Chronic stress-induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia are accompanied by atherosclerotic development in rats

References

• Aebi H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 105:121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhtar J, Begum S, Islam N, Begum N, Ara S. 2008. Study on restrain stress induced changes in serum lipid profile and haemoconcentration and effect of sympathetic blocker on it. Mymensingh Med J. 17 2 suppl.: S16–S21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arakawa H, Kodama H, Matsuoka N, Yamaguchi I. 1997. Stress increases plasma enzyme activity in rats: Differential effects of adrenergic and cholinergic blockades. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 280 3: 1296–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernberg E, Andersson IJ, Gan LM, Naylor AS, Johansson ME, Bergstrom G. 2008. Effects of social isolation and environmental enrichment on atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Stress. 11 5: 381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat MS, Rao G, Murthy KD, Bhat PG. 2007. Housing in pyramid counteracts neuroendocrine and oxidative stress caused by chronic restraint in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 4 1: 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK. 2001. Anti-oxidant effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides in chronic footshock stress-induced perturbations of oxidative free radical scavenging enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rat frontal cortex and striatum. J Ethnopharmacol. 74 1: 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelakovic G, Beninati S, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Jevtovic T, Kamenov B, Saranac LJ, Bjelakovic B, Stojanovic I, Basic J. 2007. Glucocorticoids and oxidative stress. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 18 2: 115–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bots ML, Baldassarre D, Simon A, de Groot E, O'Leary DH, Riley W, Kastelein JJ, Grobbee DE. 2007. Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary atherosclerosis: Weak or strong relations?. Eur Heart J. 28 4: 398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindley DN. 1995. Role of glucocorticoids and fatty acids in the impairment of lipid metabolism observed in the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 19 Suppl. 1: S69–S75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlberg I, Mannervik B. 1985. Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzmol. 113:484–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culling CFA. 1963. Handbook of histopathological techniques. London: Butterworths207.
   Google Scholar
• D'Souza UJA, Nagaraja HS, D'Souza VM, D'Souza A, Jeganathan PS. 2004. Effect of ethanol on stress induced cardiovascular alterations in rats. The Thai J Pharm Sci. 17:80–85.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenstein A. 1973. Effects of adrenal cortical hormones on carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 26 1: 113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emdin M, Pompella A, Paolicchi A. 2005. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease: Triggering oxidative stress within the plaque. Circulation. 112 14: 2078–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontella FU, Siqueira IR, Vasconcellos AP, Tabajara AS, Netto CD, Dalmaz C. 2005. Repeated restraint stress induces oxidative damage in rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res. 30 1: 105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 18 6: 499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein DS, McEwen B. 2002. Allostasis, haemostats and the nature of stress. Stress. 5 1: 55–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissom N, Kerr W, Bhatnagar S. 2008. Struggling behavior during restraint is regulated by stress experience. Behav Brain Res. 191 2: 219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu H, Tang C, Peng K, Sun H, Yang Y. Effects of chronic mild stress on the development of atherosclerosis and expression of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in adolescent apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Biomed Biotechnol. 20091–13.
   Google Scholar
• Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. 1974. Glutathione s-transferase. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 249 22: 7130–7139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RL, McGill HC, Strong JP, Geer JC. 1958. Technics for studying atherosclerotic lesions. Lab Invest. 7 1: 42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawien J, Nastalek P, Korbut R. 2004. Mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. J Physiol Pharmacol. 55 3: 503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joris I, Zand T, Nunnari JJ, Kralikowks FJ, Majno G. 1983. Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis I Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rats. Am J Pathol. 133 3: 341–358.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, Lusso FM, Taub DM, Miller EW. 1983. Social stress and atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic monkeys. Science. 220 4598: 733–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayashima S, Ohno H, Fujioka T, Taniguchi N, Nagata N. 1995. Leucocytosis as a marker of organ damage induced by chronic strenuous physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 70 5: 413–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmi SV, Padmaja G, Kuppusamy P, Kutala VK. 2009. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Ind J Biochem Biophys. 46 6: 421–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lata H, Ahuja GK, Narang APS, Walia L. 2004. Effect of immobilization stress on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in rabbits. Ind J Clin Biochem. 19 2: 1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Libby P. 2006. Atherosclerosis: disease biology affecting the coronary vasculature. Am J Cardiol. 98 12A: 3Q–9Q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoma PV. 2010. Gene activation regresses atherosclerosis, promotes health, and enhances longevity. Lipids Health Dis. 9:67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli LP, Gamaro GD, Silveira PP, Dalmaz C. 2000. Effect of chronic variate stress on thiobarbituric—acid reactive species and on total radical trapping potential in distinct region of rat brain. Neurochem Res. 25 7: 915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marklund S, Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem. 47 3: 469–474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEwen BS. 2002. Sex, stress and the hippocampus: Allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process. Neurobiol Aging. 23 5: 921–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh LJ, Sapolsky RM. 1996. Glucocorticoids increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and enhance adriamycin-induced toxicity in neuronal culture. Exp Neurol. 141 2: 201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh LJ, Hong KE, Sapolsky RM. 1998. Glucocorticoids may alter antioxidant enzyme capacity in the brain: Baseline studies. Brain Res. 791 1-2: 209–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghadasian MH. 2002. Experimental atherosclerosis: A historical overview. Life Sci. 70 8: 855–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeem A, Masood A, Masood N, Gilani RA, Shah AZ. 2006. Immobilization stress causes extra-cellular oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in rats: Restoration by L-NAME and vitamin E. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 16 4: 260–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaraj HS, Jeganathan PS. 1999. Forced swimming stress induced changes in the physiological and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 45 1: 53–59.
