3
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Agitation in Severely Demented Patients

, &
Pages 207-215 | Received 24 Jan 1992, Published online: 30 Dec 2011

References

  • Teri L, Larson EB, Reifler BV: Behavioral disturbance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Am Geriatr Soc 36:1–6, 1988
  • Cooper JK, Mungas D, Weiler PG: Relation of cog-nitive status and abnormal behaviors in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 38:867–870, 1990.
  • Swearer JM, Drachman DA, O'Donnell BF, Mitchell AL: Troublesome and disruptive behaviors in demen-tia. J Am Geriatr Soc 36:784–790, 1988
  • Wragg RE, Jeste DV: Overview of depression and psy-chosis in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 146:577–587, 1989
  • Morycz RK: Caregiving strain and the desire to insti-tutionalize family members with Alzheimer's disease: Possible predictors and model development. Res Ag-ing 7:329–361, 1985
  • Steele C, Rovner B, Chase GA, Folstein M: Psychiatric symptoms and nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 147:1049–1051, 1990
  • Zubenko GS, Rosen J, Sweet RA, Mulsant BH, Rifai AH: Impact of psychiatric hospitalization on behav-ioral complications of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psy-chiatry, in press
  • Cohen-Mansfield J: Agitated behaviors in the elderly. I. A. conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc 34:711–721, 1986
  • Zimmer JG, Watson N, Treat A: Behavioral problems among patients in skilled nursing facilities. Am J Pub-lic Health 74:1118–1120, 1984
  • Hussian RA: Geriatric Psychology. A behavioral per-spective. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981
  • Salzman C: Treatment of the elderly agitated patient. In Meltzer HY (ed.): Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1987, pp 1167–1176
  • Beresin EV: Delirium in the elderly. J Geriatr Psy-chiatry Neurol 1:127–143, 1988
  • Francis J, Martin D, Kapoor WN: A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 263:1097–1101, 1990
  • Brown AS, Rosen J: Lithium-induced delirium with therapeutic serum lithium levels: A case report. J Ger-iatr Psychiatry Neurol 5:53–55, 1992
  • Fischer P, Simanyi M, Danielczyk W: Depression in dementia of the Alzheimer type and in multi-infarct dementia. Am J Psychiatry 147:1484–1487, 1990
  • Mulsant BH, Zubenko GS: Clinical, neuropathologi-cal, and neurochemical correlates of depression and psychosis in primary dementia. In Emery VOB, Oxam TE (eds.): The Spectrum of Dementia. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, in press
  • Cohen-Mansfield J, Marx MS: Relationship between depression and agitation in nursing home residents. Compr Gerontol [13] 2:141-146, 1988
  • Emery VO, Oxam TE: Update on the dementia spec-trum of depression. Am J Psychiatry 149:305–317, 1992
  • Fairburn CG, Hope RA: Changes in eating in demen-tia. Neurobiol Aging 9:28–29, 1988
  • Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Taska LS, Hoch CC, Spiker DG, Sewitch DE, Zimmer B, Mann RS, Nelson JP, Martin D, Morycz R: EEG sleep in healthy elderly, depressed and demented subjects. Biol Psychiatry 20:431–442, 1985
  • Rovner BW, Broadhead J, Spencer M, Carson K, Fol-stein MF: Depression and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 146:350–353, 1989
  • Pearlson GD, Ross CA, Lohr WD, Rovner BW, Chase GA, Folstein MF: Association between family history of affective disorder and the depressive syndrome of Alzheimer's disease. Am J. Psychiatry 147:452–456, 1990
  • Nyth AL, Gottfries CG: The clinical efficacy of cital-opram in treatment of emotional disturbances in de-mentia disorders. A Nordic multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry 157:894–901, 1990
  • Reifler By, Ten L, Raskind M, Veith R, Barnes R, White E, McLean P: Double-blind trial of imipramine in Alzheimer's disease patients with and without depression. Am J Psychiatry 146:45–49, 1989
  • Gerson SC, Plotkin DA, Jarvik LF: Antidepressant drug studies, 1964-1988: Empirical evidence for aging patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 8:311–322, 1988
  • Jenike MA: Treatment of affective illness in the el-derly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1:89–107, 1988
  • Roose SP, Glassman AH, Dalack GW: Depression, heart disease, and tricyclic antidepressants. J Clin Psy-chiatry [suppl] 50:12–17, 1989
  • Pollock BC, Perel JM, Reynolds CF: Pharmacodynamic issues relevant to geriatric psychopharmacology. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 3:221–228, 1990
  • Preskorn SH, Fast GA: Therapeutic drug monitoring for antidepressants: efficacy, safety, and cost effec-tiveness. J Clin Psychiatry [suppl] 52:23–33, 1991
  • Georgotas A, McCue RE, Cooper TB: A placebo-controlled comparison of nortriptyline and phenelzine in maintenance therapy of elderly depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:783–786, 1989
  • Cohn CK, Shrivastava R, Mendels J, Cohn JB, Fabre LF, Claghorn JL, Dessain EC, Itil TM, Lautin A: Double-blind, multicenter comparison of sertraline and amitriptyline in elderly depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry [suppl] 51:28–33, 1990
  • Feighner JP, Boyer WF, Meredith CH, Hendrickson G: An overview of fluoxetine in geriatric depression. Br J Psychiatry 153 [suppl 31:105-108, 1988
  • Zubenko GS, Moossy J: Major depression in primary dementia. Clinical and neuropathologic correlates. Arch Neurol 45:1182–1186, 1988
  • Zweig RM, Ross CA, Hedreen JC, Steele C, Cardillo JE, Whitehouse PJ, Folstein MF, Price DL: The neu-ropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's dis-ease. Ann Neurol 24:233–242, 1988
  • Zubenko GS, Moossy J: Neurochemical correlates of major depression in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 47:209–214, 1990
  • Mulsant BH, Rosen J, Thornton JE, Zubenko GS: A prospective naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy in late life depression. J of Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 4:3–13, 1991
  • Nelson J, Rosenberg D: ECT treatment of elderly pa-tients with major depression: A retrospective study of efficacy and safety. Convulsive Ther 7:157–165, 1991
  • Drevets WC, Rubin EH: Psychotic symptoms and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the Alz-heimer type. Biol Psychiatry 25:39–48, 1989
  • Jeste DV, Wragg RE, Salmon DP, Harris MJ, Thal LJ: Cognitive deficits of patients with Alzheimer's disease with and without delusions. Am J Psychiatry 149:184–189, 1992
  • Lopez OL, Becker JT, Brenner RP, Rosen J, Bajulaiye 01, Reynolds CF: Alzheimer's disease with delusions and hallucinations: Neuropsychological and elec-troencephalographic correlates. Neurology 41:906–912, 1991
  • Deutsch LH, Bylsma FW, Rovner BW, Steele C, Fol-stein MF: Psychosis and physical aggression in prob-able Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 148:1159–1163, 1991
  • Rosen J, Zubenko GS: Emergence of psychosis and depression in the longitudinal evaluation of Alz-heimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 29:224–232, 1991
  • Rosen J, Bohon S, Gershon S: Antipsychotics in the elderly. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82[suppl 354170–175, 1990
  • Schneider LS, Pollock VE, Lyness SA: A metaanalysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in demen-tia. J Am Geriatr Soc 38:553–563, 1990
  • Petrie WM, Ban T, Berney S. et al: Loxapine in psy-chogeriatrics: A placebo- and standard-controlled clin-ical investigation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2:122–128, 1982
  • Baldessarini RJ: Chemotherapy in psychiatry: Princi-ples and practice (revised and enlarged edition). Cam-bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1985
  • Bolvig-Hansen LB, Larsen NE, Vestergard P: Plasma levels of perphenazine (Trilafon) related to the de-velopment of extrapyramidal side effects. Psycho-pharmacology 74:306–309, 1981
  • Bolvig-Hansen LB, Larsen NE, Gulmann N: Dose-response relationships of perphenazine in the treat-ment of acute psychoses. Psychopharmacology 78: 112–115, 1982
  • Bolvig-Hansen LB, Larsen NE: Therapeutic advan-tages of monitoring plasma concentrations of per-phenazine in clinical practice. Psychopharmacology 87:16–19, 1985
  • Omerov M, Wistedt B, Bolvig-Hansen LB, Larsen NE: The relationship between perphenazine plasma levels and clinical response in acute schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 13:159–166, 1989
  • Zubenko GS, Moosy J, Martinez J, Rao G, Claassen D, Rosen J, Kopp U: Neuropathologic and neuro-chemical correlates of psychosis in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 48:619–624, 1991
  • Pauszek ME: Propranolol for treatment of agitation in senile dementia. Indiana Med (Jan):16-17, 1991
  • Schneider LS, Sobin PB: Non-neuroleptic medications in the management of agitation in Alzheimer's disease and other dementia: 2a selective review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6:691–708, 1991
  • Cohen-Mansfield J, Werner P, Marx MS: Screaming in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 38:785–792, 1990
  • Reynolds CF, Kupfer, DJ, Houck PR, Hoch CC, Stack JA, Berman SR, Zimmer B: Reliable discrimination of elderly depressed and demented patients by elec-troencephalographic sleep data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:258–264, 1988
  • Hoch CC, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Houck PR, Ber-man SR, Stack JA: Sleep-disordered breathing in nor-mal and pathological aging. J Clin Psychiatry 47:499–503, 1986
  • Hoch CC, Reynolds CF, Nebes RD, Kupfer DJ, Ber-man SR, Campbell D: Clinical significance of sleep-disordered breathing in Alzheimer's disease—Prelim-inary data. J Am Geriatr Soc 37:138–144, 1989
  • Pollack CP, Perlick D: Sleep problems and institution-alization of the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 4:201–210, 1991
  • Fisher JE, Carstensen LL: Behavior management of the dementias. Clin Psychology Rev 10:611–629, 1990
  • Mulsant BM, Thornton JE: The outpatient manage-ment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. In Thase M, Edelstein B, Hersen M (eds.): Handbook of Outpatient Treatment of Adults. New York, Plenum Publishing, 1990
  • Granek E, Baker SP, Abbey H, Robinson E, Meyers AH, Samkoff IS, Klein LE: Medications and diagnoses in relation to falls in a long-term care facility. j Am Geriatr Soc 35:503–511, 1987
  • Ray WA, Griffin MR, Schaffner W, Baugh DK, Melton LJ: Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture. N Engl J Med 316:363–369, 1987
  • Bohm C, Robinson DS, Gammans RE, Shrotriya RC, Alms DR, Leroy A, Placchi M: Buspirone therapy in anxious elderly patients: A controlled clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10:47S-51S, 1990
  • Ballinger BR: Carbamazepine in behaviorally dis-turbed primary dementia patients. J Clin Psychiatry 51:523–524, 1990
  • Gleason RP, Schneider LS: Carbamazepine treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's outpatients refractory to neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry 51:115–118, 1991
  • Pinner E, Rich C: Effects of trazodone on aggressive behavior in seven patients with organic mental dis-order. Am J Psychiatry 145:1295–1296, 1988
  • Simpson DM, Foster D: Improvement in organically disturbed behavior with trazodone treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 47:191–193, 1986
  • William KH, Goldstein G: Cognitive and affective re-sponses to lithium in patients with organic brain syn-drome. Am J Psychiatry 136:800–803, 1979
  • Snyder B, Keefe K: The unmet needs of family care-givers for frail and disabled adults. Soc Work Health Care 10:1–14, 1985
  • Chenoweth B, Spencer B: Dementia: The experience of family caregivers. Gerontologist 26:267–272, 1986
  • Cohen D, Eisdorfer C: Depression in family members caring for relative with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Ger-iatr Soc 36:885–889, 1988
  • Zarit S, Zarit J: Families under stress: Interventions for caregivers of senile dementia patient. Psychother Theory Res Pract2 19:461–471, 1982

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.