Freeze-Injury in Bacteria

References

• Pictet R., Yung E. De l'action du froid sur les microbes. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 1884; 98: 747
   Google Scholar
• MacFadyen A. On the influence of the temperature of liquid air on bacteria. Proc. R. Soc. 1900; B66: 180
   Google Scholar
• Straka R. P., Stokes J. L. Metabolic injury to bacteria at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 1959; 78: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray B., Janssen D. W., Busta F. F. Characterization of the repair of injury induced by freezing Salmonella anatum. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 23: 803
   Google Scholar
• Ray B., Speck M. L. Metabolic process during the repair of freeze-injury in Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 24: 585
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith A. U. Effects of freezing and thawing of microorganisms. Biological Effects of fieezing and Supercooling. Physiological Society Monograph No. 9, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1961; 74
   Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Physical and chemical basis of injury in singlecelled microorganisms subjected to freezing and thawing. Cryobiology, H. T. Meryman. Academic Press, New York 1966; 213
   Google Scholar
• Farrell J., Rose A. H. Temperature effects on microorganisms. Thermobiology, A. H. Rose. Academic Press, New York 1967; 147
   Google Scholar
• Hagen P. O. The effect of low temperatures on microorganisms: conditions under which cold becomes lethal. Inhibition and Destruction of the Microbial Cell, W. B. Hugo. Academic Press, New York 1971; 39
   Google Scholar
• Keith S. C., Jr. Factors influencing the survival of bacteria at temperatures in the vicinity of the freezing point of water. Science 1913; 31: 877
   Google Scholar
• Dubos R. J. Mechanism of the lysis of pneumococci by freezing and thawing, bile, and other agents. J. Exp. Med. 1937; 66: 101
   Google Scholar
• Moss C. W., Speck M. L. Release of biologically activie peptides from Escherichia coli at subzero temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 1966; 91: 1105
   Google Scholar
• Ray B., Speck M. L. Repair of injury induced by freezing Escherichia coli as influenced by recovery medium. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 24: 258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warseck M. Enumeration of Bacteria in Food After Repair of Freeze-injury. Master's Thesis, North Carolina State University. 1973
   Google Scholar
• Sato T. On the mechanism of the death of bacteria by low temperature treatment. Low Temp. sci. Ser. B, Biol, Sci. 1954; 12: 39
   Google Scholar
• Morichi T. Metabolic injury in frozen Escherichia coli. Freezing and Drying of Microorganisms, T. Nei. University Park Press, Baltimore 1969; 53
   Google Scholar
• Nei T., Araki T., Matsusaka T. Freezing injury to aerated and non-aerated cultures of Escherichia coli. Freezing and Drying of Microorganisms, T. Nei. University Park Press, Baltimore 1969; 3
   Google Scholar
• Bretz H. W., Kocka F. E. Resistance to actinomycin D of Escherichia coli after frozen storage. Can. J. Microbiol. 1967; 13: 914
   Google Scholar
• Cabis D. A. Studies on the Effects of Low Temperature Storage on the Metabolism of Escherichia coli. Doctoral Thesis, North Carolina State University. 1970
   Google Scholar
• Ray B., Speck M. L., Dobrogosz W. J. Cell Wail Lipopolysaccharide Damage in Frozen and Thawed Escherichia coli. abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 1973; 18
   Google Scholar
• Sato S. Low Temp. Sci. Ser. B, Biol. Sci. 1958; 16: 107
   Google Scholar
• Lindeberg G., Lode A. Release of ultraviolet absorbing material from Escherichia coli at subzero temperature. Can. J. Microbiol. 1963; 9: 523
   Google Scholar
• Gritsavage E. F. The Cytochemical Effect of Freezing on Escherichia coli (ATCC #11303). Doctoral Thesis, Michigan State University. 1965
   Google Scholar
• Kocka F. E., Bretz H. W. Survival of Escherichia coli after storage in various frozen menstrua. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1969; 35: 56
   Google Scholar
• Swartz H. M. Effect of oxygen on freezing damage: II. Physical-chemical effects. Cryobiology 1971; 8: 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretz H. W., Hartsell S. E. Quantitative evaluation of defrosted Escherichia coli. Food Res. 1958; 24: 369
   Google Scholar
• Ray B., Speck M. L. Enumeration of Escherichia coli in frozen samples following recovery from injury. Appl. Microbiol. 1973; 25: 499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohn A. Lysis of frozen and thawed cells of Escherichia coli by lysozyme, and their conversion into spheroplasts. J. Bacteriol. 1960; 79: 697
   Google Scholar