   Google Scholar
• Nayanatara AK, Nagaraja HS, Anupama BK. 2005. The effect of repeated swimming stress on organ weights and lipid peroxidation in rats. Thai J Pharm Sci. 18 1: 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Nayanatara AK, Nagaraja HS, Ramaswamy C, Bhagyalakshmi K, Bhat RM, Gowda DKM, Mantur SV. 2009. Effect of chronic unpredictable stressors on some selected lipid parameters and biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. J Chinese Clin Med. 4 2: 92–97.
   Google Scholar
• Neves VJ, Moura MJ, Tamascia ML, Ferreira R, Silva NS, Costa R, Montemor PL, Narvaes EA, Bernardes CF, Novaes PD, Marcondes FK. 2009. Proatherosclerotic effects of chronic stress in male rats: Altered phenylephrine sensitivity and nitric oxide synthase activity of aorta and circulating lipids. Stress. 12 4: 320–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirupama R, Devaki M, Yajurvedi HN. 2012. Chronic stress and carbohydrate metabolism: Persistent changes and slow return to normalacy in male albino rats. Stress. 15 3: 262–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 95 2: 351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preece A. 1972. A manual for histologic technicians. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company259–260.
   Google Scholar
• Pompella A, Emdin M, Passino C, Paolicchi A. 2004. The significance of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med. 42 10: 1085–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey WE, Rodgers RJ, Mason JI. 1992. The role of bovine lipoproteins in the regulation of steroidogenesis and HMG-CoA reductase in bovine adrenocortical cells. Steroids. 57 4: 167–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JC, Hof A, Alvarenga M. 2000. Serum lipids and their relationships with hostility and angry affect and behaviors in men. Health Psychol. 19 4: 393–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosalki SB, Tarlow D. 1974. Optimized determination of gamma-glutamyltransferase by reaction-rate analysis. Clin Chem. 20 9: 1121–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R. 1999. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 340 2: 115–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz de Gordoa JC, Santafé J, Segarra Domenech J, Santisteban A. 1994. Modification of rat plasma lipoproteins induced by acute immobilization stress. Psychosom Med. 56 6: 486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo DC, Pacifici RE, Lin SW, Giulivi C, Davies KJ. 1990. Superoxide dismutase undergoes proteolysis and fragmentation following oxidative modification and inactivation. J Biol Chem. 265 20: 11919–11927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Yamamoto H, Sawada N, Nashiki K, Tsuji M, Muto K, Kume H, Sasaki H, Arai H, Nikawa T, Taketani Y, Takeda E. 2006. Restraint stress alters the duodenal expression of genes important for lipid metabolism in rat. Toxicology. 227 3: 248–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal HL, Beattie DS, Hopper S. 1962. Purification and properties of liver glutamic-alanine transaminase from normal and corticoid-treated rats. J Biol Chem. 237 6: 1914–1920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen P, Maiti PC, Puri S, Ray A, Audulov NA, Valdman AV. 1992. Mechanisms of anti-stress activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn, eugenol and Tinospora malabarica in experimental animals. Ind J Exp Biol. 30 7: 592–596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shivanandappa T, Venkatesh S. 1997. A colorimetric assay method for 3beta-hydroxy delta5-steroid dehydrogenase. Anal Biochem. 254 1: 57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shively CA, Clarkson TB, Kaplan JR. 1989. Social deprivation and coronary artery atherosclerosis in female cynomolgus monkey. Atherosclerosis. 77 1: 69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater AF, Nobel CS, Maellaro E, Bustamante J, Kimland M, Orrenius S. 1995. Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis. Biochem J. 306 Pt 3: 771–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling P. 2004. Principles of allostasis: Optimal design, predictive, regulation, pathophysiology and rational therapeutics. Cambridge: Cambridge University press1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Tappel AL. 1978. Glutathione peroxidase and hydroperoxidase. Methods Enzymol. 52:506–513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. 2002. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendrocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res. 53 4: 865–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witztum JL, Steinberg D. 1991. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J Clin Invest. 88 6: 1785–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafir A, Banu N. 2009. Induction of oxidative stress by restraint stress and corticosterone treatments in rats. Ind J Biochem Biophys. 46 1: 53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zardooz H, Asl SZ, Naseri MKG, Hedayati M. 2006. Effect of chronic restraint stress on carbohydrate metabolism in rat. Physiol Behav. 89 3: 373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar