16
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Assays for Fibrinogen and Its Derivatives

Pages 145-192 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Davie E. W., Schmer G. Modern concept of blood coagulation. Coagulation, Current Research and Clinical Applications, G. Schmer, P. E. Strandjord. Academic Press, New York 1973; 3
  • Weiss H. J. Platelet physiology and abnormalities of platelet function. New Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 531
  • Weinstein M. J., Doolittle R. F. Differential specificities of thrombin, plasmin and trypsin with regard to synthetic and natural substrates and inhibitors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1972; 258: 577
  • Astrup T. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in tissue culture and tissue repair. Biochem. Pharmacol. Suppl. 1968; 241
  • Todd A. S. Localization of fibrinolytic activity in tissues. Br. Med. Bull. 1964; 20: 210
  • Kwaan H. C., Astrup T. Fibrinolytic activity of reparative connective tissue. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1964; 87: 409
  • Pizzo S. V., Schwartz M. L., Hill R. L., McKee P. A. The effect of plasmin on the subunit structure of human fibrinogen. J. Biol. Chem. 1972; 247: 636
  • Marder V. J., Budzynski A. Z., James H. L. High molecular weight derivatives of human fibrinogen produced by plasmin. J. Biol. Chem. 1972; 247: 4775
  • Pizzo S. V., Taylor L. M., Slade C. L., Schwartz M. L., Hill R. L., McKee P. A. The subunit structure of plasmin degraded human fibrinogen, noncross-linked, partially cross-linked and fully cross-linked fibrin. in 3rd Congr., International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Abstract), Washington, D.C., 1972; 304
  • Dudek G. A., Klaczewiak M., Budzynski A. Z., Latallo Z. S., Kopec M. Characterization and comparison of macromolecular end products of fibrinogen and fibrin proteolysis by plasmin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1970; 214: 44
  • Niewiarowski S., Nandi M. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. Br. J. Haematol. 1971; 21: 71
  • Gaffney P. J. Molecular aspects of fibrin clot solubilization. Nat. New Biol. 1971; 234: 281
  • Marder V. J., Budzynski A. Z. Degradation products of fibrinogen and cross-linked fibrin - projected clinical applications. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1974; 32: 49
  • Catanzaro A., Edgington T. S. The in vivo behavior of the terminal derivatives of fibrinogen and fibrin cleaved by plamin. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1974; 83: 458
  • Gans H., Subramanian V., Tan B. H. Selective phagocytosis: a new concept in protein catabolism. Science 1968; 159: 107
  • Walsh R. T., Barnhart M. I. Clearance of coagulation and fibrinolysis products by the reticuloendothelial system. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. Suppl. 1969; 36(Suppl. 29)83
  • Rayner H., Paraskevas F., Israels L. G., Israels E. D. Fibrinogen breakdown products: identification and assay in serum and urine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1969; 74: 586
  • Sharma L. A., Harwig S., Lee J. In vitro formation and in vivo clearance of fibrinogen: fibrin complexes. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1975; 86: 100
  • Riddle J. M., Barnhart M. I. Ultrastructural study of fibrin dissolution via emigrated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 1964; 45: 805
  • Barnhart M. I. Importance of neutrophilic leukocytes in the resolution of fibrin. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1965; 24: 846
  • Hall C. E. Electron microscopy of fibrinogen and fibrin. J. Biol. Chem. 1949; 179: 857
  • Hall C. E., Slayter H. S. The fibrinogen molecule: its size, shape and mode of polymerization. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1959; 5: 11
  • Doolittle R. F. Structural aspects of the fibrinogen to firbrin conversion. Advances in Protein Chemistry, C. B. Anfinsen, J. T. Edsall, F. M. Richards. Academic Press, New York 1973; Vol. 27: 1
  • Wintrobe M. M. Clinical Hematology, 6th ed., M. M. Wintrobe, et al. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1967; 355
  • Davidsohn I., Nelson D. A. The blood. Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, 15th ed., I. Davidsohn, B. J. Henry. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1974; 133
  • Huseby R. M., Bang N. U. Fibrinogen. Thrombosis and Bleeding Disorders, N. U. Bang, F. K. Beller, E. Deutsch, E. F. Mammen. Academic Press, New York 1971; 226
  • Smith G. F., Bang N. U. Formation of soluble fibrin polymers. Fibrinogen degradation fragments D and E fail to form soluble complexes with fibrin monomer. Biochemistry 1972; 11: 2958
  • Ferry J. D., Morrison P. R. Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. VIII. The conversion of human fibrinogen to fibrin under various conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947; 69: 388
