101
Views
107
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Human Leptospirosis

, &
Pages 413-467 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Weil A. Ueber eine eigenthumliche, mit Milztumor, Icterus and Nephritis einhergehende, acute Infectionskiankheit. Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med 1886; 39: 209
  • Inada R., Ido Y., Hoki R., Kaneko R., Ito H. The eitiology, mode of infection and specific therapy of Weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemoiThagica). J. Exp. Med. 1916; 23: 377
  • Stimson A. M. Note on an organism found in yellow-fever tissue. Public Health Rep. 1907; 22: 541
  • Noguchi H. Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in American wild rats and its relation to the Japanese and European strains. J. Exp. Med 1917; 25: 755
  • Wadsworth A., Langworthy H. V., Stewart F. O., Moore A. C., Coleman M. B. Infectious jaundice occurring in New York State; preliminary report of an investigation with report of a case of accidental infection of the human subject with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae from the rat. J.A.M.A. 1922; 78: 1120
  • Molner J. G., Meyer K. F., Raskin H. A. Leptospiral infections; survey. J.A.MA. 1948; 136: 814
  • Randall R., Cooper H. R. Golden hamster (Cricetus auratus) as test animal for diagnosis of leptospirosis. Science 1944; 100: 133
  • Heath C. W., Jr., Alexander A. D., Galton M. M. Leptospirosis in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med, ITS 1965; 857
  • Jungherr E. Bovine leptospirosis. J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc 1944; 105: 276
  • Meyer K. F., Eddie B., Anderson-Stewart B. Canine, murine and human leptospirosis in California. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 1938; 38: 17
  • Meyer K. F., Stewart-Anderson B., Eddie B. Canine leptospirosis in United States. J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc 1939; 95: 710
  • Baber M. D., Stuart R. D. Leptospirosis canicola - case treated with penicillin. Lancet 1946; 2: 594
  • Broom J. C. Canicola fever in Great Britian. Mon. Bull. Minist. Health 1951; 10: 258
  • Campbell A. M. G., MacRae L., Manderson W. G., Sumner K. C., Broom J. C. Canicola fever in Bristol; clinical, bacteriological, and epidemiological notes on 6 human cases. Br. Med J. 1950; 1: 336
  • Pertzelan A., Prazans W. W. Leptospira canicola infection: report of 81 cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1963; 12: 75
  • van der Hoeden J., Shenberg E., Torten M. The epidemiological complexity of leptospira canicola infection of man and animals in Israel. Isr. J. Med Sci. 1967; 3: 880
  • Seiler H. E., Noval J., Coghlan J. D. Leptospirosis in piggery workers. Nature 1956; 177: 1042
  • Gsel L. O., Wiesmann E. Leptospirosen Med. Hans Huber Verlag, Bern 1950
  • Baker J. A., Little R. B. Leptospirosis in cattle. J. Exp. Med 1948; 88: 295
  • C-Ochenour W. S., Jr., Yager R. H., Wetmore P. W. Antigenic similarity of bovine strains of Leptospirae (United States) and Leptospira pomona. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 1950; 74: 199
  • Beeson P. B., Hankey D. D., Cooper C. F., Jr. Leptospiral iridocyclitis; evidence of human infection with leptospira pomona in United States. J.A.MA. 1951; 145: 229
  • Schaeffer M. Leptospiral meningitis. Investigation of a water-borne epidemic due to L. pomona. J. Clin. Invest. 1951; 30: 670
  • Goley A. F., Alexander A. O., Thiel J. F., Chappell V. E. A case of human infection with leptospira minigeorgia. Public Health Rep. 1960; 75: 922
  • Walch-Sorgdiager B. Leptospiroses. Bull. Health Org., League of Nations 1939; 8: 143
  • Gochenour W. S., Jr., Smadel J. E., Jackson E. B., LaRue B. E., Yager R. H. Leptospiral etiology of Fort Bragg fever. Public Health Rep. 1952; 67: 811
  • Catrasco E. D., Dunkelberg W. E. European swamp fever. Leptospirosis due to leptospiral grippotyphosa. A case report. Mil. Med 1962; 127: 569
  • Bowdoin C. D. New disease entity. J. Med Assoc. Ga. 1942; 31: 437
  • Cockbum T. A., Vavra J. D., Spencer S. S., Dann J. R., Peterson L. V., Reinhard K. R. Human leptospirosis associated with a swimming pool, diagnosed after eleven years. Am. J. Hyg. 1954; 60: 1
  • Turner L. H. Leptospirosis. I. Trans R. Soc. Med. Hyg. 1967; 61: 842
  • Turner L. H. Leptospirosis. Br. Med. J. 1969; 1: 231
  • Emanuel M. L., Mackerras I. M., Smith D. J. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in North Queensland. I. General surgery of animal hosts. J. Hyg. (Camb.) 1964; 62: 451
