3
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Current Patterns and Future Directions in the Treatment of Insomnia

&
Pages 31-40 | Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T: Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. Sleep 1999; 22 Suppl 2:5347–S353.
  • Janson C, Lindberg E, Gislason T, Elmasry A, Boman G: Insomnia in men-a 10-year prospective population based study. Sleep 2001; 24:425–430.
  • Ohayon MM, Roth T: Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2003; 37:9–15.
  • Leger D, Guilleminault C, Dreyfus JP, Delahaye C, Paillard M: Prevalence of insomnia in a survey of 12,778 adults in France. J Sleep Res 2000; 9:35–42.
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, III, Kupfer DJ, Thorpy MJ, Bixler E, Manfredi R, Kales A, Vgontzas A, Stepanski E, Roth T: Clinical diagnoses in 216 insomnia patients using the International Classi-fication of Sleep Disorders (ICSD), DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories: a report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV Field Trial. Sleep 1994; 17:630–637.
  • Katz DA, McHorney CA: Clinical correlates of insomnia in patients with chronic illness. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:1099–1107.
  • Simon GE, VonKorff M: Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1417–1423.
  • Shochat T, Umphress J, Israel AG, Ancoli-Israel S: Insomnia in primary care patients. Sleep 1999; 22 Suppl 2:S359–S365.
  • Kushida CA, Nichols DA, Simon RD, Young T, Grauke JH, Brit-zmann JB, Hyde PR, Dement WC: Symptom-based prevalence of sleep disorders in an adult primary care population. Sleep Breath 2000; 4:9–14.
  • Hatoum HT, Kania CM, Kong SX, Wong JM, Mendelson WB: Prevalence of insomnia: a survey of the enrollees at five managed care organizations. Am J Manag Care 1998; 4:79–86.
  • Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD, Healey S: Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Am J Psychiatry 1979; 136:1257–1262.
  • Zeitlhofer J, Rieder A, Kapfhammer G, Bolitschek J, Skrobal A, Holzinger B, Lechner H, Saletu B, Kunze M: Epidemiology of sleep disorders in Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1994; 106:86–88.
  • Hyyppa MT, Kronholm E, Alanen E: Quality of sleep during eco-nomic recession in Finland: a longitudinal cohort study. Soc Sci Med 1997; 45:731–738.
  • Hohagen F, Kappler C, Schramm E, Riemann D, Weyerer S, Berger M: Sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintaining insomnia and insomnia with early morning awakening-temporal stability of subtypes in a longitudinal study on general practice attenders. Sleep 1994; 17:551–554.
  • McCall WV: A psychiatric perspective on insomnia. J Clin Psy-chiatry 2001; 62 Suppl 10:27–32.
  • Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee: International Clas-sification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD): Diagnostic and coding manual. Rochester, MN: American Sleep Disorders Association; 1990.
  • American Psychiatric Association: Sleep disorders. In: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2000: 597–661.
  • Reite M, Ruddy J, Nagel K: Insomnia complaints. In: Concise guide to evaluation and management of sleep disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 1997: 47–112.
  • McCall WV: Management of primary sleep disorders among elderly persons. Psychiatr Serv 1995; 46:49–55.
  • Rosa RR, Bonnet MH: Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography. Psychosom Med 2000; 62:474–482.
  • Riedel BW, Lichstein KL: Objective sleep measures and subjec-tive sleep satisfaction: how do older adults with insomnia define a good night's sleep? Psychol Aging 1998; 13:159–163.
  • Katz DA, McHorney CA: The relationship between insomnia and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic illness. J Fam Pract 2002; 51:229–235.
  • Ohayon MM, Zulley J: Correlates of global sleep dissatisfaction in the German population. Sleep 2001; 24:780–787.
  • Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC: Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:651–668.
  • Strang P: Emotional and social aspects of cancer pain. Acta Oncol 1992; 31:323–326.
  • Dorrepaal KL, Aaronson NK, van Dam FS: Pain experience and pain management among hospitalized cancer patients. A clinical study. Cancer 1989; 63:593–598.
  • Factor SA, McAlamey T, Sanchez-Ramos JR, Weiner WJ: Sleep disorders and sleep effect in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1990; 5:280–285.