  • Morrison P. R. Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. XV. Some factors influencing the quantitative determination of fibrinogen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947; 69: 2723
  • Bang N. U. Ultrastructure of the fibrin clot. Blood Clotting Enzymology, W. H. Seegers. Academic Press, New York 1967; 495
  • Davie E. W., Fujikawa K. Basic mechanisms in blood coagulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1975; 44: 799
  • Ratnoff O. D., Lauster C. F., Sholl J. G., Schilling M. O. A hemorrhagic state during pregnancy. Am. J. Med. 1952; 13: 111
  • Shaw S. T., Jr., Aaronson D. E., Kuyumjian N., unpublished observations
  • McDonagh J., Wagner R. H. Site of synthesis of plasma and platelet factor XIII. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1972; 202: 31
  • McDonagh R. P., Jr., McDonagh J., Blombäck B. Polypeptide chains of human fibrin: Molecular organization and cross-linking. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1972; 202: 335
  • Stewart G. J. An electron microscope study of the polymerization of fibrinogen and its derivatives. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 165
  • Stewart D. J., Niewiarowski S. Nonenzymatic polymerization of fibrinogen by protamine sulfate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1969; 194: 462
  • Latallo Z. S., Wegrzynowicz Z., Budzynski A. Z., Kopec M. Effect of protamine sulphate on the solubility of fibrinogen, its derivatives and other plasma proteins. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 151
  • Laki K., Benko A., Farrel J. Clot stabilization and atherosclerosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1972; 202: 235
  • Kanaide H., Braun W. E., Shainoff J. R. “Macrofibrinogen”. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1973; 32: 835
  • Kanaide H., Shainoff J. R. Crossing-linking of fibrinogen and fibrin by fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIIIa). J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1975; 85: 574
  • Cohn E. J., Strong L. E., Hughes W. L., Jr., Mulford D. J., Ashworth J. N., Melin M., Taylor H. L. Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. IV. A system for the separation into fractions of the protein and lipoprotein components of biological tissues and fluids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946; 68: 459
  • Miller L. L., Bly C. G., Watson M. L., Bale W. F. The dominant role of the liver in plasma protein synthesis. J. Exp. Med. 1951; 94: 431
  • Straub P. W. A study of fibrinogen production by human liver slices in vitro by an immunoprecipitin method. J. Clin. Invest. 1963; 42: 130
  • Barnhart M. I., Anderson G. F. Intracellular localization of fibrinogen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962; 110: 734
  • Forman W. B., Barnhart M. I. Cellular site for fibrinogen synthesis. JAMA 1964; 187: 128
  • Miller L. L., Titthasiria N., Hanvan H. R., Adelson E. Fibrinogen and fibrin - Normal metabolism. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1965; 24: 810, cited by
  • Barnhart M. I., Cress D. C., Noonan S. M., Walsh R. T. Influence of fibrinolytic products on hepatic release and synthesis of fibrinogen. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. Suppl. 1970; 39: 143
  • Bonnar J., McNicol G. P., Douglas A. S. Coagulation defects in obstetrics. Modern Trends in Obstetrics, R. J. Kellar. Butterworths, London 1969
  • Medhat I. A., Toppozada H. K., Rizk M. A., Khowessah M. M., Abdel Malek A. T. A study of the effect of an oral contraceptive on blood coagulation factors, platelets, and fibrinolytic activity. Contraception 1974; 9: 379
  • Adelson E. Fibrinogen and fibrin - Normal metabolism. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1965; 24: 810
  • Bickford A. F., Sokolow M. Fibrinolysis as related to the urea solubility of fibrin. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1961; 5: 480
  • Gormsen J., Fletcher A. P., Alkjaersig N., Sherry S. Enzymic lysis of plasma clots: the influence of fibrin stabilization on lysis rates. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1967; 120: 654
  • Rabiner S. F., Robbins K. C. Studies on fibrinolysis. I. A circulating substance capable of converting plasmin-sensitive to plasmin-resistant clots. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962; 111: 701
  • Gallimore M. J., Tyler H. M., Shaw J. T. B. The origin of fibrin breakdown products and the interpretation of their appearance in the circulation. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 25: 185
  • Cash J. D. Physiological aspects of fibrinolysis. Synthetic Fibrinolytic, Thrombolytic Agents, K. N. von Kaulla, J. F. Davidson. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, III. 1975; 5
  • Marder V. J. Discussion section 1–6, Fibrinogen degradation products. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 64
  • Kowalski E. Fibrinogen derivatives and their biologic activities. Semin. Hematol. 1968; 5: 45