  • Torten M., Bimbaum S., Klingberg M. A., Shenberg E. Epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak of leptospirosis in the Upper Galilee, Israel. Am. J. Epidemiol 1970; 91: 52
  • Turner L. H. Leptospirosis. Br. Med. J. 1973; 1: 537
  • Edwards G. A., Domm B. M. Human leptospirosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1960; 39: 117
  • Babudieri B. Animal reservoirs of leptospires. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set 1958; 70: 393
  • Gsell O. Epidemiology of the Leptospiroses, in Symposium on the Leptospiroses. December 11–12, 1952, Medical Science Publication No. 1, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1953, 34
  • Current problems in leptospirosis research, report of a WHO expert group. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 1967; 380: 1
  • Tabel H., Karstad L. The renal carrier state of experimental Leptospira pomona infections in skunks. (Mephites mephites), Am. J. Epidemiol. 1967; 85: 9
  • Diesch S. L., Crawford R. P., McCulloch W. F., Top F. H. Human leptospirosis acquired from squirrels. N. Engl. J. Med. 1967; 276: 838
  • Sarasin G., Tucker D. N., Arean V. M. Accidental laboratory infection caused by leptospira ictero-haemorrhagiae. Report of a case, 4m. J. Clin. Pathol. 1963; 40: 146
  • Barciszewski M., Domanski E. Przypadek zakazenia choroba Weila w pracowni ‘Case of Weil's disease acquired in a laboratory’,.Pol. Tyg. Lek. 1951; 6: 1550
  • Gillespie R. W., Ryns J. Epidemiology of leptospirosis. Am. J. Public Health 1963; 53: 950
  • Crawford R. P., McCulloch W. F., Top F. H., Sr., Diesch S. L. Epidemiologic studies of sporadic human cases of leptospirosis in Iowa, 1965–1968. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1969; 155: 2084
  • Beck A., Barbehenn K. R., The status of leptospirosis in the St. Louis area, final report to the Commissioners of Health, St. Louis City and University City, Missouri, 1974
  • Alston J. M., Broom J. C. Leptospirosis in Man and Animals. E & S Livingston Ltd., Edinburgh and London 1955; 146
  • Gillespie R. W. H., unpublished data, cited in Gillespie, R. W. H., and Ryno, V., Epidemiology of leptospirosis, Am. J. Public Health, 531, 950, 1963
  • Smith D. J. W., Self H. R. M. Observations on survival of leptospira australis A in soil and water. J. Hyg. (Camb.) 1955; 53: 436
  • Tonge J. L., Smith D. J. Leptospirosis acquired from soil. Med. J.Aust. 1961; 48(2)711
  • Feigin R. D., Lobes L. A., Anderson D. C., Pickering L. Human leptospirosis from immunized dogs. Ann. Intern. Med. 1973; 79: 777
  • Addamiano L. Classificazione serologjca di alcuni ceppi di leptospire provenienti dalTIndonesia ‘Serological classification of strains of Leptospira from Indonesia’. Rendic. 1st. Super. Sanita. 1959; 22: 5
  • Coghlan J. D., Bain A. D. Leptospirosis in human pregnancy followed by death of the fetus. Br. Med. J., I 1969; 228
  • Chung H. L., Ts'ao W. C., Mo P. S., Ven C. Transplacental or congenital infection of leptospirosis. Clinical and experimental observations. Chin. Med. J. 1963; 82: 777
  • Muraschi T. F., Harris A. H. Leptospirosis, past and present in New York State. N. Y. State J. Med. 1961; 61: 2750
  • Diesch S. L., McCulloch W. F. Isolation of pathogenic leptospires from waters used for recreation. Public Health Rep. 1966; 81: 299
  • Vital Statistics. State of Iowa 1964
  • Schaeffer M. Leptospiral meningitis. Investigation of a water-borne epidemic due to, L. pomona. J. Clin. Invest 1951; 30: 670
  • Galton M. M., Menges R. W., Shofts E. B., Nahmias A. J., Heath C. W. Leptospirosis. PHS Publication No. 951, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC 1962
  • Center for Disease Control, Annual Summary of Leptospirosis for 1972, issued 1974
  • Menkenhof J. E. Leptospirosis canicolaris. Lancet 1948; 2: 8
  • Galton M. M. Leptospiral Serotypes Distribution Lists, According to the Hosts and Countries. World Health Organization, Geneva 1966
  • Faine S. Virulence in leptospira. I. Reactions of guinea pigs to experimental infection with Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Br. J. Exp. Pathol 1957; 38: 1
  • Faine S. Virulence in Leptospira. II. The growth in vivo of virulent Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Br. J. Exp. Pathol 1957; 38: 8
  • Stavitsky A. B. Studies on pathogenesis of leptospirosis. J Infect. Dis. 1945; 76: 179