• Moss C. W., Speck M. L. Identification of nutritional components in trypticase responsible for recovery of Escherichia coli injured by freezing. J. Bacteriol. 1966; 91: 1098
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Postgate J. R., Hunter J. R. Metabolic injury in frozen bacteria. J. Appl. Bacteriol 1963; 26: 405
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Bridges B. A., Munson R. J. Ultraviolet damage to bacteria and bacteriophage at low temperatures. Science 1965; Vol. 49: 1103
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Bridges B. A. Ultraviolet mutagenesis in Escherichia coli at low temperatures. Mutat. Res. 1966; 3: 135
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J. On the genetic stability of bacteria to freezing and thawing. Cryobiology 1965; 2: 39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Bridges B. A. On the sensitivity of frozen microorganisms to ultraviolet radiation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (Biol.) 1967; 168: 194
   Google Scholar
• Bridges B. A., Ashwood-Smith M. J., Munson R. J. On the nature of the lethal and mutagenic action of ultraviolet light on frozen bacteria. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (Biol.) 1967; 168: 203
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Copeland J., Wilcockson J. Response of bacterial spore and Micrococcus radiodurans to ultraviolet irradiation at low temperatures. Nature (Lond.) 1968; 217: 337
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Copeland J., Wilcockson J. Sunlight and frozen bacteria. Nature (Lond.) 1967; 214: 33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J. Effects of low temperatures on microorganisms, plants, and cold-blooded animals. Current Trends in Cryobiology, A. U. Smith. Plenum Press, New York 1970; 5
   Google Scholar
• Smith K. C., O'Leary M. E. Photoinduced DNA-protein cross-links and bacterial killing: a correlation at low temperatures. Science 1967; 155: 1024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy W. D., Lawton E. J. Studies on factors affecting the sensitivity of bacteria to high energy electrons. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1955; 59: 595
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moose W. S. Variation of irradiation effects on microorganisms in relation to physical changes of their environment. J. Bacteriol. 1952; 63: 688
   Google Scholar
• Matsuyama A., Thornley M. J., Ingram M. The effect of freezing on the radiation sensitivity of vegetative bacteria. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1964; 27: 110
   Google Scholar
• Swartz H. M. Effect of oxygen on freezing damage. I. Effect on survival of Escherichia coli B/r and Escherichia coli Bs-1. Cryobiology 1970; 6: 546
   Google Scholar
• Bernheim F. A comparison between the effects of surfactant (chenodeoxycholamine) and freezing and thawing on some properties of the membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can. J. Microbiol. 1968; 14: 281
   Google Scholar
• Nei T. Effects of freezing and freeze-drying of microorganisms. Recent Researches in Freezing and Drying, A. S. Parkes, A. U. Smith. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1959; 78
   Google Scholar
• Nei T. Freezing and freeze-drying of microorganisms. Cryobiology 1964; 1: 87
   Google Scholar
• Nei T., Araki T., Matsusaka T. The mechanism of cellular injury by freezing in microorganisms. Cellular injury and resistance in freezing organisms, A. Asahina. The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, SapporoJapan 1967; Vol. II: 157
   Google Scholar
• Nei T., Araki T., Matsusaka T. Freezing injury to aerated and nonaerated cultures of Escherichia coli. Freezing and Drying of Microorganisms, T. Nei. University Park Press, Baltimore 1969; 3
   Google Scholar
• Luyet B. (1961) Recent developments in cryobiology and their significance in the study of freezing and freeze-drying of bacteria. Proceedings of the Low Temperature Microbiology Symposium. 1961. Campbell Soup Co. Camden, New Jersey, 63
   Google Scholar
• Rapatz G., Luyet B. Electron microscope study of the formation of ice in bacteria upon freezing in their suspensions. Abstracts of the Biophysical Society, 7th Annual Meeting, New York, 1963; WE 11
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod R. A., Kuo S. C., Gelinas R. Metabolic injury to bacteria. II. Metabolic injury induced by distilled water or Cu++ in the plating diluent. J. Bacteriol. 1967; 93: 961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Studies on rapidly frozen suspension of yeast cells by differential thermal analysis and conductometry. Biophys. J. 1963; 3: 323
   Google Scholar
• Lovelock J. E. Protective action of glycerol against haemolysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1953; 11: 28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber U., Tyankova L., Santarius K. A. Effect of freezing on biological membranes in vivo and in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1973; 291: 23
