References
- Tandon R, Jibson MD: Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsy-chotic treatment: Scope of problem and impact on outcome. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2002; 14(2):123–129
- Caro JJ, Ward A, Levinton C, et al.: The risk of diabetes during olanzapine use compared with risperidone use: A retrospective database analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:1135–1139
- Fuller MA, Shermock KM, Secic M, et al.: Comparative study of the development of diabetes mellitus in patients taking risperi-done and olanzapine. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23(8):1037–1043
- Gianfrancesco F, White R, Wang R, et al.: Antipsychotic-induced type 2 diabetes: Evidence from a large health plan database. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23: 328–335
- Komegay CJ, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick H: Incident diabetes associated with antipsychotic use in the United Kingdom general practice research database. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:758–762
- Koro CE, Fedder DO, L'Italien GJ, et al.: Assessment of indepen-dent effect of olanzapine and risperidone on risk of diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: Population based nested case-contol study. BMJ 2002; 325:243–247
- Sernyak MJ, Leslie DL, Alarcon RD, et al.: Association of diabe-tes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:561–566
- Allison DB, Mentore IL, Moonseon H, et al.: Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1686–1696
- Mir S, Taylor D: Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycemia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16:63–74
- Liebzeit KA, Markowitz JS, Caley CF: New onset diabetes and atypical antipsychotics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11:25–32
- Braithwaite SS, Barr WG, Rahman A, Quddusi S: Managing dia-betes during corticosteroid therapy: How to avoid metabolic emergencies. Postgrad Med 1998; 104(5):163–177
- Faul JL, Tormey W, Tormey V, et al.: High dose inhaled corticos-teroids and dose dependent loss of diabetic control. BMJ 1998; 317:1491
- Lohr KM: Precipitation of hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetes on alternate-day corticosteroid therapy. JAMA 1984; 252:628
- Pierce LE, O'Brien JJ: Hyperglycemic coma associated with cor-ticosteroid therapy. 1VY J Med 1969; 69:1785–1787
- Delaunay F, Khan A, Cintra A, et al.: Pancreatic 13 cells are important targets for the diabetogenic effects of corticosteroids. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2094–2098
- McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R: Effects of corticosteroids on car-bohydrate metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4:17–30
- Hoogwerf B, Danese RD: Drug selection and the management of corticosteroid-related diabetes mellitus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1999; 25(3):489–505
- Dixon L, Weiden P. Delahanty J, Goldberg R, Postrado L, Lucksted A, Lehman A: Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizo-phrenia samples. Schizophr Bull 2001; 26(4):903–912
- Etmina M, Streiner DL, Rochon PA: Exploring the association between atypical neuroleptic agents and diabetes mellitus in older adults. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23(11):1411–1415
- The Pharmacy Benefits Management Strategic Healthcare Group [Department of Veteran Affairs Website]: Available at: http://vaww.pbm.med.va.govinatform/vaclass.htm.AccessedNovember 2,2002
- Lamoreauz J: The organizational structure for medical information management in the Department of Veterans Affairs: An overview of major health care databases. Med Care 1996; 34(suppl):MS31–45
- Beattie MC, Swindle RW, Tomko LA, et al.: Department of Veterans Affairs Databases Resource Guide: Volume II: Patient Treatment FileM. HSR&D Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center CA: Palo Alto, 1996
- Allison PD: Estimating Cox Regression Models with PROC PHREG. In: Survival Analysis Using the SAS System, Fourth ed. Cary: SAS Institute, Inc, 2000:111–184
- Gianfrancesco FD, Grogg AL, Mahmoud RA, et al.: Differential effects of risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and conventional antipsychotics on type 2 diabetes: Findings from a large health plan database. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 920–930
- Toalson P. Ahmed S, Hardy T, et al.: The Metabolic syndrome in patients with severe mental illnesses. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 6(4):152–158
- Katz MH, Hauck WW: Proportional hazards (Cox) regression. J G Intern Med 1993; 8:702–711
- Leslie DI, Rosenheck RA: Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes attributable to atypical antipsychotic medications. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1709–1711
- Rosenthal GE, Kaboli PJ, Barnett MJ: Differences in length of stay in Veterans Health Administration and other United States hospitals: Is the gap closing? Med Care 2003; 41(8): 882–894
- Kaboli PJ, Barnett MJ, Fuehrer SM, Rosenthal GE: Length of stay as a source of bias in comparing performance in VA and private sector facilities: Lessons learned from a regional evaluation of intensive care outcomes. Med Care 2001; 39(9): 1014–1024
- Lamers LM: Health-based risk adjustment: Is inpatient and outpatient diagnostic information sufficient? Inquiry 2001; 38:423–431
- Iezzoni LI: The risks of risk adjustment. JAMA 1997; 278: 1600–1607
- Kaboli PJ, McClimon B, Hoth A, Barnett MJ: Assessing the accu-racy of computerized medication history in VA patients. Am J Man Care 2004; 11\(part 2):872–877
- Kashner TM, Muller A, Richter E, et al.: Private health insurance and veterans use of Veterans Affairs care. Med Care 1998; 36: 1085–1097
- Borowsky SJ, Cowper DC: Dual use of VA and non-VA primary care. J Gen Intern Med 1999; 14:274–280