  • Malofiejew M. The biological and pharmacological properties of some fibrinogen degradation products. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 303
  • Barnhart M. I., Sulisz L., Bluhm G. B. Role for fibrinogen and its derivatives in acute inflammation. Immunopathology of Inflammation, B. K. Forscher, J. C. Houck. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1971; 59
  • Larrieu M. J. Action of fibrinogen degradation products and fibrin monomer soluble complexes on platelet aggregation. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 273
  • de Gaetano G., Donati M. B., Vermylen J. Human platelet clumping by bovine fibrinogen during its degradation. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 281
  • Salmon J. Inhibition of thrombocytopenia of immunological origin by fibrinogen degradation products. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 285
  • Stecher V. J., Sorkin E. The chemotactic activity of fibrin lysis products. Int. Arch. Allergy 1972; 43: 879
  • Richardson D. L., Pepper D. S., Kay A. B. Chemotaxis for human monocytes by fibrinogen-derived peptides. Br. J. Haematol. 1976; 32: 507
  • Bang H. O. Quantitative determination of fibrinogen in plasma - Gram's method modified. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1957; 9: 205
  • Ham T. H., Curtis F. C. Plasma fibrinogen response to man. Medicine 1938; 17: 413
  • Parfentjev I. A., Johnson M. L., Cliffton E. E. The determination of plasma fibrinogen by turbidity with ammonium sulfate. Arch. Biochem. 1953; 46: 470
  • Persson I. Normal values for plasma fibrin in the age group 20–50 years. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1953; 7: 279
  • Ratnoff O. D., Menzie C. A new method for the determination of fibrinogen in small samples of plasma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1951; 37: 316
  • Reiner M., Cheung H. L. Fibrinogen. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry, D. Seligson. Academic Press, New York 1961; Vol. 3: 114
  • Saifer A., Newhouse A. Photometric microdetermination of plasma fibrinogen with a thrombin-ninhydrin procedure. J. Biol. Chem. 1954; 208: 159
  • Trevorrow V., Kaser M., Patterson J. P., Hill R. M. Plasma albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen in healthy individuals from birth to adulthood. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1942; 27: 471
  • Ogston C. M., Ogston D. Plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen levels in health and in ischaemic heart disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 1966; 19: 352
  • Crane M. M., Sanford H. N. Substances involved in the coagulation of the blood of the new-born infant. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1936; 51: 99
  • Hathaway W. E. The bleeding newborn. Semin. Hematol. 1975; 12: 175
  • Grannis G. F. Plasma fibrinogen, determination, normal values, physiopathologic shifts, and fluctuations. Clin. Chem. 1970; 16: 486
  • Brakman P., Albrechtsen O. K., Astrup T. A comparative study of coagulation and fibrinolysis in blood from normal men and women. Br. J. Haematol. 1966; 12: 74
  • Das P. C., Allan A. G. E., Woodfield D. G., Cash J. D. Fibrin degradation products in sera of normal subjects. Br. Med. J. 1967; 4: 718
  • Cash J. D. Effect of moderate exercise on the fibrinolytic system in normal young men and women. Br. Med. J. 1966; 2: 502
  • Basu H. K. Fibrin degradation products in sera of women with normal menstruation and menorrhagia. Br. Med. J. 1970; 1: 74
  • Woodfield D. G., Cole S. K., Allan A. G. E., Cash J. D. Serum fibrin degradation products throughout normal pregnancy. Br. Med. J. 1968; 4: 665
  • Beller F. K., Nachtigall L., Rosenberg M. Coagulation studies of menopausal women taking estrogen replacement. Obstet. Gynecol. 1972; 39: 775
  • Bonnar J., Davidson J. F., Pidgeon C. F., McNicol G. P., Douglas A. S. Fibrin degradation products in normal and abnormal pregnancy and parturition. Br. Med. J. 1969; 3: 137
  • Owen C. A., Bowie E. J. W., Didisheim P., Thompson J. H. Inherited hemorrhagic diseases. The Diagnosis of Bleeding Disorders. Little, Brown, Boston 1969; 113
  • Rizza C. R. Clotting factor deficiencies. Human Blood Coagulation, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, R. Biggs. Blackwell, Oxford 1972; 212
  • Blombäck M., Blombäck B., Mammen E. F., Prasad A. S. Fibrinogen Detroit - a molecular defect in the N-terminal disulphide knot of human fibrinogen?. Nature 1968; 218: 134
  • Denson K. W. E. Abnormal clotting factors. Human Blood Coagulation, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, R. Biggs. Blackwell, Oxford 1972; 202
  • Menache D. Abnormal fibrinogens, a review. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1973; 29: 525
  • Al-Mondhiry H. A. B., Bilezikian S. B., Nossel H. L. Fibrinogen “New York” - An abnormal fibrinogen associated with thromboembolism: functional evaluation. Blood 1975; 45: 607