  • Green J. H., Arean V. M. Virulence and distribution of leptospira icterohemorrhagia in experimental guinea pig infections. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1964; 25: 104
  • Gsell O. Leptospirosis. Hans Huber Verlag, Bern 1952
  • Volland W., Brede H. D. Zur Frage der Hyaluronidasebildung durch leptospiren; ein Beitrag zur Problem der Meningitisentstehung und der Blut-Gehirnschranke (on the production of hyaluronidase by leptospires with reference to meningitis and the hemoencephalic barrier). Med. Monatsschr. 1951; 5: 698, abstr. in Bull. Hvg. (London), 27, 251, 1952
  • Chang S. L. Studies on leptospira icterohemorrhagiae; 2 new mediums for growing L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. canicola, and L. biflexor, and method for maintaining virulence of L. icterohemorrhagiae in culture. J Infect. Dis. 1947; 81: 28
  • Chrisp C. E., Ringen L. M. Some environmental factors affecting the virulence of leptospira pomona. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1962; 23: 599
  • Hamdy A. H., Ferguson L. C. Virulence of leptospira pomona in hamsters and cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1957; 18: 35
  • Faine S., Shakai A., Aronson M. Phagocytosis and its significance in leptospiral infection. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci 1964; 42: 579
  • Arean V. M., Sarasin G., Green J. H. The pathogenesis of leptospirosis: toxin production by, Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1964; 25: 836
  • Hubbart W. R. Immunologic Studies on Leptospirosis. thesis, University of California Graduate School, Los Angeles 1964
  • Gourlay I. M. G. Studies of Experimental Canine Leptospirosis. thesis, University of Minnesota Graduate School, Minneapolis 1962
  • Imamura S., Kuribayashi K., Kameta M. Studies on toxins of pathogenic leptospira, Zap. J. Microbiol. 1957; 1: 43
  • Arean V. M. Studies on the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. II. A clinicopathologic evaluation of hepatic and renal function in experimental leptospiral infections. Lab. Invest. 1962; 11: 273
  • Finco D. R., Low D. G. Endotoxin properties of Leptospira canicola. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1967; 128: 1863
  • Bauer D. C., Eames L. N., Sleight S. D., Ferguson L. C. The significance of leptospiral hemolysin in the pathogenesis of Leptospira pomona infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1961; 108: 229
  • Morse E. V., Morter R. L., Langham R. F., Lundberg A., Ullrey D. E. Experimental bovine leptospirosis, leptospira pomona infection. J Infect. Dis. 1957; 101: 129
  • Alexander A. D., Smith O. H., Hiatt C. W., Gleiser C. A. Presence of hemolysin in cultures of pathogenic leptospires. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1956; 91: 205
  • Arean V. M. The pathologic anatomy and pathogenesis of fatal human leptospirosis (Weil's disease). Am. J. Pathol 1962; 40: 393
  • Ramos-Morales F., Diaz-Rivera R. S., Cinrron-Rivera A. A., Rullan J. A., Benenson A. S., Acosta-Matienzo J. The pathogenesis of leptospiral jaundice. Ann. Intern. Med. 1959; 51: 861
  • Fukushima B., Hosoya S. Sci. Rep. Govt. Inst. Infect. Dis., Tokoyo Imp. Univ. 1926; 5: 151
  • Matsuzaki S., Imai I. Tokyo-Izi-Shinshi, No. 2020, 847; No. 2021, 895, 1917
  • Thomas L. Physiological disturbances produced by endotoxins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1954; 16: 467
  • Gourley I. M., Low D. G. In vitro aggregation of canine blood platelets and liquefaction of blood clots by leptospires. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1962; 23: 1252
  • Thomson J. G. Fatal Weil's disease with myocarditis in South Africa, 5. Afr. Med. J. 1964; 38: 696
  • Russell C. M. A hemolysin associated with leptospirae. J. Immunol. 1956; 77: 405
  • Bauer D. C., Morse E. V. Variation and hemolysin production in relation to virulence of Leptospira pomona. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 1958; 98: 505
  • Abdussalam M., Alexander A. D., Babudieri B., Bogel K., Borg-Petersen C., Faine S., Kmety E., Lataste-Dorolle C., Turner L. H. Research needs in leptospirosis. Bull. W.H.O. 1971; 47: 113–72
  • Kasarov L. B., Addamiano L. Metabolism of the lipoproteins of serum by leptospires: degradation of the triglycerides. J. Med. Microbiol. 1969; 2: 165
