34
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Are Stimulants Overprescribed for Youths with ADHD?

Pages 55-62 | Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • Report of the Conference on the Use of Stimulant Drugs in the Treatment of Behaviorally Disturbed Young School Children: Psychopharmacol Bull 1971; 7:23–29
  • Gibbs NC: The age of Ritalin. Time 11/30/98; 152(22):86–96
  • DeGrandpre R: Ritalin Nation. New York: Norton; 1999
  • Diller, L: Running with Ritalin. New York: Bantam Books; 1998
  • Walker Sr The Hyperactivity Hoax. New York: St. Martin's Press; 1998
  • Breggin PR: Brain Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry. New York: Springer; 1997
  • Vatz RE, Weinberg LS: Overreacting to attention deficit dis-order. USAToday Jan 1995; 123:84–85
  • Debriotner RK, Hart A: Moving Beyond ADD/ADHD. Chi-cago, IL: Contemporary Books; 1995
  • Armstrong T: The Myth of the ADD Child. New York: Plume; 1997
  • Citizens Commission on Human Rights: Ritalin: A Warning to Parents. Los Angeles, CA: Church of Scientology; 1987
  • Feussner G: Diversion, trafficking, and abuse of methylpheni-date [abstract]. Presented at the NIH Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Bethesda, MD; 1998:201–204
  • ADHD Task Force: Final Report of the Virginia Department of Education, Health Professions, Mental Health, Mental Re-tardation and Substance Abuse Services on the Effects of the Use of Methylphenidate to the Governor and General Assembly of Virginia. House Document No. 28; Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia; 1991
  • Kelleher KJ, Hohman AA, Larson DB: Prescription of psy-chotropics to children in office-based practice. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143:855–859
  • Zito JM, Safer DJ, Riddle MA, Johnson RE, Speedie SM, Fox M: Prevalence variations in psychotropic treatment of children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1998; 8:99–105
  • Hoagwood K: A national perspective on treatment and ser-vices for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [abstract]. Presented at the NIH Consensus Conference: Diag-nosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disor-der. Bethesda, MD; 1998:211–219
  • Copeland L, Wolraich M, Lindgren 5, Milich R, Woolson R: Pediatricians' reported practices in the assessment and treatment of attention deficit disorders. J Dev Behav Pediat 1987; 8:191–197
  • Wolraich ML, Lindgren S, Stromquist A, Milich R, Davis C, Watson D: Stimulant medication use by primary care physi-cians in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disor-der. Pediatrics 1990; 86:95–101
  • Kwasman A, Tinsley BJ, Lepper HS: Pediatricians' knowl-edge and attitudes concerning diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149:1211–1216
  • Gadow KD: School involvement in pharmacotherapy for be-havior disorders. J Spec Ed 1982; 16:385–399
  • Costello EJ, Janiszewski S: Who gets treated? Factors associ-ated with referral in children with psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 81:523–529
  • Safer DJ, Zito JM: Stimulant treatment in Maryland public schools. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston; 1999
  • Gjone H, Stevenson J. Sundet JM: Genetic influence on par-ent-reported attention-related problems in a Norwegian gen-eral population twin sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psy-chiatry 1996; 35:588–596
  • Thapar A, Holmes J, Poulton K, Harrington R: Genetic basis of attention deficit and hyperactivity. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174:105–111
  • The MTA cooperative group: A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:1073–1086
  • Du Paul GJ, Barkley RA, Connor DF: Stimulants. In: RA Barkley RA. ed. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford; 1998:510–551
  • Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ: Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. JAMA 1998; 279:1100–1107
  • Maurer K: Ritalin abuse on the rise among teenagers. Clin Psychiatry News 1996; 24(4):5
  • Maryland State Department of Education: Percent of studentsreporting substance use by grade level and time period. 1996 Maryland Adolescent Survey. Baltimore, MD: Author; 1997
  • Grabowski J, Roache JD, Schmitz JM, Rhoades H, Creson D, Korszun A: Replacement medication for cocaine dependence: Methylphenidate. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17:485–488
  • Safer DJ, Zito JM, Fine EM: Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit disorder in the 1990's. Pediatrics 1996; 98:1084–1088
  • Morrow RC, Morrow AL, Haislip G: Methylphenidate in the United States, 1990 through 1995. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:1121
  • Safer DJ, Krager JM: A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive children. JAMA 1988; 260:2256–2258
  • Safer DJ, Krager JM: Trends in medication therapy for hyper-activity: National and international perspectives. In: Gadow KD, ed. Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press: 1984:125–149
  • Simeon JG, Wiggins DM, Williams E: World wide use of psychotropic drugs in child and adolescent psychiatric disor-ders: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 1995; 19:455–465
  • Minde K: The use of psychotropic medication in preschoolers: Some recent developments. Can J Psychiat 1998; 43:571–593
  • Rasmussen F, Smedby B: Life table methods applied to the use of medical care and of prescription drugs in early childhood. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1989; 43:140–146
  • Phillipi RH: Attention-deficit disorders among TennCare en-rollees: A report of prevalence and medication. Internal memo. Bureau of TennCare, Department of Health, State of Tennessee; 1998
  • Zito JM, Safer DJ, dos Reis S, Gardner JF: Trends in psy-chotropic prescriptions for youths Medicaid insurance from a midwestern state: 1987-1995. Presented at the 38th annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Program, Boca Raton, FL; 1998
  • Zito JM, Safer DJ, dos Reis S, Gardner JF, Boles M, Lynch F: Psychotropic medication trends in preschoolers. In press, JAMA, 1999
  • dos Reis S, Zito JM, Safer DJ, Soeken K: Parental knowledge, attitudes and satisfaction with medication for children with attention deficit disorder [abstract]. Presented at the 15th annual meeting of the Association for Health Services Re-search, Washington, D.C.; 1998:315
  • Pelham WE, Wheeler T, Chronis A: Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for ADHD. J Clin Child Psychol 1998; 27:189–204
  • Hinshaw SP: Attention Deficits and Hyperactivity in Children. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1994
  • Safer DJ: ADHD: Some problematic consequences of com-bining inattention with hyperactivity [abstract]. Presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Anaheim, CA. 1998:89
  • Henry B, Moffitt TB, Caspi A, Langley J, Silva PA: On the 'remembrance of things past.' Psychol Assessment 1994; 6:92–101
  • Barkley RA: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 1998
  • Lambert NM, Sandoval J, Sassone D: Prevalence of hyperac-tivity in elementary school as a function of social system de-finers. Am J Orthopsychiat 1999; 48:446–463
  • Gomez R, Harvey J, Quick C, Scharer I, Harris G: DSM-IV AD/HD: Confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children. J Child Psychol Psychiat 1999; 40:265–274
  • Achenbach TM, McConaughy SH, Howell CT: Child/adoles-cent behavioral and emotional problems. Psychol Bull 1987; 101:213–232
  • Barbaresi NJ, Olsen RD: An ADHD educational intervention for elementary school teachers. J Dev Behav Pediat 1998; 19:94–100
  • Gadow KD: Pharmacotherapy for behavior disorders. Clin Pediat 1983; 22:48–53
  • Jerome L, Gordon M, Hustler P: A comparison of American and Canadian teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards at-tention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Can J Psychiat 1994; 39:563–567
  • Jensen PS, Xenakis SN, Shervette RE, Bain MV, Davis H: Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit disorder in two general hospital clinics. Hosp Commun Psychiat 1989; 40:708–712
  • Goldberg ID, Roghmann KJ, McInerny TK, Burke JD: Men-tal health problems among children seen in a pediatric prac-tice. Pediatrics 1984; 73:278–293
  • Adkins MS, Pelham WE, Licht MH: A comparison of objec-tive classroom measures and teacher ratings of attention defi-cit disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985; 13:155–167
  • Landgren M, Kjellman B, Gillberg C: Attention deficit disor-der with developmental coordination disorders. Arch Dis Child 1998; 79:207–212
  • Marcotte AC, Thacher PV, Butters M, Bortz J, Acebo C, Carskadon MA: Parental report of sleep problems in children with attentional and learning problems. J Dev Behav Pediat 1998; 19:178–186
  • Wilens T, Biederman J, Spenser T: Clonidine for sleep distur-bances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disor-der. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:424–426
  • Ferris TG, Saglam D, Stafford RS, Causino N, Starfield B, Culpepper L, Blumenthal D: Changes in the daily practice of primary care for children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152:227–233
  • Epstein MA, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Woolston IL: The boundaries of attention deficit disorder. J Learn Disabil 1991; 24:78–86
  • Bussing R, Zima BT, Belin TR: Variations in ADHD treat-ment among special education students. .1 Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:968–976
  • Pelham WE: Psychosocial interventions [abstract]. Presented at the NIH Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Bethesda, MD; 1998:123–125
  • Weiss, G, Hechtman L: Hyperactive Children Grown Up, 2nd ed., New York: Guilford; 1993
  • Hinshaw SP, Klein RG, Abikoff H: Childhood attention defi-cit hyperactivity disorder: Nonpharmacological and combina-tion treatments. In: Nelson PE, Gorman JM, eds. A Guide to Treatments That Work. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998:26–41
  • Weiss G, Kruger E, Danielson U, Elman M: Effect of long-term treatment of hyperactive children with methylphenidate. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 112:159–165
  • Charles L, Schain R: A four year follow-up study of the effects of methylphenidate on the behavior and academic achievement of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981; 9:495–505
  • Barkley RA, Anastopoulas AD, Guevremont DC, Fletcher KE: Adolescents with ADHD: Patterns of behavioral adjust-ment, academic functioning and treatment utilization. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30:752–761
  • Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L: The ado-lescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by re-search criteria. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29:546–557
  • Angold A, Costello EJ: Stimulant medication: A general pop-ulation perspective. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33:469 [ab-stract]
  • Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, Guite .1, Mike E, Chen L, Mennin D, Marrs A: A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 437–446
  • Wolraich ML, Hannah JN, Baumgaertel A, Feurer ID: Exami-nation of DSM-1V criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. J Dev Behav Pediat 1998; 19:162–168
  • Wolraich ML, Hannah JN, Pinnock TY, Baumgaertel A, Brown J: Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-defi-cit hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:319–324
  • Bowen J, Fenton T, Rappaport L: Stimulant medication and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Am J Dis Child 1991; 145:291–295
  • Hazell PL, McDowell MJ, Walton JM: Management of chil-dren prescribed psychostimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Hunter region of NSW. Med J Aust 1996; 165:477–480

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.