  • Samori T., Yatabe M., Ukita M., Fujimoki M., Fukutaki K. A new type of congenital dsyfibrinogenemia (Fibrinogen Tokyo) with defective stabilization of fibrin polymers. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1975; 34: 329
  • Budzynski A. Z., Marder V. J., Menache D., Guillin M. C. Structural abnormality in the gamma polypeptide chain of Paris 1 fibrinogen. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1975; 34: 329
  • Morse E. E. Fibrinogen and the fibrinogenopathies. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1971; 1: 155
  • Ratnoff O. D., Forman W. B. Criteria for the differentiation of dysfibrinogenemic states. Semin. Hematol. 1976; 13: 141
  • Barr R. D., Ouna N., Simpson J. G., Bagshawe A. F. Dysfibrinogenemia and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Q. J. Med. New Ser. 1976; 45: 647
  • Green G., Thomson J. M., Dymock I. W., Poller L. Abnormal fibrin polymerization in liver disease. Br. J. Haematol. 1976; 34: 427
  • Cotran R. S. Studies on inflammation - ultrastructure of the prolonged vascular response induced by Clostridium oedematiens toxin. Lab. Invest. 1967; 17: 39
  • Majno G., Palade G. E. Studies on inflammation. I. The effect of histamine and serotonin on vascular permeability: an electron microscopic study. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1961; 11: 571
  • Rodman N. F. Thrombosis. The Inflammatory Process, B. W. Zweifach, L. Grant, R. T. McCluskey. Academic Press, New York 1974; Vol. 2: 364
  • Baker L. R. I., Rubenberg M. L., Dacie J. V., Brain M. C. Fibrinogen catabolism in microangiopathic haemolytic anemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1968; 14: 617
  • Harker L. A., Slichter S. J. Platelet and fibrinogen consumption in man. N. Engl. J. Med. 1972; 287: 999
  • F. D. P. Lancet 1972; 2: 957
  • Shah B. C., Ambrus J. L., Mink I. B., Albert D. J., Sampson D., Murphy G. P. Fibrin degradation products in renal parenchymal disease states and renal translant patients. Transplantation 1972; 14: 705
  • Ambrus J. L., Baliah H. T., Ambrus C. M., Mink I. B., Murphy G. P. Fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in children with renal disease. N. Y. State J. Med. 1974; 74: 1396
  • Wardle E. N. Serum and urine F.R.-antigen in renal disease. Br. Med. J. 1972; 4: 427
  • Uttley W. S., Maxwell H., Cash J. D. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in children with renal disease. Arch. Dis. Child. 1974; 49: 137
  • Marchesis S. L., Aptekar R. G., Steinberg A. D., Gralnick H. R., Decker J. L. Urinary fibrin split products in lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1974; 17: 158
  • Hoq M. S., Clarkson A. R., Anderton J. L., Cash J. D. Urinary excretion heterophile (sheep) hemagglutinins and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products after renal transplantation and in proliferative glomerulonephritis. Lancet 1973; 1: 1029
  • Naish P., Evans D. J., Peters D. K. Urinary fibrinogen derivative excretion and intraglomerular fibrin deposition in glomerulonephritis. Br. Med. J. 1974; 1: 544
  • Minna J. D., Robboy S. G., Colman R. W. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Man. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill. 1974, chap. 13
  • Clark R. D., Gazzard B. G., Lewis M. L., Flute P. T., Williams R. Fibrinogen metabolism in acute hepatitis and active chronic hepatitis. Br. J. Haematol. 1975; 30: 95
  • Jim R. T. S. A study of the plasma thrombin time. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1957; 50: 45
  • Clauss A. Gerinnungsphysiologische Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung des Fibrinogens. Acta Haematol. 1957; 17: 237
  • Koepke J. A., Gilmer P. R., Filip D. J., Eckstein J. D., Sibley C. A. Studies of fibrinogen measurement in the CAP survey program. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 63: 984
  • Donati M. B., Vermylen J., Verstraete M. Fibrinogen degradation products and a fibrinogen assay based on clotting kinetics. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 255
  • Vermylen C., DeVreker R. A., Verstraete M. A rapid enzymatic method for assay of fibrinogen-fibrin polymerization time (FPT test). Clin. Chim. Acta 1963; 8: 418
  • Natelson E. A., Dooley D. F. Rapid determination of fibrinogen by thrombokinetics. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974; 61: 828
  • Mason W. B., Henry R. J. Photometry and spectrophotometry. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques, 2nd ed., R. J. Henry, D. C. Cannon, J. W. Winkelman. Harper & Row, Hagerstown, Md 1974; 45
  • Rafferty N. S., Tyrol A. G., Parfentjev I. A. Turbidimetric analysis of fibrinogen and gamma-globulin with ammonium sulfate by different photometric techniques. Clin. Chem. 1958; 4: 185
  • Fowell A. H. Turbidimetric method of fibrinogen assay. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1955; 25: 340
  • Hunter D. T., Allensworth J. L. A modified fibrinogen assay. Tech. Bull. Regist. Med. Technol. 1965; 35: 145
  • Martinek R. G., Berry R. E. Micromethod for the estimation of plasma fibrinogen. Clin. Chem. 1965; 11: 10