  • Gislason T, Almqvist M: Somatic diseases and sleep complaints. An epidemiological study of 3,201 Swedish men. Acta Med Scand 1987; 221:475–481.
  • Morin CM: Measuring outcomes in randomized clinical trials of insomnia treatments. Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7:263–279.
  • National Sleep Foundation: Sleep in America: 1995 Gallup Poll. 1999.
  • Baiter MB, Uhlenhuth EH: The beneficial and adverse effects of hypnotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52 Supp1:16–23.
  • Roth T, Ancoli-Israel S: Daytime consequences and correlates of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. II. Sleep 1999; 22 Suppl 2:5354–S358.
  • Bonnet MH, Arand DL: 24-Hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep 1995; 18:581–588.
  • Mendelson WB, Garnett D, Gillin JC, Weingartner H: The experi-ence of insomnia and daytime and nighttime functioning. Psychi-atry Res 1984; 12:235–250.
  • Ford DE, Kamerow DB: Epidemiologic study of sleep distur-bances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? JAMA 1989; 262:1479–1484.
  • Schweitzer PK, Muehlbach MJ, Walsh JK: Countermeasures for night work performance deficits: The effect of napping or caffeine on continuous performance at night. Work and Stress 1992; 6: 355–365.
  • Kuppermann M, Lubeck DP, Mazonson PD, Patrick DL, Stewart AL, Buesching DP, Fifer SK: Sleep problems and their correlates in a working population. J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10:25–32.
  • Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Philip P, Guilleminault C, Priest RG: How sleep and mental disorders are related to complaints of day-time sleepiness. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:2645–2652.
  • Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Dalton DS, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM: Prevalence of sleep problems and quality of life in an older population. Sleep 2002; 25:889–893.
  • Zammit GK, Weiner J, Damato N, Sillup GP, McMillan CA: Quality of life in people with insomnia. Sleep 1999; 22 Suppl 2: S379–S385.
  • Chang PP, Ford DE, Mead LA, Cooper-Patrick L, Klag MJ: Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression. The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146:105–114.
  • Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L, Andreski P: Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39:411–418.
  • Perlis ML, Giles DE, Buysse DJ, Tu X, Kupfer DJ: Self-reported sleep disturbance as a prodromal symptom in recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 1997; 42:209–212.
  • Richardson GS, Roth T: Future directions in the management of insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 Suppl 10:39–45.
  • Thase ME, Simons AD, Reynolds CF, III: Abnormal electroen-cephalographic sleep profiles in major depression: association with response to cognitive behavior therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:99–108.
  • Agargun MY, Kara H, Solmaz M: Sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:249–251.
  • Brunello N, Armitage R, Feinberg I, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Leger D, Linkowski P. Mendelson WB, Racagni G, Saletu B, Sharpley AL, Turek F, Van Cauter E, Mendlewicz J: Depression and sleep disorders: clinical relevance, economic burden and pharmacologi-cal treatment. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 42:107–119.
  • Mallon L, Broman JE, Hetta J: Sleep complaints predict coro-nary artery disease mortality in males: a 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged Swedish population. J Intern Med 2002; 251: 207-216. S 54–S63.
  • Hajak G: Insomnia in primary care. Sleep 2000; 23 Suppl 3: S54–S63.
  • Namen AM, Landry SH, Case LD, McCall WV, Dunagan DP, Haponik EF: Sleep histories are seldom documented on a general medical service. South Med J2001; 94:874–879.
  • National Sleep Foundation: 2002 Sleep in America Poll. 2002: 1–43.
  • Walsh JK, Engelhardt CL: The direct economic costs of insomnia in the United States for 1995. Sleep 1999; 22 Suppl 2:S386–S393.
  • Krystal AD, Walsh JK, Laska E, Caron J, Amato DA, Wessel TC, Roth T: Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over six months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 2003; 26:793–799.
  • National Institutes of Health: Consensus conference. Drugs and insomnia. The use of medications to promote sleep. JAMA 1984; 251:2410–2414.