  • Arean V. M., Henry J. B. Studies on the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. IV. The behavior of transaminases and oxidative enzymes in experimental leptospirosis: a histochemical and biochemical assay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1964; 13: 430
  • Edwards G. A., Domm B. M. Leptospirosis. II. Med. Times 1966; 94: 1086
  • Clapper M., Myers G. B. Clinical manifestations of Weil's disease with particular reference to meningitis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1943; 12: 18
  • Geszti O., Chung H. L., Ts'ao W. C. Studies on blood coagulation disorders in experimental leptospirosis. Chin. Med. J., IS 1957; 603
  • Basile C. Pathology and pathogenesis of spirochetosis icterohemorrhagica, 7. Pathol. Bacteriol 1921; 24: 277
  • Jeghers H. J., Houghton J. D., Foley J. A. Weil's disease; report of case with postmortem observations and review of recent literature. Arch. Pathol. 1935; 20: 447
  • Hutchison J. H., Peppard J. S., White M. H. G., Sheehan H. L. Outbreak of Weil's disease in British Army in Italy; clinical study; post-mortem and histological findings. Br. Med. J., I 1946; 81
  • Bhamarapravati N., Boonyapaknavig V., Viranuvatti V., Tuchinda U., Boonnag D., Nye S. Liver changes in leptospirosis. A study of needle biopsies in twenty-two cases. Am. J. Proctol 1966; 17: 480
  • de Brito T., Machado M. M., Montans S. D., Hoshino S., Freymuller E. Liver biopsy in human leptospirosis: a light and electron microscopy study. Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. 1967; 342: 61
  • Wylie J. A. H. Relative importance of renal and hepatic lesions in experimental leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica. J. Pathol. Bactenol. 1946; 58: 351
  • Sitprija V., Evans H. The kidney in human leptospirosis. Am. J. Med. 1970; 49: 780
  • Koppisch E., Bond W. M. The Morbid Anatomy of Human Leptospirosis, A Report on Thirteen Fatal Cases, in Symposium on the Leptospiroses, December 11–12, 1952, Science Publication No. 1, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1953, 83
  • Peters E. R., Farber E. Histochemical localization of certain oxidative enzymes during the production of infarcts of the rat kidney. Am. J. Pathol 1955; 31: 590
  • Cora D. La funzionalita renale nel morbo di Weil. G. Clin:Med. 1956; 37: 1295
  • de Brito T., Penna D. O., Pereira V. C., Hoshino S. Kidney biopsies in human leptospirosis: a biochemical and electron microscopy study. Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. 1967; 343: 124
  • Chung J. Electron Microscopic Aspects of Renal Pathology, Structural Basis of Renal Disease, E. L. Becker. Hoebes, New York 1968; 132
  • Austoni M., Cora D. Data on the pathogenesis and therapy of acute renal insufficiency in leptospirosis. Clin. Ter. 1960; 18: 233
  • Holle G., Burkhardt R., Arndt S., Blodorn M. Über manometrische, histochemische, histologische und phasenoptische Befunde bei ischamischer Hypoxydose (Beitrag zur Morphogenese und zur Frage des ortlichen Gewebstodes). Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. 1955; 327: 150
  • Goebel A., Koburg E. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der Nierenveranderungen bei respiratorischer Insuffizienz ‘Experimental studies on the problem of kidney changes in respiratory insufficiency’. Beitr. Pathol. Anat. 1959; 120: 11
  • Sitprija V. Renal involvement in human leptospirosis. Br. Med. J. 1968; 2: 656
  • Finco D. R., Low D. G. Water, electrolyte, and acid-base alterations in experimental canine leptospirosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1968; 29: 1799
  • Hand W. L., Miller J. B., Reinarz J. A., Sanford J. P. Rocky mountain spotted fever, a vascular disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 1970; 125: 879
  • Harrell G. T., Jr. Rocky mountain spotted fever. Medicine (Baltimore) 1949; 28: 333
  • Sodeman W. A., Killough J. H. The cardiac manifestations of Weil's disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1951; 31: 479
  • Senekjie H. A. Clinical manifestations of leptospirosis in Louisiana. J.A.M.A. 1944; 126: 5
  • Sutliff W. D., Shepard R., Dunham W. B. Acute leptospirosis pomona arthritis and myocarditis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1953; 39: 134
  • Silverstein C. M. Pulmonary manifestations of leptospirosis. Radiology 1953; 61: 327
  • Ashe W. F., Pratt-Thomas H. R., Kumpe C. W. Weil's disease; complete review of American literature and abstract of world literature; 7 case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 1941; 20: 145
  • Burn C. G., Finley K. H. Role of hypersensitivity in production of experimental meningitis; experimental meningitis in tuberculous animals. J Exp. Med. 1932; 56: 203
  • Cairns H., Smith H. V., Vollum R. L. Tuberculous meningitis. J.A.M.A. 1950; 144: 92
  • Middleton J. E. Canicola fever with neurological complications. Br. Med. J. 1955; 2: 25
  • Miller H. G., Stanton J. B., Gibbons J. L. Para-infectious encephalomyelitis and related syndromes; a critical review of the neurological complications of certain specific fevers. Q. J. Med. 1956; 25: 427
  • Buzzard E. M., Wylie J. A. H. Meningitis leptospira. Lancet 1947; 2: 417
  • Carayon A., Fouin G. Encephalite pseudo-tumorale et leptomeningite hemorragique en “plaques” sous-durales, complication tardive d'une leptospirose ictero-hemorragique en Extreme-Orient, Med. Trop. 1953; 13: 695, abstr. in Bull. Hyg. 29, 1226, 1954
  • Alexander A., Baer A., Fair J. P., Gochenour W. S., King J. H., Jr., Yager R. N. Leptospiral uveitis; report of bacteriologically verified case. A.M.A. Arch. Ophthamol 1952; 48: 292
  • Blake F. G. Weil's disease in United States; report of case in Connecticut, A'. Engl. J. Med. 1940; 223: 561
  • Sheldon W. H. Lesions of muscle in spirochetal jaundice (Weil's disease; spirochetoses icterohemorrhagica). Arch. Intern. Med. 1945; 75: 119
  • Laurain A. R. Lesions of skeletal muscle in leptospirosis; review of reports and experimental study. Am. J. Pathol 1955; 31: 501
  • Jacobs J. H. Spondylitis following Weil's disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1951; 10: 61
  • McCrumb F. R., Jr., Stockard J. L., Robinson C. R., Turner L. H., Levis D. G., Maisey C. W., Kellehor M. F., Giesler C. A., Smadel J. E. Leptospirosis in Malaya. I. Sporadic cases among military and civilian personnel. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1957; 6: 238
  • Trimble A. P. Clinical aspects of leptospirosis in Malaya. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1957; 50: 125
  • Cohn A. P., Howard A. A. Common characteristics of leptospirosis: a report of 11 cases. Ann. Intern. Med. 1961; 54: 57
  • Berman S. J., Tsai C., Holmes K., Fresh J. W., Walten R. H. Sporadic anicteric leptospirosis in South Vietnam. A study in 150 patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 1973; 79: 167
  • Allen G. L., Weber D. R., Russell P. K. The clinical picture of leptospirosis in American soldiers in Vietnam. Mil. Med. 1968; 133: 275
  • Russell R. W. R. Clinical features of tropical leptospirosis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitoi 1959; 53: 416
  • Johnson D. W. The Australian leptospiroses. Med. J. Aust. 1950; 2: 724
  • Miller N. G. A serologic investigation of leptospiral infections in dairy farmers and cattle ranchers. Am. J. Hyg. 1961; 74: 203
  • Tobie J. E., McCullough N. B. Serologic evidence of leptospira pomona infections in meat inspectors. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1961; 138: 434
  • Morse E. V., Allen V., Worley G., Jr. Brucellosis and leptospirosis serological test results on serums of Wisconsin veterinarians. J Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1955; 126: 59
  • Schuffner W. Recent work on leptospirosis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg. 1934; 28: 7
  • Hall H. E., Hightower J. A., Rivera R. D., Byrne R. T., Smadel J. C., Woodward T. E. Evaluation of antibiotic therapy in human leptospirosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1951; 35: 981
  • McNee J. W. Spirochaetal jaundice: the morbid anatomy and mechanism of production of the icterus. J. Pathol. Bacterial 1919; 23: 342
  • Sheehan H. L. Outbreak of Weil's disease in the British Army in Italy. Part III. Postmortem and histological findings. Br. Med. J. 1946; 1: 83
  • Parsons M. Electrocardiographic changes in leptospirosis. Br. Med. J. 1965; 2: 201
  • Van Thiele P. H. The Leptospiroses. Universitaire Pers Leiden, Leiden 1948
  • Edwards G. A., Weir T. F. Leptospiral jaundice simulating common duct obstruction. Report of a case. Am. Surg. 1964; 30: 619
  • Poh S. C., Soh C. S. Lung manifestations in leptospirosis. Thorax 1970; 25: 751
  • Wang C. P., Chi C. W., Lu F. L. Studies on anicteric leptospirosis. III. Roentgenologic observations of pulmonary changes. Chin. Med. J. 1965; 84: 298
  • Stoenner H. G., Maclean D. Leptospirosis ballum contracted from Swiss albino mice. Arch. Intern. Med. 1958; 101: 606