  • King E. J., Wootion I. D. P. Micromethods in Medical Biochemistry. Churchill, London 1956; 611
  • Podmore D. A. Rapid turbidimetric methods for the determination of plasma fibrinogen. Clin. Chim. Acta 1959; 4: 242
  • Campbell W. R., Hanna M. I. The albumin, globulins, and fibrogen of serum and plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1937; 119: 15
  • Goodwin J. F. An evaluation of technics for the separation and estimation of plasma fibrinogen. Clin. Chem. 1965; 11: 63
  • Goodwin J. F. Microestimation of fibrinogen with a semimicro modification applicable to icteric plasma. Clin. Chem. 1967; 13: 947
  • Howe P. E. The determination of fibrinogen by precipitation with sodium sulfate compared with the precipitation of fibrin by the action of calcium chloride. J. Biol. Chem. 1923; 57: 235
  • Cullen G. E., Van Slyke D. D. Determination of the fibrin, globulin, and albumin nitrogen of blood serum. J. Biol. Chem. 1920; 41: 587
  • Reinhold J. G. Total protein, albumin and globulin. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry, M. Reiner. Academic Press, New York 1953; Vol. 1: 88
  • Friedman H. S. Gamma globulin in serum. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry, D. Seligson. Academic Press, New York 1958; Vol. 2: 40
  • Wu H. A new colorimetric method for the determination of plasma proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1922; 51: 33
  • Wu H., Ling S. M. Colorimetric determination of proteins in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Chin. J. Physiol. 1927; 1: 161
  • Folin O., Ciocalteu V. Tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1927; 73: 627
  • Lowry O. H., Rosebrough N. J., Farr A. L., Randall R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951; 193: 265
  • Daughaday W. H., Lowry O. H., Rosebrough N. J., Fields W. S. Determination of cerebrospinal fluid protein with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1952; 39: 663
  • Merskey C., Johnson A. J., Kleiner C. J., Wohl H. The defibrination syndrome: clinical features and laboratory diagnosis. Br. J. Haematol. 1967; 13: 528
  • Sharp A. A., Howie B., Biggs R., Methuen D. T. Defibrination syndrome in pregnancy - value of various diagnostic tests. Lancet 1958; 2: 1309
  • Phillips L. L., Jenkins E. B., Hardaway R. M. Comparison of two methods for determination of fibrinogen. Tech. Bull. Regist. Med. Technol. 1969; 39: 130
  • Stevens D. J., Sanfelippo M. J. Evaluation of three methods for plasma fibrinogen determination. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973; 60: 182
  • Flip D. J., Eckstein J. D., Sibley C. A. Observations on diagnostic kits for the determination of plasma fibrinogen. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974; 62: 32
  • Roberts P. S., Regelson W., Kingsbury B. Determination of fibrinogen in normal human plasma in the presence and absence of anticoagulants. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1973; 82: 822
  • Gitlin D., Borges W. H. Studies on the metabolism of fibrinogen in two patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. Blood 1953; 8: 679
  • Fox F. J., Wide L., Killander J., Gemzell C. Determination of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis products in human plasma by an immunochemical method. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1965; 17: 341
  • Brittin G. M., Rafinia H., Raval D., Werner M., Brown B. Evaluation of single radial immunodiffusion for quantitation of plasma fibrinogen. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1971; 57: 89
  • Zucker M. B., Pert J. H., Hilgartner M. W. Platelet function in a patient with thrombasthenia. Blood 1966; 28: 524
  • Castelan D. J., Hirsh J., Martin M. Latex-bound antifibrinogen test for plasma fibrinogen assay. J. Clin. Pathol. 1968; 21: 638
  • Blombäck B., Blombäck M. Purification of bovine and human fibrinogen. Ark. Kemi 1956; 10: 415
  • Cullen G. E., Van Slyke D. D. Determination of the fibrin, globulin, and albumin nitrogen of blood plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1920; 41: 587
  • Gram H. C. Sturdier over fibrinmaengden i menneskets blod og plasma (Disp.), Copenhagen, 1921, described by Bang H. O., Quantitative determination of fibrinogen in plasma - Gram's method modified. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1957; 9: 205
  • Regoeczi E. Occlusion of plasma proteins by human fibrin: studies using trace-labelled proteins. Br. J. Haematol. 1968; 14: 279
  • Blombäck B. On the properties of fibrinogen and fibrin. Ark. Kemi 1958; 12: 99
  • Jacobsson K. Studies on the determination of fibrinogen in human blood plasma. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 1955; 14: 7
  • Astrup T., Brakman P., Nissen U. The estimation of fibrinogen. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1965; 17: 57
  • Green G. S. Determination of nonfibrin protein in fibrin clots by use of I131-labelled protein fractions. Clin. Chem. 1966; 12: 808
