Measurement of Urine Electrolytes: Clinical Significance and Methods

References

• Gennari F. J., Cohen J. J. Renal tubular acidosis. Annu. Rev. Med. 1978; 29: 521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narins R., Goldberg M. Renal tubular acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Dis. Mon. 1977; 1
   Google Scholar
• Bricker N. S. Acute renal failure, chap. 2. Textbook of Medicine14th ed., P. B. Beeson, W. McDermott. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1975; 604
   Google Scholar
• Harrington J. T., Cohen J. J. Measurement of urinary electrolytes—indications and limitations. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 1241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handa S. P., Morrin P. A. F. Diagnostic indices in acute renal failure. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1967; 96: 78
   Google Scholar
• Espinel C. H. The FENa test — use in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. JAMA 1976; 236: 579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen R. S., Gambino S. R. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnoses. Wiley and Sons, New York 1975; 5
   Google Scholar
• Miller T. R., Anderson R. J., Linas S. L., Henrich W. L., Berns A. S., Gabow P. A., Schrier R. W. Urinary diagnostic indices in acute renal failure — a prospective study. Ann., Intern. Med. 1978; 89: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swenson R. S., Corell W. F., Redding G. J. Differential diagnostic indices in early acute renal failure (ARF). Clin. Res. 1975; 23: 122A, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Anderson R. J., Linas S. L., Berns A. S., Henrich W. L., Miller T. R., Gabow P. A., Schrier R. W. Nonliguric acute renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296: 1134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilberman M., Myers B. D., Carrie B. J., Derby G., Jamison R. L., Stinson E. B. Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Surg. 1979; 77: 880
   Google Scholar
• Siegel S. R., Oh W. Renal function as a marker of human fetal maturation. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1976; 65: 481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross B., Cowett R. M., Oh W. Renal functions of low birth weight infants during the first two months of life. Pediatr. Res. 1977; 11: 1162
   Google Scholar
• Aperia A., Broberger O., Thodenius K., Zetterstrom R. Developmental study of the renal response to an oral salt load in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1974; 63: 517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medani C. R., Davitt M. K., Huntington L. K., Sivasubramanian K. N., Jose P. A. Acute renal failure in the newborn. Contr. Nephrol. 1979; 15: 47
   Google Scholar
• Jones A. S., Groshong T. D., Bland H. E., James E. J. Diagnosis of renal failure in the newborn. Pediatr. Res. 1977; 11: 552, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Asadi F., Norman M. Acute renal failure (ARF) in the newborn infant. Kidney Int. 1977; 12: 471, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Merrill J. P. Diagnosis and management of rejection in allografted kidneys. Transplant. Proc 1971; 3: 287
   Google Scholar
• Porter K. A. Renal transplantation, chap. 26. Pathology of the Kidney2nd ed., R. H. Heptinstall. Little, Brown, Boston 1974
   Google Scholar
• Hong C. D., Kapoor B. S., First M. R., Pollak V. E., Alexander J. W. Fractional excretion of sodium after renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 1979; 16: 167
   Google Scholar
• Horpacsy G., Zinsmeyer J., Mebel M. Continuous determination of various enzymes and sodium concentration in urine — a usable method for diagnosis of kidney graft rejection. Eur. Urol 1978; 4: 334
   Google Scholar
• Flanigan W. J., Ardon L. F., Brewer T. E., Caldwell F. T. Etiology and diagnosis of early post-transplantation oliguria. Am. J. Surg. 1976; 132: 808
   Google Scholar
• Fellner S. K. Reversible acute renal failure complicating transplant rejection. Kidney Int. 1975; 8: 496, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Popovtzer M. M., Husberg B., Starzl T. E. Immunologically mediated acute renal failure after kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 1975; 8: 500
   Google Scholar
• Flanigan W. J., Caldwell F. T., Williams G. D., Brewer T. E., Glenn W. E., Headstream J. W., Campbell G. S. Clinical patterns of renal allograft rejection. Ann. Surg. 1971; 173: 733
   Google Scholar
• Ogden D. A., Holmes J. H. Urinary solute excretion as an index of renal homograft rejection. Ann. Intern. Med. 1966; 64: 806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm G. D., Kulatilake A. E., Papadimitriou M., Shackman R. The diagnosis of rejection of renal allotransplants in man. Lancet 1969; 1: 904
   Google Scholar
• Espinel C. H., Mendez G., Currier C., Montalbert C., Helfrich G. B., Lee H. M. FENa. effective in early diagnosis of acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 1979; 16: 941, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Schrier R. W., Berl T. Disorders of water metabolism, chap. 1. Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, R. W. Schrier. Little, Brown, Boston 1976
   Google Scholar
• Berl T., Schrier R. W. Water metabolism and the hypo-osmolar syndromes, chap 1. Sodium and Water Homeostasis, B. M. Brenner, J. H. Stein. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1978
   Google Scholar
