell surface receptors in carbachol–induced desensitization. FEBS Lett. 1983; 156: 103–107
  • Marks M. J., Artman L. D., Patinkin D. M., Collins A. C. Cholinergic adaptations to chronic oxotremorine infusion. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 218: 337–343
  • Marks M. J., Artman L. D., Collins A. C. Quantitation of tolerance development after chronic oxotremorine treatment. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1983; 19: 103–113
  • Martin J. M., Liles W. C., Nathanson N. M. Modification of neuronal muscarinic receptor–mediated responses by islet–activating protein. Brain Res. 1988; 455: 370–376
  • Masters S. B., Quinn M. T., Brown J. H. Agonist–induced desensitization of muscarinic receptor–mediated calcium efflux without concomitant desensitization of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Mol. Pharmacol. 1985; 27: 325–332
  • McDonough P. M., Eubanks J. H., Brown J. H. Desensitization and recovery of muscarinic and histaminergic Ca2+ mobilization in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Biochem. J. 1988; 249: 135–141
  • McKinney M., Coyle J. P. Regulation of neocortical muscarinic receptors: Effects of drug treatment and lesions. J. Neurosci. 1982; 2: 97–105
  • McKinney M., Richelson E. The coupling of the neuronal muscarinic receptor to responses. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1984; 24: 121–146
  • McKinney M., Strenstrom S., Richelson E. Muscarinic responses and binding in a murine neuroblastoma clone (N1E–115). Mediation of separate responses by high affinity and low affinity agonist–receptor conformation. Mol. Pharmacol. 1985; 27: 223–235
  • Meeker R. B., Harden T. K. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor–mediated control of cyclic AMP metabolism. Agonist–induced changes in nucleotide synthesis and degradation. Mol. Pharmacol. 1983; 23: 384–392
  • Meyer M. R., Gainer M. W., Nathanson N. M. In vivo regulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in embryonic chick brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 1982; 21: 280–286
  • Milligan G., Strange P. G. Apparent down–regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of neuroblastoma cells by pilocarpine is due to occluded agonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1983; 91: 223–228
  • Nakahata N., Harden T. K. Regulation of inositol trisphosphate accumulation by muscarinic cholinergic and H1–histamine receptors on human astrocytoma cells. Biochem. J. 1987; 241: 337–344
  • Nathanson N. M. Molecular properties of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1987; 10: 195–236
  • Nathanson N. M., Klein W. L., Nirenberg M. Regulation of adenylate cyclase activity mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1978; 75: 1788–1791
  • Norman A. B., Battaglia G., Creese I. Regulation of putative muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in rat brain. Neurochem. Int. 1986; 9: 337–347
  • Olianas M. C., Onali P., Schwartz J. P., Neff N. H., Costa E. The muscarinic receptor adenylate cyclase complex of rat striatum: Desensitization following chronic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. J. Neurochem. 1984; 42: 1439–1443
  • Orellana S. A., Solski P. A., Brown J. H. Phorbol ester inhibits phosphoinositide hydrolysis and calcium mobilization in cultured astrocytoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 5236–5239
  • Overstreet D. H., Helps S. C., Prescott A. M., Schiller G. D. Development and disappearance of subsensitivity to pilocarpine following a single administration of the irreversible anticholinesterase agent, DFP. Psychopharmacology 1977a; 52: 263–269
  • Overstreet D. H., Schiller G. D., Day T. A. Failure of cycloheximide to alter rate of recovery of temperature following acute DFP treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1977b; 44: 187–190
  • Overstreet D. H., Speth R. C., Hruska R. E., Ehlert F., Dumont Y., Yamamura H. I. Failure of septal lesions to alter muscarinic cholinergic or benzodiazepine binding sites in hippocampus of rat brain. Brain Res. 1980; 195: 203–207
  • Pearce B., Morrow C., Murphy S. Characteristics of phorbol ester– and agonist–induced down–regulation of astrocyte receptors coupled to inositol phospholipid metabolism. J. Neurochem. 1988; 50: 936–944
  • Peralta E. G., Ashkenazi A., Winslow J. W., Smith D. H., Ramachandran J., Capon D. J. Distinct primary structures, ligand–binding properties and tissue–specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. EMBO J. 1987; 6: 3923–3929
  • Ramachandran J., Peralta E. G., Ashkenazi A., Winslow J. W., Capon D. J. The structural and functional interrelationships of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Bioessays 1989; 10: 54–57
  • Raposo G., Dunia I., Marullo S., Andre C., Guillet J. –G., Strosberg A. D., Benedetti E. L., Hoebeke J. Redistribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on human fibroblasts induced by regulatory ligands. Biol. Cell 1987; 60: 117–124
  • Raulli R. E., Arendash G., Crews F. T. Effects of nBM lesions on muscarinic stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Neurobiol. Aging 1989; 10: 191–197
  • Ray P., Middleton W., Berman J. D. Mechanism of agonist–induced down–regulation and subsequent recovery of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in a clonal neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cell line. J. Neurochem. 1989; 52: 402–409
  • Reed L. J., de Belleroche J. Increased polyphosphoinositide responsiveness in the cerebral cortex induced by cholinergic denervation. J. Neurochem. 1989; 50: 1566–1571