  • Ratnoff O. D., personal communication
  • Ogston D., Ogston C. M., Bennett N. B. Arterio-venous differences in the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1966; 16: 32
  • Ware A. G., Guest M. M., Seegers W. H. Fibrinogen: with special reference to its preparation and certain properties of the products. Arch. Biochem. 1947; 13: 231
  • Ware A. G., Cannon D. C., Olitzky I., Inkpen J. A. Proteins. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics, 2nd ed., R. J. Henry, D. C. Cannon, J. W. Winkelman. Harper & Row, Hagerstown, Md. 1974; 458, personal communication; as outlined in
  • Ratnoff O. D., Potts A. M. The accelerating effect of calcium and other cations on the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. J. Clin. Invest. 1954; 33: 206
  • Elias T. P., Iyer G. Y. N. Some inhibitors of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1967; 18: 499
  • Farrel G. W., Wolf P. The measurement of fibrinogen and its derivatives. I. Examination of methods of measurement of clottable fibrinogen. Med. Lab. Technol. 1971; 28: 310
  • Foster L. B., Frings C. S., Hochholzer J. M. Fibrinogen assay during heparin therapy of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Clin. Chem. 1971; 17: 1216
  • Ratnoff O. D., Pritchard J. A., Colopy J. E. Hemorrhagic states during pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1955; 253: 63
  • Huseby R. M., Bang N. U. Fibrinogen. Thrombosis and Bleeding Disorders - Theory and Methods, N. U. Bang, F. K. Beller, E. Deutsch, E. F. Mammen. Academic Press, New York 1971; 230
  • Atencio A. C., Burdick D. C., Reeve E. B. An accurate isotope dilution method for measuring plasma fibrinogen. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1965; 66: 137
  • Schneider C. L. Rapid estimation of plasma fibrinogen concentration and its use as a guide to therapy of intravascular defibrination. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1952; 64: 141
  • Bowman H. S., Yelito M. B. A method for determining the plasma fibrinogen titer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1957; 74: 670
  • Rosenberg A. A., Peabody R. A. Rapid estimation of fibrinogen in fibrinolytic and nonfibrinolytic states. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 666
  • Ellis B. C., Stransky A. A quick and accurate method for the determination of fibrinogen in plasma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1961; 58: 477
  • Hershgold E. G., Martin B. A rapid, quantitative determination of clottable fibrinogen unaffected by heparin. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 63: 231
  • Saleem A., Krieg A. F., Fretz K. Improved micromethod for plasma fibrinogen unaffected by heparin therapy. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 63: 426
  • Davey F. R., Carrington C. E., Nelson D. A. Comparison of rapid clottable fibrinogen assays. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 1360
  • Burmester H. B. C., Aulton K., Horsfield G. I. Evaluation of a rapid method for the determination of plasma fibrinogen. J. Clin. Pathol. 1970; 23: 43
  • Kalbfleisch J. M., Bird R. M. Cryofibrinogenemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1960; 263: 881
  • Lipinski B., Wegrynowicz Z., Budzynski A. Z., Kopec M., Latallo Z. S., Kowalski E. Soluble unclottable complexes formed in the presence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) during the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion and their potential significance in pathology. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1967; 17: 65
  • Shainoff J. R., Page I. H. Significance of cryoprofibrin in fibrinogen-fibrin conversion. J. Exp. Med. 1962; 116: 687
  • Ritzmann S. E., Levin W. C. A review: cryopathies. Arch. Intern. Med. 1960; 263: 881
  • McKee P. A., Kalbfleisch J. M., Bird R. M. Incidence and significance of cryofibrinogenemia. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963; 61: 203
  • Cohn E. J., Strong L. E., Hughes W. L., Jr., Mulford D. J., Ashworth J. N., Melin M., Taylor H. L. Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. IV. A system for the separation into fractions of the protein and lipoprotein components of biological tissues and fluids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946; 68: 459
  • Godal H. C., Abildgaard U., Kierrulf P. Ethanol gelation and fibrin monomers in plasma. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 189
  • Breen F. A., Tullis J. L. Ethanol gelation: a rapid screening test for intravascular coagulation. Ann. Intern. Med. 1968; 69: 1197
  • Breen F. A., Tullis J. L. Ethanol gelation test improved. Ann. Intern. Med. 1969; 71: 33
  • Gerrits W. B. J., Prakke E. M., van der Meer J., Vreeken J. Causes of a negative ethanol gelation test in diffuse intravascular coagulation. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1974; 31: 299
  • Gurewich V. Causes of a negative ethanol gelation test in diffuse intravascular coagulation (letter to the editor). Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1974; 32: 243