  • Physicians' Desk Reference: 57th edition ed. Montvale, NJ: Medi-cal Economics, Inc; 2003. 49. Hajak G: Insomnia in primary care. Sleep 2000; 23 Suppl 3: in primary care. Sleep 2000; 23 Suppl 3:
  • Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Abernethy DR: Drug therapy. Current status of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 354–358.
  • Roehrs T, Pedrosi B, Rosenthal L, Roth T: Hypnotic self adminis-tration and dose escalation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 127:150–154.
  • Roehrs T, Bonahoom A, Pedrosi B, Rosenthal L, Roth T: Treat-ment regimen and hypnotic self-administration. Psychopharma-cology(Berl) 2001; 155:11–17.
  • Roehrs T, Bonahoom A, Pedrosi B, Zorick F, Roth T: Nighttime versus daytime hypnotic self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 161:137–142.
  • Oswald LM, Roache JD, Rhoades HM: Predictors of individual differences in alprazolam self-medication. Exp Clin Psychophar-macol 1999; 7:379–390.
  • Benca RM: Consequences of insomnia and its therapies. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 Suppl 10:33–38.
  • Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Bayen UJ, Riedel BW: Primary ver-sus secondary insomnia in older adults: subjective sleep and day-time functioning. Psychol Aging 2001; 16:264–271.
  • Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK: Ten-year trends in the pharmacological treatment of insomnia. Sleep 1999; 22:371–375.
  • Morin CM, Hauri PJ, Espie CA, Spielman AJ, Buysse DJ, Bootzin RR: Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 1999; 22:1134–1156.
  • Smith MT, Perlis ML, Park A, Smith MS, Pennington J, Giles DE, Buysse DJ: Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:5–11.
  • Milby JB, Williams V, Hall JN, Khuder S, McGill T, Wooten V: Effectiveness of combined triazolam-behavioral therapy for pri-mary insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1259–1260.
  • Edinger JD, Sampson WS: A primary care "friendly" cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy. Sleep 2003; 26:177–182.
  • McGee M, Pies R: Benzodiazepines in primary practice: risks and benefits. Resident & Staff Physician Physician 2002; 48:42–50.
  • Salzman C, Freeman SA: Benefits versus risks of benzodiaz-epines. Psychiatric Annals 1998; 28:139–141.
  • Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D: Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ 2000; 162:225–233.
  • Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, Jamieson A, Mahowald M, Regestein Q, Scharf M, Tigel P, Vogel G, Ware JC: Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSMIII-R primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharm 1998; 13:191–198.
  • Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Abu-Bakr MH, Anderer P. Semler B, Decker K, Parapatics S, Tschida U, Winkler A, Saletu B: Insomnia related to dysthymia: polysomnographic and psychometric com-parison with normal controls and acute therapeutic trials with tra-zodone. Neuropsychobiology 2001; 44:139–149.
  • Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Abu-Bakr MH, Anderer P. Gruber G, Mandl M, Strobl R, Gollner D, Prause W, Saletu B: Insomnia in depression: differences in objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality to normal controls and acute effects of traz-odone. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26: 249–260.
  • Scharf MB, Sachais BA: Sleep laboratory evaluation of the effects and efficacy of trazodone in depressed insomniac patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 Supp1:13–17.
  • Scharf MB, Roth T, Vogel GW, Walsh JK: A multicenter, placebo-controlled study evaluating zolpidem in the treatment of chronic insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:192–199.
  • Pies RW: Dose-related sensory distortions with zolpidem. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:35–36.
  • Hajak G, Cluydts R, Declerck A, Estivill SE, Middleton A, Sonka K, Unden M: Continuous versus non-nightly use of zolpidem in chronic insomnia: results of a large-scale, double-blind, random-ized, outpatient study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17:9–17.
  • Rush CR, Baker RW, Wright K: Acute behavioral effects and abuse potential of trazodone, zolpidem and triazolam in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 144:220–233.
  • Hedner J, Yaeche R, Emilien G, Farr I, Salinas E: Zaleplon short-ens subjective sleep latency and improves subjective sleep quality in elderly patients with insomnia. The Zaleplon Clinical Investi-gator Study Group. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15:704–712.
  • Dooley M, Plosker GL: Zaleplon: a review of its use in the treat-ment of insomnia. Drugs 2000; 60:413–445.