  • Cargill W. H., Jr., Beeson P. B. The value of spinal fluid examination as a diagnostic procedure in Weil's disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 1947; 27: 396
  • Hubbert W. T., Humphrey G. L. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in California: a cause of aseptic meningitis. Calif. Med. 1968; 108: 113
  • McCulloch W. F., Braun J. L. Leptospiral meningitis. J. Iowa Med. Soc 1962; 52: 728
  • Elian M., Tamir M., Bornstein B. Unusual case of brachial plexitis in relation to leptospires and coxsackie virus. Confin. Neurol 1965; 26: 1
  • Rimpau W. Die Leptospirose. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich 1950
  • Brand N., Moshe H. B. Human leptospirosis associated with eye complications. 1sr. Med. J. 1962; 22: 182
  • Sterling K. Hepatic function in Weil's disease. Gastroenterology 1950; 15: 52
  • Daniels W. B., Grennan H. A. Pretibial fever, an obscure disease. J.A.M.A. 1943; 122: 361
  • Chamberlain J. W., Hight D. W. Acute hydrops of the gallbladder in childhood. Surgery 1970; 68: 899
  • Stiles W. W., Goldstein J. D., McCann W. S. Leptospiral nephritis. J.A.M.A. 1946; 131: 1271
  • Barrott-Connor E., Child C. M., Carter M. J. Renal failure in leptospirosis. South. Med. J. 1970; 63: 580
  • Ooi B. S., Chen B. T. M., Tan K. K., Khoo O. T. Human renal leptospirosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972; 21: 336
  • Bain B. J., Ribush N. T., Nicoll P., Whitsed H. M., Morgan T. O. Renal failure and transient paraproteinemia due to Leptospira pomona. Arch. Intern. Med. 1973; 131: 740
  • Arean V. M. Leptospiral myocarditis. Lab. Invest. 1957; 6: 462
  • Gsell O. Klinik der Leptospiroses. Ergeb. Inn. Med. Kinderheilkd. 1949; 1: 367
  • Sulzer C. R., Jones W. L. Leptospirosis: Methods in Laboratory Diagnosis. Center for Disease Control, U.S. Pept. of H.E.W., Publ. No. (CDC) 74–8275
  • Vance S. F. III, Leptospirosis, methods in the laboratory diagnosis. Va. Med. Mon. 1969; 96: 335
  • Babudieri B. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. Bull. W.H.O. 1961; 24: 45
  • Fletcher W. Recent work- on leptospirosis, tsutsugumushi disease and tropical typhus in the Federated Malay States. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1928; 21: 265
  • Johnson R. C., Harris V. G. Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. I. Growth at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol 1967; 94: 27
  • Turner L. H. Leptospirosis. III. Maintenance, isolation and demonstration of leptospires. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970; 64: 623
  • Stuart R. D. Transport problems in public health bacteriology. Can. J. Public Health 1956; 47: 114
  • Monges R. W., Rosenquist B. D., Galton M. M. A method for the isolation of leptospires from voided urine by direct culture. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1958; 132: 58
  • Cox C. D., Larson A. D. Colonial growth of leptospirae. J Bacteriol 1957; 73: 587
  • Bridges C. H., Luna L. Kerr's improved Warthin-Starry technic. Lab. Invest. 1957; 6: 357
  • Kerr D. A. Improved Warthin-Starry of staining spirochetes in tissue sections. Am. J. Clin. Pathol, tech. 1935, suppl., 2: 63
  • Hoyer B. H. A procedure for counting leptospirae based upon Congo red negative stain. J. Bacterial. 1956; 72: 719
  • Moulton J. E., Howarth J. A. The demonstration of Leptospira canicola in hamster kidneys by means of fluorescent antibody. Cornell Vet. 1957; 47: 524
  • Cole J. R., Sulzet C. R., Pursell A. R. Improved microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test. Appl. Microbiol. 1973; 25: 976
  • Galton M. M., Powers D. K., Hall A. D., Cornell R. G. A rapid macroscopic slide screening test for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1958; 19: 505
  • Gallon M. M., Sulzer C. R., Rosa Santa C. A., Fields M. J. Application of a microtechnique to the agglutination test for leptospiral antibodies. Appl. Microbiol. 1965; 13: 81
  • Gochenour W. S., Gleiser C. A., Ward M. K. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set 1958; 70: 421
  • Chang R. S., Smith O. J. W., McComb D. E., Sharp C. F., Tonge J. I. The use of erythrocyte sensitizing substance in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1957; 6: 101
  • Cox C. D. Hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes sensitized with leptospiral extracts. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1955; 90: 610