  • von Kaulla E., von Kaulla K. N. Detection of hypercoagulability states by a modified ethanol gelation test and its correlation with other coagulation procedures. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974; 61: 810
  • Stewart G. J. An electron microscope study of ethanol gelation. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 113: 193
  • Gurewich V., Hutchinson E. Detection of intravascular coagulation by serial-dilution protamine sulfate test. Ann. Intern. Med. 1971; 75: 895
  • Niewiarowski S., Gurewich V. Laboratory identification of intravascular coagulation. The serial dilution protamine sulfate test for the detection of fibrin monomer and fibrin degradation products. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1971; 77: 665
  • Gurewich V., Niewiarowski S., Hutchinson E. The detection of fibrin degradation products - application of the serial dilution protamine sulfate (SDPS) test to fibrinolytic therapy. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 47: 137
  • Kidder W. R., Logan L. J., Rapaport S. I., Patch M. J. The plasma protamine paracoagulation test: clinical and laboratory evaluation. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 58: 675
  • Fletcher A. P., Alkjaersig N. Blood screening methods for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis, Bethesda Conference on Venous Thromboembolism. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 1972; 50(Suppl. 2)170
  • Fletcher A. P., Alkjaersig N., O'Brien J. R., Tulevski V. G. Blood hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 1971; 83: 159
  • O'Brien J. R. Diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis, T. H. Spaet. Grune & Stratton, New York 1974; Vol. 2: 325
  • Alkjaersig N., Fletcher A., Burstein R. Association between oral contraceptive use and thromboembolism: a new approach to its investigation based on plasma fibrinogen chromatography. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1975; 122: 199
  • Nossel H. L., Younger L. R., Wilner G. D., Procupez T., Canfield R. E., Butler V. P., Jr. Radioimmunoassay of human fibrinopeptide A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1971; 68: 2350
  • Cronlund M., Hardin J., Burton J., Lee L., Haber E., Bloch K. J. Fibrinopeptide A in plasma of normal subjects and patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest. 1976; 58: 142
  • Kockum C. Radioimmunoassay of fibrinopeptide A - clinical applications. Thromb. Res. 1976; 8: 225
  • Nossel H. L., Ti M., Kaplan K. M., Spanondis K., Soland T., Butler V. P. The generation of fibrinopeptide A in clinical blood samples. J. Clin. Invest. 1976; 58: 1136
  • Bilezikian S. B., Nossel H. L., Butler V. P., Canfield R. E. Radioimmunoassay of human fibrinopeptide B and kinetics of fibrinopeptide cleavage by different enzymes. J. Clin. Invest. 1975; 56: 438
  • Kisker C. T., Rush R. Detection of intravascular coagulation. J. Clin. Invest. 1971; 50: 2235
  • Kisker C. T., Rush R. A specific assay for the detection of intravascular coagulation. J. Clin. Invest. 1970; 49: 51a
  • Merskey C., Kleiner G. J., Johnson A. J. Quantitative estimation of split products of fibrinogen in human serum, relation to diagnosis and treatment. Blood 1966; 28: 1
  • Erickson C., String T., Stewart D., Cohen R. J. Evaluation of methods for the detection and quantitation of serum fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 58: 394
  • Marder V. J., Matchett M. O., Sherry S. Detection of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. Comparison of six techniques using purified products and application in clinical studies. Am. J. Med. 1971; 51: 71
  • Garvey M. B., Black J. M. The detection of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products by means of a new antibody-coated latex particle. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 25: 680
  • Ellman L., Carvalho A., Colman R. W. The Thrombo-Wellcotest as a screening test for disseminated intravascular coagulation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1973; 288: 633
  • Carvalho A., Ellman L., Colman R. W. A comparison of the staphylococcal clumping test and an agglutination test for detection of fibrinogen degradation products. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974; 62: 107
  • Allington M. J. The latex flocculation inhibition test for the detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 389
  • Allington M. J. Detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products by a latex clumping method. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 115
  • Mersky C., Johnson A. J., Kleiner C. J. Fibrinogen digestion products in plasma and serum from normal individuals and from patients with fibrinolytic and defibrination syndromes as determined by tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII). Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1965; 24: 453