  • Elie R, Ruther E, Fan- I, Emilien G, Salinas E: Sleep latency is shortened during 4 weeks of treatment with zaleplon, a novel non-benzodiazepine hypnotic. Zaleplon Clinical Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:536–544.
  • Fry J, Scharf M, Mangano R, Fujimori M: Zaleplon improves sleep without producing rebound effects in outpatients with insomnia. Zaleplon Clinical Study Group. Int Clin Psychophar-macol 2000; 15:141–152.
  • Rickels K, Morris RJ, Newman H, Rosenfeld H, Schiller H, Weinstock R: Diphenhydramine in insomniac family practice patients: a double-blind study. J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 23: 234–242.
  • Kudo Y, Kurihara M: Clinical evaluation of diphenhydramine hydrochloride for the treatment of insomnia in psychiatric patients: a double-blind study. J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30: 1041–1048.
  • Richardson GS, Roehrs TA, Rosenthal L, Koshorek G, Roth T: Tolerance to daytime sedative effects of H1 antihistamines. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22:511–515.
  • Londborg PD, Smith WT, Glaudin V, Painter JR: Short-term cotherapy with clonazepam and fluoxetine: anxiety, sleep distur-bance and core symptoms of depression. J Affect Disord 2000; 61:73–79.
  • Levitan RD, Shen JH, Jindal R, Driver HS, Kennedy SH, Shapiro CM: Preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tryptophan combined with fluoxetine to treat major depressive disorder: antidepressant and hypnotic effects. J Psy-chiatry Neurosci 2000; 25:337–346.
  • Nowlin-Finch NL, Altshuler LL, Szuba MP, Mintz J: Rapid reso-lution of first episodes of mania: sleep related? J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:26–29.
  • Malkoff-Schwartz S, Frank E, Anderson B, Sherrill JT, Siegel L, Patterson D, Kupfer DJ: Stressful life events and social rhythm disruption in the onset of manic and depressive bipolar epi-sodes: a preliminary investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:702–707.
  • Wehr TA: Sleep-loss as a possible mediator of diverse causes of mania. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:576–578.
  • Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Lauter SA, Hilliker NA, Schweitzer PK: Effects of tfiazolam on sleep, daytime sleepiness, and morning stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23:245–252.
  • James DS: Survey of hypnotic drug use in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33:436–439.
  • Meuleman JR, Nelson RC, Clark RL, Jr.: Evaluation of temazepam and diphenhydramine as hypnotics in a nursing-
  • Gengo FM, Gabos C, Mechtler L: Quantitative effects of cetiriz-ine and diphenhydramine on mental performance measured using
  • Sexton JD, Pronchik DJ: Diphenhydramine-induced psychosis with therapeutic doses. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15:548–549.
  • Lessard E, Yessine MA, Hamelin BA, Gauvin C, Labbe L, O–Hara G, LeBlanc J, Turgeon J: Diphenhydramine alters the disposition of venlafaxine through inhibition of CYP2D6 activity in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21:175–184.
  • Wing YK: Herbal treatment of insomnia. Hong Kong Med J2001; 7:392–402.
  • Pies R: Adverse neuropsychiatric reactions to herbal and over-the-counter "antidepressants". J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:815–820.
  • Elie R, Lavoie G, Bourgouin J, Le Morvan P: Zopiclone versus flurazepam in insomnia: prolonged administration and with-
  • Melo de Paula AJ: Comparative study of lormetazepam and flurazepam in the treatment of insomnia. Clin Ther 1984; 6:
  • Hernandez LR, Del Rosal PL, Ponce MC: Short-term study of quazepam 15 milligrams in the treatment of insomnia. J Int Med
  • Cohn JB, Wilcox CS, Bremner J, Ettinger M: Hypnotic efficacy of estazolam compared with flurazepam in outpatients with insomnia. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:747–750.
  • Aden GC, Thatcher C: Quazepam in the short-term treatment of
  • Juhl RP, Daugherty VM, Kroboth PD: Incidence of next-day anterograde amnesia caused by flurazepam hydrochloride and triazolam. Clin Pharm 1984; 3:622–625.