  • Randall R., Wetmore P. W., Warner A. R. Sonic-vibrated leptospirae as antigens in the complement fixation test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. J. Lab. Gin. Med. 1949; 34: 1411
  • Torten M., Shenberg E., van dei Hoeden J. The use of immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis by a genus specific antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 1966; 116: 537
  • Baker L. A., Cox C. D. Quantitative assay for genus-specific leptospiral antigen and antibody. Appl Microbiol 1973; 25: 697
  • Turner L. H. Leptospirosis.II. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg. 1968; 62: 880
  • Kocen R. S. Leptospirosis, a comparison of symptomatic and penicillin therapy, 5r. Med. J. 1962; 1: 1181
  • Beamer P. R. Treatment of leptospirosis with antibiotics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1952; 55: 1195
  • Alston J. M., Broom J. C. The action of penicillin on leptospira and leptospiral infections in guinea pigs. Br. Med. J. 1944; 2: 718
  • Heilman F. R., Herrell W. E. Penicillin treatment of experimental leptospirosis icterohemorragica (Weil's disease). Proc. Mayo Clin. 1944; 19: 89
  • Heilman F. R., Knutson M., Greenberg W. Streptomycin in the treatment of experimental relapsing fever and leptospirosis icterohemorragica (Weil's disease). Proc. Mayo Clin. 1945; 20: 16
  • Augustino D. L., Weinman D., McAllister J. Penicillin therapy in experimental Weil's disease. N. Engl J. Med. 1944; 231: 358
  • Cook A. R., Thompson P. E. The effects of oleandomycin, erythromycin, carbomycin, and penicillin G on leptospira icterohemorragiae in vitro and in experimental animals. Antibiot. Chemother. 1957; 7: 425
  • Larson C. L., Griffitts J. J. A comparison of the effect of penicillin G and immune serum in the treatment of experimental leptospirosis in young white mice and in hamsters. Public Health Rep. 1945; 60: 317
  • Sleight S. D. The role of penicillin and streptomycin in the prevention of transmission of bovine leptospirosis by artificial inseminadon. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1965; 26: 365
  • Yoshimori R. N., Goldberg H. S., Blenden D. C. Cephalothin in the treatment of experimental leptospirosis in hamsters. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1965; 1: 450
  • Kemp G. Therapy of experimental leptospirosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1964; 1: 746
  • Heilman F. R. Aureomycin in the treatment of experimental relapsing fever and leptospirosis icterohemorragica (Weil's disease), Proc. Mayo Clin. 1948; 23: 569
  • Buhner E. Weil's disease in Normandy: its treatment with penicillin. Br. Med. J. 1945; 1: 113
  • Patterson H. M. Weil's disease: observations in sixty-one cases with specific reference to the use of penicillin in six cases. J A M A. 1947; 134: 1077
  • Fairburn A. C., Semple S. J. G. Chloramphenicol and penicillin in the treatment of leptospirosis among British troops in Malaya. Lancet 1956; 1: 13
  • Liebowitz D., Schwartz H. Leptospiral infection in man treated with terramycin. J.A.M.A. 1959; 147: 122
  • Whitehouse F. W. Canicola fever, report of a case in which aureomycin and penicillin were used. JA.M.A. 1952; 148: 47
  • Broom J. C., Norris T. S. L. M. Failure of prophylactic oral penicillin to inhibit a human laboratory case of leptospirosis. Lancet 1957; 1: 721
  • Valek K., Neuwirtova R., Chytil M. Treatment of acute renal failure in the course of Weil's disease by the artificial kidney. Rev. Czech. Med. 1959; 1: 32
  • Murphy K. J. Exchange transfusion and albumin infusion for severe leptospiral jaundice. Med. J. Aust. 1969; 1: 1299
  • Sitprija V., Chuslip S. Renal failure and hyperbilirubinemia in leptospirosis, treatment with exchange transfusion. Med. J. Aust. 1973; 1: 171
  • Alston J. M. Recent developments in leptospirosis. Proc. R. Soc Med. 1961; 54: 61
  • Hanson L. E. Problems related to epizootiology of swine leptospirosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1972; 160: 631
  • Hanson L. E., Mansfield M. E., Andrews R. D. Epizootiology of Euzootic Leptospirosis in a Cattle Herd. Proc. 68th Ann. Meet. U.S. Livestock Sanitary Assoc, 1965; 136
  • Hanson L. E., Tripathy D. N., Killinger A. H. Current status of leptospirosis immunization in swine and cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1972; 161: 1235
  • Kahrs R. F., Baker J. A. Combined Vaccines for Dairy Cattle. U.S. Livestock Sanitary Assoc. Proc, 69th Ann. Meet. 1966; 177