  • Fox F. J., Jr., Wide L., Killander J., Gemzell C. Determination of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis products in human plasma by an immunochemical method. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1965; 17: 341
  • Murakami M. An immunological method for demonstrating fibrin or fibrinogen degradation products in the circulating blood. Acta Haematol. Jpn. 1965; 28: 341
  • Mertens B. F., McDuffie F. C., Bowie E. J. W., Owen C. A., Jr. Rapid sensitive method for measuring fibrinogen split-products in human serum. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1969; 44: 114
  • Mersky C., Lalezari P., Johnson A. J. A rapid, simple, sensitive method for measuring fibrinolytic split products in human serum. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1969; 131: 871
  • Das P. C., Allan A. G. E., Woodfield D. G., Cash J. D. Fibrin degradation products in sera of normal subjects. Br. Med. J. 1967; 4: 718
  • Thomas D. P., Niewiarowski S., Myers A. R., Bloch K. J., Colman R. W. A comparative study of four methods for detecting fibrinogen degradation products in patients with various diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 1970; 283: 663
  • Cole S. K., Clarkson A. R. Menstrual blood loss and fibrin degradation products. Br. Med. J. 1972; 1: 78
  • Ferguson A. C., Kennedy H., Ank B. J., Sturgeon P., Stiehm E. R. Detection of fibrin degradation products. A comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis and two hemagglutination-inhibition methods. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974; 62: 861
  • Catt K. J., Hirsh J., Castelan D. J., Naill H. D., Tregear G. W. Radioimmunoassay of fibrinogen and its proteolysis products. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1968; 20: 1
  • Shaw S. T., Jr. Fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products by radioimmunoassay. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. (Abstr.) 1974; 62: 302
  • Shaw S. T., Jr., unpublished observations
  • Plow E. F., Hougie C., Edgington T. S. Neoantigenic expressions engendered by plasmin cleavage of fibrinogen. J. Immunol. 1971; 107: 1496
  • Plow E., Edgington T. S. Immunobiology of fibrinogen. Emergence of neoantigenic expressions during physiologic cleavage in vitro and in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 1973; 52: 273
  • Gordon Y. B., McNeile A. T., Martin M. J., Chard T. Specific and sensitive determination of fibrinogen-degradation products by radioimmunoassay. Lancet 1973; 2: 1168
  • Gordon Y. B., Martin M. J., Landon J., Chard T. The development of radioimmunoassays for fibrinogen degradation products: Fragments D and E. Br. J. Haematol. 1975; 29: 109
  • Plow E. F., Edgington T. S. A cleavage-associated neoantigen in the E region of fibrinogen. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1973; 32: 835
  • Allington M. J. Fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products and the clumping of staphylococci by serum. Br. J. Haematol. 1967; 13: 550
  • Lipinski B., Hawiger J., Jeljaszewicz J. Staphylococcal clumping with soluble fibrin monomer complexes. J. Exp. Med. 1967; 126: 979
  • Hawiger J., Niewiarowski S., Gurewich V., Thomas D. P. Measurement of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in serum by staphylococcal clumping test. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1970; 75: 93
  • Leavelle D. E., Mertens B. F., Bowie E. J. W., Owen C. A., Jr. Staphylococcal clumping on microtiter plates: a rapid, simple method for measuring fibrinogen split products. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1971; 55: 452
  • Latallo Z. S., Teisseyre E. Evaluation of Reptilase-R and thrombin clotting time in the presence of fibrinogen degradation products and heparin. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1971; 13: 261
  • Hedner U., Nilsson I. M. Parallel determinations of FDP and fibrin monomers with various methods. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1972; 28: 268
  • Farrell G. W., Wolf P. The measurement of fibrinogen and its derivatives. II. Determination of total immunoreactive fibrinogen in the presence of soluble fibrin monomer complexes (cryoprofibrin complexes). Med. Lab. Technol. 1971; 28: 319
  • Yip M. L. B., Lee S., Sacks H. J. Nonspecificity of the protamine test for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 57: 487
  • Gurewich V., Hume M., Patrick M. The laboratory diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease by measurement of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products and fibrin monomer. Chest 1973; 64: 585
  • Gallus A. S., Hirsh J., Gent M. Relevance of preoperative and postoperative leg-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1973; 2: 805
  • Hirsh J., Gallus A. S., Cade J. F. Diagnosis of thrombosis - evaluation of 125I-fibrinogen scanning and blood tests. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1974; 32: 11

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.