  • Ponciano E, Freitas F, Camara J, Faria M, Barreto M, Hindmarch I: A comparison of the efficacy, tolerance and residual effects of zopiclone, flurazepam and placebo in insomniac outpatients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5 Suppl 2:69–77.
  • Scharf MB, Fletcher K, Graham JP: Comparative amnestic effects of benzodiazepine hypnotic agents. J Clin Psychiatry 1988; 49:134–137.
  • Johnson LC, Chernik DA, Hauri P: A multicenter 14-day study of flurazepam and midazolam in chronic insomniacs: general discussion and conclusions. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:76S–90S.
  • Judd LL, Ellinwood E, McAdams LA: Cognitive performance and mood in patients with chronic insomnia during 14-day use of flurazepam and midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10: 56S–67S.
  • Moskowitz H, Linnoila M, Roehrs T: Psychomotor performance in chronic insomniacs during 14-day use of flurazepam and midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:44S–55S.
  • Ngen CC, Hassan R: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zopiclone 7.5 mg and temazepam 20 mg in insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5: 165–171.
  • Rickets K, Schweizer E, Case WG, Greenblatt DJ: Long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. I. Effects of abrupt discon-tinuation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:899–907.
  • Fleming JA, McClure DJ, Mayes C, Phillips R, Bourgouin J: A comparison of the efficacy, safety and withdrawal effects of zopiclone and triazolam in the treatment of insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5 Suppl 2:29–37.
  • Scharf MB: Feasibility of an every-other-night regimen in insom-niac patients: subjective hypnotic effectiveness of quazepam, tria-zolam, and placebo. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54:33–38.
  • Cumming RG, Miller JP, Kelsey IL, Davis P, Arfken CL, Birge SJ, Peck WA: Medications and multiple falls in elderly people: the St Louis OASIS study. Age Ageing 1991; 20:455–461.
  • Ray WA, Griffin MR, Schaffner W, Baugh DK, Melton LJ, III: Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:363–369.
  • Allen RP, Mendels J, Nevins DB, Chernik DA, Hoddes E: Effi-cacy without tolerance or rebound insomnia for midazolam and temazepam after use for one to three months. J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 27:768–775.
  • Walsh JK, Pollak CP, Scharf MB, Schweitzer PK, Vogel GW: Lack of residual sedation following middle-of-the-night zaleplon administration in sleep maintenance insomnia. Clin Neurophar-macol 2000; 23:17–21.
  • Ware JC, Walsh JK, Scharf MB, Roehrs T, Roth T, Vogel GW: Minimal rebound insomnia after treatment with 10-mg zolpidem. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997; 20:116–125.
  • Terzano MG, Rossi M, Palomba V, Smerieri A, Parrino L: New drugs for insomnia: comparative tolerability of zopiclone, zol-pidem and zaleplon. Drug Saf 2003; 26:261–282.
  • Wagner J, Wagner ML: Non-benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4:551–581.
  • Rush CR, Griffiths RR: Zolpidem, triazolam, and temazepam: behavioral and subject-rated effects in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16:146–157.
  • Hajak G, Muller WE, Wittchen HU, Pittrow D, Kirch W: Abuse and dependence potential for the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zopiclone: a review of case reports and epidemio-logical data. Addiction 2003; 98:1371–1378.
  • Ancoli-Israel S, Richardson GS, Mangano RM: Long-term expo-sure to zaleplon is safe and effective in younger-elderly and older-elderly patients with primary insomnia. Sleep 2003; 26:A77.
  • Kummer J, Guendel L, Linden J, Eich FX, Attali P. Coquelin JP, Kyrein HJ: Long-term polysomnographic study of the efficacy and safety of zolpidem in elderly psychiatric in-patients with insomnia. J Int Med Res 1993; 21:171–184.
  • IMS Health: National Prescription Audit Ph' . 2002.
  • Blacker R, Shanks NJ, Chapman N, Davey A: The drug treat-ment of depression in general practice: a comparison of nocte administration of trazodone with mianserin, dothiepin and ami-triptyline. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988; 95 Suppl:518–S24.