• Burke M. D. Electrolyte studies. I. Sodium and water. Postgrad. Med. 1978; 64: 147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffes M. W., Freier E. F. A simple and precise method of determining true sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations in hyperlipemia. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1976; 88: 683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiehman M. P., Vorherr H., Kleeman C. R., Telfer N. Diuretic-induced hyponatremia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1971; 75: 853
   Google Scholar
• Miller M., Moses A. M. Drug-induced states of impaired water excretion. Kidney Int. 1976; 10: 96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartter F. C., Schwartz W. B. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am. J. Med. 1967; 42: 790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas T. H., Morgan D. B., Swaminathan R. Severe hyponatraemia, a study of 17 patients. Lancet 1978; 1: 621
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy P. G. E., Mitchell D. M., Hoffbrand B. I. Severe hyponatraemia in hospital inpatients. Brit. Med. J. 1978; 2: 1251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flear C. T. G., Singh C. M. Hyponatraemia and sick cells. Brit. J. Anaesth. 1973; 45: 976
   Google Scholar
• Flear C. T. G., Burn J., Gill G. V. Severe hyponatraemia in hospital in-patients. Brit. Med. J. 1978; 2: 1640
   Google Scholar
• Danovitch G. M., Bourgoignie J., Bricker N. S. Reversibility of the “salt-losing” tendency of chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296: 14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depner T. A., Gulyassy P. F. Chronic renal failure, chap. 6. Strauss and Welt's Diseases of the Kidney3rd ed., L. E. Earley, C. W. Gottschalk. Little, Brown, Boston 1979
   Google Scholar
• Cogan M. C., Arieff A. I. Sodium wasting, acidosis and hyperkalemia induced by methicillin interstitial nephritis. Am. J. Med. 1978; 64: 500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan D. B., Ball S. R., Thomas T. H., Lee M. R. Sodium losing renal disease: two cases and a review of the literature. Q. J. Med. 1978; 47: 21
   Google Scholar
• Laragh J. H., Baer L., Brunner H. R., Buhler F. R., Sealey J. E., Vaughan E. D., Jr. Renin, angiotensin and aldosterone system in pathogenesis and management of hypertensive vascular disease. Am. J. Med. 1972; 52: 633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner H. R., Laragh J. H., Baer L., Newton M. A., Goodwin F. T., Krakoff L. R., Bard R. H., Buhler F. R. Essential hypertension: renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke. N. Engl. J. Med 1972; 286: 441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods J. W., Pittman A. W., Pulliam C. C., Werk E. E., Jr., Waider W., Allen C. A. Renin profiling in hypertension and its use in treatment with propranolol and chlorthalidone. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294: 1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidmann P., Beretta-Piccoli C., Ziegler W. H., Keusch G., Gluck Z., Reubi F. C. Age versus urinary sodium for judging renin, aldosterone, and catecholamine levels: Studies in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Kidney Int. 1978; 14: 619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlberg B. E., Tolagen K. Age, blood pressure, renin and urinary electrolytes in primary hypertension and in the normotensive state. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1978; 38: 319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thulin T., Karlberg B. E., Schersten B. Plasma renin activity, aldosterone and sodium excretion in women with high and low casual blood pressure levels. Acta Med. Scand. 1978; 203: 405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosei E. A., Brown J. J., Cumming A. M. M., Fraser R., Semple P. F., Lever A. F., Morton J. J., Robertson A. S., Robertson J. I. S., Tree M. Is the “Sodium Index” a useful way of expressing clinical plasma renin, angiotensin and aldosterone values?. Clin. Endocrinol. 1978; 8: 141
   Google Scholar
• Fagard R., Amery A., Deplaen J. F., Lijnen P., Missotten A. Plasma renin concentration and the hypotensive effect of bendrofluazide and of atenolol. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 1976; 51: 215s
   Google Scholar
• Reisin E., Eliahou H. E. Reproducibility of plasma renin activity (PRA) profile in essential hypertension patients. Biomed. 1978; 29: 48
   Google Scholar
• Gabow P. Disorders of potassium metabolism, chap. 5. Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, R. W. Schrier. Little, Brown, Boston 1976
   Google Scholar
• Nardone D. A., McDonald W. J., Girard D. E. Mechanisms in hypokalemia: clinical correlation. Medicine. 1978; 57: 435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming B. J., Genuth S. M., Gould A. B., Kamionkowski M. D. Laxative-induced hypokalemia, sodium depletion and hyperreninemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1975; 83: 60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larusso N. F., McGill D. B. Surreptitious laxative ingestion — delayed recognition of a serious condition: a case report. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1975; 50: 706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossain V. V., Wert E. E. Surreptitious Iaxation and hypokalemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1972; 76: 671
   Google Scholar