  • Scheidy S. F. Leptospirosis vaccination studies in cattle, swine, sheep, and horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1957; 131: 366
  • Stalheim O. H. V., Wilson J. B. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of leptospires grown in chemically characterized medium. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1964; 25: 1277
  • Bramel R. G., Scheidy S. F. The effect of revaccination of horses and cattle with leptospira pomona bacterin. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1956; 128: 399
  • Brown A. L., Creamer A. A., Scheidy S. F. An Improved Leptospira Bacterin for the Control of Bovine Leptospirosis. Proc. 58th Ann. Meet. U.S. Livestock Sanitary Assoc. 1955; 227
  • Brown A. L., Jensen J. H., Creamer A. A., Scheidy S. F. Evaluation of a leptospira bacterin prepared in culture medium. Vet. Med. 1955; 50: 167
  • Bumstein T., Scheidy S. F., Bramel R. G., Jensen J. H. Further Studies with Leptospira pomona Bacterin. Proc. U.S. Livestock Sanitary Assoc. 1956; 60: 139
  • Cook B. R. Leptospirosis in pigs: vaccination to control perinatal deaths in piglets. N. Z. Vet. J. 1964; 12: 17
  • Kenzy S. G., Gillespie R. W., Lee J. H. Comparison of leptospira pomona bacterin and attenuated live culture vaccine for control of abortion in cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1961; 139: 452
  • Kenzy S. G., Keown G. H., Okazaki W., Gillespie R. W. H., Ringen L. M. Detection of viable L. pomona in bovine kidneys after leptospiruria had apparently ceased. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1958; 53: 647
  • Bryan H. S. Studies of leptospirosis in domestic animals.VI. Vaccination of swine with Leptospira pomona bacterin. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1957; 52: 51
  • Gillespie R. W. H., Kenzy S. G. Immunization of cattle against leptospirosis. I. Comparative evaluation of leptospira pomona bacterins. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1958; 53: 401
  • Gillespie R. W. H., Kenzy S. G. Immunization of cattle against leptospirosis. II. Further observation on duration of immunity induced by vaccination. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1958; 53: 611
  • Gillespie R. W. H., Kenzy S. G. Immunization of cattle against leptospirosis. III. Resistance to Leptospira pomona infection of cattle vaccinated when three to five months of age. Vet. Med. 1959; 54: 12
  • Hoag W. G., Bell W. B. An immunogenic agent for the protection of cattle against leptospira pomona. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1955; 16: 381
  • Huhn R. G., Claus K. D., Macheak M. E. Vaccination of Cattle with Leptospira pomona Bacterins. II. Potency Assays Using the Hamster Passive Protection Test, Proc. 74th Ann. Meet. U.S. Anim. Health Assoc. 1971; 164
  • Killinger A. H. Immunological studies in leptospirosis. Fort Dodge Bio-Chem. Rev. 1957; 27
  • Phillips C. E. Leptospira vaccine evaluation. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1958; 53: 301
  • Robertson A., Boulanger P. Immunological activity of Leptospira pomona bacterins. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Set 1963; 27: 85
  • Torney H. L., Bordt D. E., Mason J. L., Whalen J. W. The development of a new Leptospira pomona bacterin. Pract. Vet. 1968; 142
  • York C. J., Brueckner A. H. A Method for Control of Bovine Leptospirosis. Proc 57th Ann. Meet. U.S. Livestock Sanitary Assoc. 1954; 176
  • York C. J., Baker J. A. Vaccination for bovine leptospirosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1953; 5: 14
  • York C. J., Johnston R. V., Robinson V. B. The use of vaccine in the control of leptospira in cattle and swat. Proc Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1955; 1: 169
  • Faine S. Factors affecting development of the carrier state in leptospirosis. J. Hyg. (Camb.) 1962; 60: 427
  • Killinger A. H., Hanson L. E., Mansfield M. E. Leptospiral vaccination of cattle exposed to infected deer. Proc Ann. Conf. Bull. Wildlife Dis. A. 1969; 5: 182
  • Federal Register. Friday, May 10, 1974; Vol. 39, No. 92
  • Huhn R. G., Hanson L. E., Killinger A. H., Cardella M. A. Immunity to leptospirosis: L. pomona bacterin study in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res.
  • Huhn R. G., Baldwin C. D., Cardella M. A. Immunity to leptospirosis: bacterin studies in dogs and hamsters. Am. J. Vet. Res.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.