  • Davey A: A comparison of two oral dosage regimens of 150 mg trazodone in the treatment of depression in general practice. Psy-chopharmacology (Berl) 1988; 95 Suppl:S25–S30.
  • Moon CA, Davey A: The efficacy and residual effects of traz-odone (150 mg nocte) and mianserin in the treatment of depressed general practice patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988; 95 Suppl:S7–S13.
  • Mashiko H, Niwa S, Kumashiro H, Kaneko Y, Suzuki S, Numata Y, Horikoshi R, Watanabe Y: Effect of trazodone in a single dose before bedtime for sleep disorders accompanied by a depressive state: dose-finding study with no concomitant use of hypnotic agent. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 53:193–194.
  • Mouret J, Lemoine P. Minuit MP, Benkelfat C, Renardet M: Effects of trazodone on the sleep of depressed subjectsa polygraphic study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988; 95 Suppl:S37–S43.
  • van Bemmel AL, Havermans RG, van Diest R: Effects of traz-odone on EEG sleep and clinical state in major depression. Psy-chopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 107:569–574.
  • Montgomery I, Oswald I, Morgan K, Adam K: Trazodone enhances sleep in subjective quality but not in objective dura-tion. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16:139–144.
  • Maxmen JS: Antidepressants. In: Psychotropic Drugs: Fast Facts. New York: W.W. Norton & Company; 1991: 57–97.
  • Bucknall C, Brooks D, Curry PV, Bridges PK, Bourns N, Ankier SI: Mianserin and trazodone for cardiac patients with depression. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 33:565–569.
  • Warner MD, Peabody CA, Whiteford HA, Hollister LE: Trazodone and priapism. J Clin Psychiatry 1987; 48:244–245.
  • Rausch JL, Pavlinac DM, Newman PE: Complete heart block following a single dose of trazodone. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141:1472–1473.
  • Mathias S, Wetter TC, Steiger A, Lancet M: The GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine promotes slow wave sleep in normal elderly subjects. Neurobiol Aging. 2001; 22:247–253.
  • Cohrs S, Roclenbeck A, Guan Z, Pohlmann K, Jordan W, Meier A, Ruther E: Sleep-promoting properties of quetiapine in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology 2004; 174:421–429.
  • Muller MJ, Rossbach W, Mann K, Roschke J, Muller-Siecheneder F, Blumler M, Wetzel H, Russ H, Dittmann RW, Benkert O. Subchronic effects of olanzapine on sleep EEG in schizophrenic patients with predominantly negative symptoms. Pharmacopsy-chiatry 2004; 37:157–162.
  • Karam-Hage M, Brower U. Open pilot study of gabapentin ver-sus trazodone to treat insomnia in alcoholic outpatients. Psychia-try Clin Neurosci. 2003; 57:542–544.
  • Foldvary-Schaefer N, De Leon Sanchez I, Karafa M, Mascha E, Dinner D, Morris EU Gabapentin increases slow-wave sleep in normal adults. Epilepsia. 2002; 43:1493–1497.
  • Sharpley AL, Vassallo CM, Cowen PJ. Olanzapine increases slow-wave sleep: evidence for blockade of central 5-HT(2C) receptors in vivo. Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 47:468–470.
  • Davies M, Newell JG, Deny JM, Martin IL, Dunn SM: Charac-terization of the interaction of zopiclone with gamma-aminobu-tyric acid type A receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:756–762.
  • Fernandez C, Martin C, Gimenez F, Farinotti R: Clinical pharma-cokinetics of zopiclone. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29: 431–441.
  • Leese P. Maier G: Eszopiclone: Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of a novel anti-insomnia agent after daytime administration in healthy subjects. Sleep 2002; 25 :A45.
  • Krystal AD, Walsh JK, Roth T, Amato DA, Wessel TC: Sus-tained efficacy of eszopiclone over six months of nightly treat-ment: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 2003; 26:793–799.
  • Walsh JK, Lankford DD, Krystal A, Roth T, Jochelson P. Garber M, Alexander T, Burke J: Efficacy and tolerability of four doses of indiplon (NBI-34060) modified-release in elderly patients with sleep maintenance insomnia. Sleep 2003; 26:A78.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.