   Google Scholar
• Davis J. D. The role of peptides in preventing freeze-thaw injury. The Frozen Cell, A Ciba foundation symposium, G. E. W. Wolstenholme, M. O'Connor. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 213
   Google Scholar
• Swartz H. M. Effect of oxygen on freezing damage. III. Modification by B-mercaptoethylamine. Cryobiology 1971; 8: 543
   Google Scholar
• Smittle R. B. Relationship of Growth Medium to Death of Lactobacillus bulgaricus in Liquid Nitrogen. Doctoral Thesis, North Carolina State University. 1973
   Google Scholar
• Gilliland S., Speck M. L., Smittle R. B. The Viability of Frozen Lactobacilli as Related to Cellular Fatty Acid Composition. abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 1973; 18
   Google Scholar
• Haest C. W. M., DeGier J., Van Es G. A., Verkleij A. J., VanDeenen L. L. M. Fragility of the permeability barrier of Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1972; 288: 43
   Google Scholar
• Leive L. Studies on the permeability change produced in coliform bacteria by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J. Biol. Chem. 1968; 244: 2373
   Google Scholar
• Tamaki S., Sato T., Matsuhashi M. Role of lipopolysaccharides in antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage adsorption of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 1971; 105: 968
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monner D. A., Jonsson S., Bowman H. G. Ampicillin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 with lipopolysaccharide alterations affecting mating ability and susceptibility to sex-specific bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol. 1971; 107: 420
   Google Scholar
• Wu H. C. Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant with alteration in the outer membrane proteins of the cell envelope. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1972; 290: 274
   Google Scholar
• Leive L. Release of lipopolysaccharide by EDTA treatment of E. coli. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1965; 21: 290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A. P., Cheng K. J., Costerton J. W., Idziak E. S., Ingram J. M. Sensitivity of normal and mutant strains of Escherichia coli to actinomycin D. Can. J. Microbiol. 1972; 18: 909
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Trevino J., Warby C. Effect of freezing on the molecular weight of bacterial DNA. Cryobiology 1972; 9: 141
   Google Scholar
• Hanafusa N. Denaturation of enzyme protein by freeze-thawing. Cellular Injury and Resistance in Freezing Organisms, E. Asahina. The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, SapporoJapan 1967; Vol. II: 33
   Google Scholar
• Cowman R. A., Speck M. L. Ultra-low temperature storage of lactic streptococci. J. Dairy Sci. 1965; 48: 1531
   Google Scholar
• Speck M. L., Cowman R. A. Metabolic injury to bacteria resulting from freezing. Freezing and Drying of Microorganisms, T. Nei. University Park Press, Baltimore 1969; 39
   Google Scholar
• Cowman R. A., Speck M. L. Low temperature as an environmental stress on microbial enzymes. Crybiology 1969; 5: 291
   Google Scholar
• Hollander D. H., Nell E. E. Improved preservation of Treponema pallidum and other bacteria by freezing with glycerol. Appl. Microbiol. 1954; 2: 164
   Google Scholar
• Howard D. H. The preservation of bacteria by freezing in glycerol broth. J. Bacteriol. 1956; 71: 625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrells K. M., Speck M. L., Warren J. A. Pathogenicity of Salmonella gallinarum after metabolic injury by freezing. Appl. Microbiol. 1970; 19: 39
   Google Scholar
• O'Hara Y. On the mechanism of the effect of freezing and thawing upon bacterial respiration. Low Temp. Sci. Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 1954; 12: 37
   Google Scholar
• Postgate J. R., Hunter J. R. On the survival of frozen bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1961; 26: 367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aithal H. N., Kalra V. K., Brodie A. F. Reversal of the effects of freezing on oxidative phosphorylation in the Mycobacterium phlei system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1971; 43: 550
   Google Scholar
• Akimato H. Studies on the variability in acid-agglutination of bacteria due to freezing and thawing. Low Temp. Sci. Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 1954; 11: 45
   Google Scholar
• Arpai J. Nonlethal freezing injury to metabolism and mobility of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. 1962; 10: 297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arpai J. On the recovery of bacteria from freezing. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 1964; 4: 105
   Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Mechanisms of injury in frozen and frozen-dried cells. Culture Collections: Perspectives and Problems, S. M. Martin. University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1963; 59
   Google Scholar
• Mazur P. The role of cell membranes in the freezing of yeast and other single cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1965; 125: 658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Theoretical and experimental effects of cooling and warming velocity of the survival of frozen and thawed cells. Cryobiology 1966; 2: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems. Science 1970; 168: 939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souzu H., Nei T., Bito M. Water of microorganisms and its freezing with special reference to the relation between water content and viability of yeast and coli cells. Low Temp. Sci. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 1961; 19: 56
   Google Scholar
• Hillard C. H., Davis M. A. The germicidal action of freezing temperatures upon bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1918; 3: 423
   Google Scholar
• Weiser R. S., Osterud C. M. Studies on the death of bacteria at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 1945; 50: 413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison A. P., Jr. Causes of death of bacteria in frozen suspensions. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1956; 22: 407
   Google Scholar
• Mazur P., Rhian M. A., Mahlandt B. G. Survival of Pasteurella tularensis in gelatine saline after cooling and warming at sub-zero temperatures. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1957; 71: 31
   Google Scholar
• Mazur P., Rhian M. A., Mahlandt B. G. Survival of Pasteurella tularensis in sugar solutions after cooling and rewarming at sub-zero temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 1957; 73: 394
   Google Scholar
• Harrison A. P., Jr. Survival of bacteria upon repeated freezing and thawing. J. Bacteriol. 1955; 70: 711
   Google Scholar
• Swartz H. M. Effect of oxygen on freezing damage in Escherichia coli. Cryobiology 1967; 3: 365
   Google Scholar
• Nash T., Postgate J. R., Hunter J. R. Similar effects of various neutral solutes on the survival of Aerobacter aerogenes and of red blood cells after freezing and thawing. Nature (Lond.) 1963; 199: 1113
   Google Scholar
• Morichi T., Irie R., Yano N., Kembo H. Protective effect of glutamic acid and related compounds on bacterial cells subjected to freeze-drying. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 1963; 9: 149
   Google Scholar
• Mazur P. Chairman's opening remarks. The Frozen Cell, A Ciba Foundation Symposium, G. E. W. Wolstenholme, M. O'Connor. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 1
   Google Scholar
• Clement M. T. Effect of freezing, freeze-drying, and storage in the freeze-dried and frozen state on viability of Escherichia coli. Can. J. Microbiol. 1961; 7: 99
   Google Scholar
• Smittle R. B., Gilliland S. E., Speck M. L. Death of Lactobacillus bulgaricus resulting from liquid nitrogen freezing. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 24: 551
   Google Scholar
• Mead D. D., Wessman G. E., Higuchi K., Surgalla M. J. Stability of cell suspensions of Pasteurella pestis at 5°C and at -23°C. Appl. Microbiol. 1960; 8: 55
   Google Scholar
• Squires R. W., Hartsell S. E. Survival and growth initiation of defrosted Escherichia coli as affected by frozen menstrua. Appl. Microbiol. 1955; 3: 40
   Google Scholar
• Yurchenco J. A., Piepoli C. R., Yurchenco M. C. Low temperature storage for maintaining stable infectious bacterial pools. App. Microbiol. 1954; 2: 53
   Google Scholar
• Ashwood-Smith M. J., Warby C. Studies on the molecular weight and cryoprotective properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran with bacteria and erythrocytes. Cryobiology 1971; 8: 453
   Google Scholar
• Calcott P. H., Postgate J. R. Protection of Aerobactor aerogenes by nonionic detergent from freezing and thawing damage. Cryobiology 1971; 7: 238
   Google Scholar
• Bretz H. W., Basa K. B. Protective substances for frozen Escherichia coli. Bacteriol. Proc., ASM 1960; 38
   Google Scholar
• Packer E. L., Ingraham J. L., Scher S. Factors affecting the rate of killing of Escherichia coli by repeated freezing and thawing. J. Bacteriol. 1965; 89: 718
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura M., Dowson D. A. Role of suspending and recovery media in the survival of frozen Shigella sonnei. Appl. Microbiol. 1962; 10: 40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moss C. W., Speck M. L. Injury and death of Streptococcus lactis due to freezing and frozen storage. Appl. Microbiol. 1963; 11: 326
   Google Scholar
• Woodburn M. J., Strong D. H. Survival of Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus fecalis frozen in simplified food substrates. Appl. Microbiol. 1960; 8: 109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Major C. P., McDougal J. D., Harrison A. P., Jr. The effect of the initial cell concentration upon survival of bacteria at -22°C. J. Bacteriol. 1955; 69: 244
   Google Scholar
• Doebbler G. F., Rinfret A. P. Survival of microorganisms after ultrarapid freezing and thawing. J. Bacteriol. 1963; 85: 485
   Google Scholar
• Gibson C. A., Landerkin G. B., Morse P. M. Survival of strains of lactic streptococci during frozen storage. J. Dairy Res. 1965; 32: 151
   Google Scholar
• Lamprech E. D., Foster E. M. The survival of starter organisms in concentrated suspensions. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1963; 26: 359
   Google Scholar
• Toyokawa K., Hillander D. H. Variation in the sensitivity of E. coli to freezing damage during the growth cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1956; 92: 499
   Google Scholar
• Johannsen E. Influence of various factors on the survival of Lactobacillus leichmannii during freezing and thawing. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1972; 35: 415
   Google Scholar
• Bauman D. P., Reinbold G. W. Freezing of lactic cultures. J. Dairy Sci. 1966; 49: 259
   Google Scholar
• Farrell J., Rose A. H. Temperature effects on microorganisms. Thermobiology, A. H. Rose. Academic Press, New York 1967; 147
   Google Scholar
• Stadhouders J., Jansen L. A., Hup C. Preservation of starters and mass production of starter bacteria. Neth. Milk Dairy J. Ned. Melk Zuiveltijdschr. 1969; 23: 182
   Google Scholar
• Hartsell S. E. The longevity and behavior of pathogenic bacteria in frozen foods: the influence of plating media. Am. J. Public Health 1951; 41: 1072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo S. C., MacLeod R. A. Capacity of aspartic acid to increase the bacterial count on suspension of Escherichia coli after freezing. J. Bacteriol. 1969; 98: 651
   Google Scholar
• Gabis D. A., Cowman R. A., Speck M. L. Studies on freeze-injury of Escherichia coli. Bacteriol. Proc., ASM 1970; 3
   Google Scholar
• Henderson P. J. F. Ion transport by energy-conserving biological membranes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1971; 25: 393
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young R. S., Deal P., Bell J., Allen J. Effect of diurnal freeze-thawing on survival and growth of selected bacteria. Nature (Lond.) 1963; 199: 1078
   Google Scholar
• McCleskey C. S., Christopher W. N. Some factors influencing the survival of pathogenic bacteria in cold-pack strawberries. Food Res. 1941; 6: 327
   Google Scholar
• Gunderson M. F., Rose K. D. Survival of bacteria in precooked fresh-frozen foods. Food Res. 1948; 13: 254
   Google Scholar
• Hartsell S. E. The longevity and behavior of pathogenic bacteria in frozen foods: the influence of plating media. Am. J. Public Health 1951; 41: 1072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgalla D. L., Hurst A. The survival of food poisoning bacteria in frozen foods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1963; 26: 346
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein M., Surkiewicz B. F., Brown E. F., Oxley H. M., Padron A. P., Groomes R. J. Coliform behavior in frozen foods. I. Rapid test for recovery of Escherichia coli from frozen foods. Appl. Microbiol. 1967; 15: 233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warseck M., Ray B., Speck M. L. Repair and enumeration of injured coliforms in frozen foods. 1973, in press
   Google Scholar
• Speck M. L. Selective culture of spoilage and indicator organisms. J. Milk Food Technol. 1970; 33: 163
   Google Scholar
• Speck M. L., Cowman R. A. Symposium on the restoration of sublethally impaired bacterial cells in foods. II. Injury and recovery of frozen microorganisms. J. Milk Food Technol. 1971; 34: 548
   Google Scholar
• Standard methods for the examination of dairy products, 12th ed. American Public Health Association, New York 1967; 53
   Google Scholar
• Recommended methods for the microbiological examination of foods, 2nd ed. American Public Health Association, New York 1966; 133
   Google Scholar
• Baird-Parker A. C., Davenport E. The effect of recovery medium on the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus after heat treatment and after the storage of frozen and dried cells. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1965; 28: 390
   Google Scholar
• Yano N., Morichi T. Examination of coliforms in frozen dairy products. J. Food. Hyg. Soc. Jap. 1971; 12: 408
   Google Scholar
• Morichi T., Yano N. Sodium azide sensitivity of Streptococcus faecalis cells subjected to freezing. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 1972; 13: 29
   Google Scholar