  • Richelson E. Desensitization of muscarinic receptor–mediated cyclic GMP formation by cultured nerve cells. Nature 1978; 272: 366–368
  • Rosenbaum L. C., Malencik D. A., Anderson S. R., Tola M. R., Schimerlik M. I. Phosphorylation of the porcine atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 8183–8188
  • Russell R. W., Overstreet D. H., Cotman C. W., Carson V. G., Churchill L., Dalgish F. W., Vasquez B. J. Experimental tests of hypothesis about neurochemical mechanisms underlying behavioral tolerance to the anticholinesterase, diisopropylfluorophosphate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1975; 192: 73–83
  • Russell R. W., Booth R. A., Lauretz S. D., Smith C. A., Jenden D. J. Behavioral neurochemical and physiological effects of repeated exposures to subsymptomatic levels of the anticholinesterase, soman. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 1986; 8: 675–685
  • Russell R. W., Overstreet D. H. Mechanisms underlying sensitivity to organophosphorus anticholinesterase compounds. Prog. Neurobiol. 1987; 28: 97–129
  • Schiller G. D. Reduced binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding associated with chronically low acetylcholinesterase activity. Life Sci. 1979; 24: 1159–1164
  • Shaw C., van Huizen F., Cynader M. S., Wilkinson M. A role for potassium channels in the regulation of cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in an in vitro slice preparation. Mol. Brain. Res. 1989; 5: 71–83
  • Shifrin G. S., Klein W. L. Regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor concentration in cloned neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurochem. 1980; 34: 993–999
  • Siegel H., Triggle D. J. Inhibition by concanavalin A, dansylcadaverine and bacitracin of muscarinic receptor–mediated desensitization in guinea–pig ileal smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1983; 225: 534–538
  • Suva W. I., Andres A., Schook W., Puszkin S. Evidence for the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in bovine brain coated vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 14788–14796
  • Siman R. G., Klein W. L. Cholinergic activity regulates muscarinic receptors in central nervous system cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1979; 76: 4141–4145
  • Siman R. G., Klein W. L. Specificity of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulation by receptor activity. J. Neurochem. 1981; 37: 1099–1108
  • Sivam S. P., Morris J. C., Lim D. K., Hoskins B., Ho I. K. Effect of acute and chronic cholinesterase inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate on muscarinic, dopamine, and GABA receptors of the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 1983; 40: 1414–1422
  • Smith C. J., Court J. A., Keith A. B., Perry E. K. Increases in muscarinic stimulated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids in rat hippocampus following cholinergic deafferentation are not paralleled by alterations in cholinergic receptor density. Brain Res. 1989; 485: 317–324
  • Sokolovsky M. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors and their interaction with drugs. Adv. Drug Res. 1989; 18: 431–509
  • Surichamorn W., Abdallah E. A.M., El–Fakahany E. E. Aging does not alter brain muscarinic receptor–mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and its inhibition by phorbol esters, tetrodotoxin and receptor desensitization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989; 251: 543–549
  • Takeyasu K., Uchida S., Noguchi Y., Fujita N., Saito K., Hata F., Yoshida H. Changes in brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and behavioral responses to atropine and apomorphine in chronic atropine–treated rats. Life Sci. 1979; 25: 585–592
  • Taylor I. E., El–Fakahany E. E., Richelson E. Long–term regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on cultured nerve cells. Life Sci. 1979; 25: 2181–2187
  • Taylor J. E., Yaksh T. L., Richelson E. Agonist regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rat spinal cord. J. Neurochem. 1982; 39: 521–524
  • Thomas J. M., Hoffman B. B. Agonist–induced down–regulation of muscarinic cholinergic and α2–adrenergic receptors after inactivation of N1 by pertussis toxin. Endocrinology 1986; 119: 1305–1314
  • Thomsen R. H., Wilson D. F. Chronic effects of paraoxon on transmitter release and the synaptic contribution to tolerance. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986; 237: 689–694
  • Wang S. Z., Hu J., Long R. M., Pou W. S., Forray C., El–Fakahany E. E. Agonist–induced down–regulation of M, muscarinic receptors and reduction of their mRNA level in a transfected cell line. FEBS Lett. 1990, submitted
  • Westlind A., Grynfarb M., Hedlund B., Bartfai T., Fuxe K. Muscarinic supersensitivity induced by septal lesion or chronic atropine treatment. Brain Res. 1981; 225: 131–141
  • Xu J., Chuang D. –M. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor–mediated phosphoinositide turnover in cultured cerebellar granule cells: Desensitization by receptor agonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987; 242: 238–244
  • Yamada S., Mitsutaka I., Okudaira H., Hayashi E. Correlation between cholinesterase inhibition and reduction in muscarinic receptors and choline uptake by repeated diisopropylfluorophosphate administration: Antagonism by physostigmine and atropine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1983; 226: 519–525
  • Yamamura H. I., Snyder S. H. Postsynaptic localization of muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 1974; 78: 320–326

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.