• Katz F. H., Eckert R. C., Gebott M. D. Hypokalemia caused by surreptitious self-administration of diuretics. Ann. Intern. Med. 1972; 76: 85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblum M., Simpson D. P., Evenson M. Factitious Banter's syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 1977; 137: 1244
   Google Scholar
• Leigh H. Factitious hypokalemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1974; 80: 111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansten P. D. Drug Interactions4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1979; 393
   Google Scholar
• Granerus A. K., Jagenburg R., Svanborg A. Kaliuretic effect of L-dopa treatment in parkinsonian patients. Acta Med Scand. 1977; 201: 291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander W. D., Branch R. A., Levine D. F., Hartog M. The urinary sodium: potassium ratio and response to diuretics in resistant oedema. Postgrad. Med. J. 1977; 53: 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert R. C. Spironolactone diuresis in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Brit. Med. J. 1970; 4: 401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truniger B. Na+/K* — Quotient im Uria. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1975; 100: 1918
   Google Scholar
• Editorial, Management of hepatic ascites. Brit. Med. J. 1978; 1: 66
   Google Scholar
• Kaehny W. D. Pathogenesis and management of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, chap. 3. Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, R. W. Schrier. Little, Brown, Boston 1976
   Google Scholar
• Gill J. R., Jr., Bartter F. C. Evidence for a prostaglandin-independent defect in chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle as a proximal cause of Banter's syndrome. Am. J. Med. 1978; 65: 766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grekin R. J., Nicholls M. G., Padfield P. L. Disorders of chloriuretic hormone secretion. Lancet. 1979; 1: 1116
   Google Scholar
• Nivet H., Grenier B., Rolland J. C., Lebrancha Y., Dray F. Raised urinary prostaglandins in patient without Banter's syndrome. Lancet. 1978; 1: 333
   Google Scholar
• Veldhuis J. D., Bardin C. W., Demers L. M. Metabolic mimicry of Banter's syndrome by covert vomiting — utility of urinary chloride determinations. Am. J. Med. 1979; 66: 361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan M. K., Varghese Z., Moorhead J. F. Urinary chloride excretion in suspected Banter's syndrome. Engl. J. Med. 1979; 301: 1450
   Google Scholar
• Roy S., III, Arant B. S., Jr. Alkalosis from chloride-deficient Neo-Mull-Soyr`. N. Engl. J. Med. 1979; 301: 615
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg F., Cordero J. F., Erickson J. D., Roy S. III, Withdrawal of two soy-based infant formulae. Lancet. 1979; 2: 462
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg C., Perheentupa J., Launiala K., Hallman N. Congenital chloride diarrhoea. Arch. Dis. Child. 1977; 52: 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman N., Pileggi V. J. Inorganic ions, Chap. 19. Clinical Chemistry — Principles and Technics2nd ed., R. J. Henry, D. C. Cannon, J. W. Winkelman. Harper and Row, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Glenn G. C., Hathaway T. K. Urinary chemistry — a new CAP program. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1977; 68: 153
   Google Scholar
• Glenn G. C. The CAP urine chemistry survey program for 1977. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1978; 70: 513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn G. C. Evolution of the urinary chemistry survey program of the CAP. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1979; 72: 299
   Google Scholar
• Cotlove E., Trantham H. V., Bowman R. L. An instrument and method for automatic, rapid, accurate, and sensitive titration of chloride in biological samples. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1958; 51: 461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustgarten J. A., Wenk R. E., Byrd C., Hall B. Evaluation of an automated selective-ion electrolyte analyzer for measuring Na+, K+., and C1− in serum. Clin. Chem. 1974; 20: 1217
   Google Scholar
• Bavinton P. R., Vaughan N. M. F., Johnston C. J. S., Lea L. Analysis of urine with the Tech-niconr` SMAC. Clin. Chem. 1977; 23: 1940
   Google Scholar
• Pelleg A., Levy G. B. Determination of Na+ and K.+ in urine with ion-selective electrodes in an automated analyzer. Clin. Chem. 1975; 21: 1572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladenson J. H. Evaluation of an instrument (Novar` 1) for direct potentiometric analysis of sodium and potassium in blood and their indirect potentiometric determination in urine. Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 757
   Google Scholar
• Fievet P., Truchaud A., Hersant J., Glikmanas G. Response of ion-selective sodium and potassium electrodes in the Beckmanr` Astrar` 4 and Astra? 8 analyzers. Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 138
   Google Scholar
• Truchaud A., Hersant J., Glikmanas G., Fievet P., Dubois O. Parallel evaluation of Astrar` 8 and Astrar` 4 multichannel analyzers in two hospital laboratories. Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• North J. W., Chittenden C. G., MacDonald S. A. Urine chemistry evaluation on the Beckmanr` Automated Stat Routine Analyzer (Astrar`). Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 1128, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar