C-Peptide Measurement: Methods and Clinical Utility

References

• Sanger F. Fractionation of oxidized insulin. Biochem. J. 1949; 44: 126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanger F. The terminal peptides of insulin. Biochem. J. 1949; 45: 563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsoyannis P. G., Tometsko A. Insulin synthesis by recombination of A and B chains: a highly efficient method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1966; 55: 1554
   Google Scholar
• Humbel R. F. Biosynthesis of insulin. Am. J. Med. 1966; 40: 672
   Google Scholar
• Givol D., De Lorenzo F., Goldberger R. F., Anfinsen C. B. Dilsulphide interchange and the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1965; 53: 676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner D. F., Oyer P. E. The biosynthesis of insulin and a probable percursor of insulin by a human islet cell adenoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967; 57: 473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner D. F., Cunningham D., Spigelman L., Aten B. Insulin biosynthesis: evidence for a precursor. Science 1967; 157: 697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip C. C., Lin B. J. Amino acid composition of bovine proinsulin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1967; 29: 382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth J., Gorden P., Pastan I. “Big insulin”: a new component of plasma insulin detected by immunoassay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1968; 61: 138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance R. E., Ellis R. M., Bromer W. W. Porcine proinsulin: characterization and amino acid sequence. Science 1968; 161: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyer P. E., Cho S., Petersen J. D., Steiner D. F. Studies on human proinsulin. Isolation and amino acid sequence of the human pancreatic C-peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 1971; 246: 1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan C., Margoliash E., Peterson J. D., Steiner D. F. The structure of bovine proinsulin. J. Biol. Chem. 1971; 246: 2780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan S. J., Keim P., Steiner D. F. Cell-free synthesis of rat preproinsulins: characterization and partial amino acid sequence determination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976; 73: 1964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner D. F. Errors in insulin biosynthesis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294: 952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner D. F. Insulin today. Diabetes 1977; 26: 322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark J. C., Cho S., Rubenstein A. H., Steiner D. F. Isolation of a proinsulin peptide fragment (C-peptide) from bovine and human pancreas. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1969; 35: 456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubenstein A. H., Clark J. L., Melani F., Steiner D. F. Secretion of proinsulin C-peptide by pancreatic β-cells and its circulation in blood. Nature (London) 1969; 224: 697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy P. E. Beta cell secretion—from the standpoint of a pathobiologist. Diabetes 1970; 19: 895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmler W., Steiner D. F. Conversion of proinsulin to insulin in a subcellular fraction from rat islets. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1970; 41: 1223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson R. L., Steffes M. W., Lindall A. W. Subcellular localization of proinsulin to insulin conversion in isolated rat islets. Endocrinology 1970; 86: 88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmler W., Steiner D. F., Borg J. Studies on the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. III. Studies in vitro with a crude secretion granule fraction isolated from rat islets of Langerhans. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 4544
   Google Scholar
• Kemmler W., Peterson J. D., Steiner D. F. Studies on the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. I. Conversion in vitro with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B. J. Biol. Chem. 1971; 246: 6786
   Google Scholar
• Kitabchi A. E. Proinsulin and C-peptide: a review. Metabolism 1977; 26: 547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyer P. E., Cho S., Steiner D. F. Isolation and structure of human proinsulin C-peptide. Fed. Proc. 1970; 29: 533
   Google Scholar
• Sundby F., Markussen J. Preparative method for the isolation of C-peptides from ox and pork pancreas. Horm. Metab. Res. 1970; 2: 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner D. F., Cho S., Oyer P. E., Terris S., Peterson J. D., Rubenstein A. H. Isolation and characterization of proinsulin C-peptide from bovine pancreas. J. Biol. Chem. 1971; 246: 1365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubenstein A. H., Welbourne W. P., Mako M., Melani F., Steiner D. F. Comparative immunology of bovine, porcine and human proinsulins and C-peptides. Diabetes 1970; 19: 546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melani F., Rubenstein A. H., Oyer P. E., Steiner D. F. Identification of proinsulin and C-peptide in human serum by a specific immunoassay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1970; 67: 148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madison L. K., Kaplan N. The hepatic binding of 131I-labeled insulin in human subjects during a single transhepatic circulation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1958; 52: 927
   Google Scholar
• Mortimore G. E., Tietze F., Stetten D.-W. Metabolism of insulin I131. Studies in isolated, perfused rat liver and hind-limb preparations. Diabetes 1959; 8: 307
   Google Scholar
• Field J. B. Extraction of insulin by liver. Annu. Rev. Med. 1973; 24: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll R. W., Touber J. L., Menahan L. A., Williams R. W. Clearance of porcine insulin, proinsulin and connecting peptide by the isolated rat liver. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1970; 133: 894
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kühl C., Faber O. K., Hornnes P., Lindkaer Jensen S. C-peptide metabolism and the liver. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)197
   Google Scholar
• Canivet B., Krebs B. P. C-peptide uptake and excretion by the liver in man. Harm. Metab. Res. 1980; 12: 229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faber O. K., Kehlet H., Madsbad S., Binder C. Kinetics of human C-peptide in man. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)207
   Google Scholar
• Katz A. I., Rubenstein A. H. Metabolism of proinsulin, insulin and C-peptide in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 1973; 52: 1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabkin R., Ross B. D., Mako M. E., Rubenstein A. H. The handling of insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide by the isolated rat kidney. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)192
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko T., Munemura M., Oka H., Oda T., Suzuki S., Yasuda H., Yanaihara N., Nakagawa S., Makabe K. Demonstration of C-peptide immunoreactivity in various body fluids and clinical evaluation of the determination of urinary C-peptide immunoreactivity. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1975; 22: 207
   Google Scholar
• Kuzuya T., Matsuda A., Salto T., Yoshida S. Human C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) in blood and urine—evaluation of a radioimmunoassay method and its clinical applications. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 511
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H., Katz A. I. Quantitation of human pancreatic beta-cell function by immunoassay of C-peptide in urine. Diabetes 1977; 26: 30
   Google Scholar
• Kuzuya T., Matsuda A. Disappearance rate of endogenous human C-peptide from blood. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 519
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz D. L., Starr J. I., Rubenstein A. H., Steiner D. F. Serum connecting peptide—an indicator of beta cell secretory function. Diabetes 1973; 22(1)298
   Google Scholar
• Chance R. E. Amino acid sequences of proinsulins and intermediates. Diabetes 1972; 21(2)461
   Google Scholar
• Rubenstein A. H., Steiner D. F. Proinsulin. Annu. Rev. Med. 1971; 22: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandenburg D., Wollmer A. The effect of a non-peptide interchain crosslink on the reoxidation of reduced insulin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1973; 354: 613
   Google Scholar
• Wollmer A., Brandenburg D., Vogt H.-P., Schermutzki W. Reduction/reoxidation studies with cross-linked insulin derivatives. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1974; 355: 1471
   Google Scholar
• Steiner D. F. On the role of the proinsulin C-peptide. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)145
   Google Scholar
• Markussen J., Schiff H. E. Molecular parameters of C-peptide from bovine proinsulin. Int. J. Protein Res. 1973; 5: 69
   Google Scholar
• Gliemann J., Sørensen H. H. Assay of insulin-like activity by the isolated fat cell method. IV. The biological activity of proinsulin. Diabetologia 1970; 6: 499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitabchi A. E. The biological and immunological properties of pork and beef insulin, proinsulin and connecting peptides. J. Clin. Invest. 1970; 49: 979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon S. S., Brush J. S., Kitabchi A. E. Antilipolytic activity of insulin and proinsulin on ACTH and cyclic nucleotide-induced lipolysis in the isolated adipose cell of rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1970; 218: 167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu S. S., Kitabchi A. E. Biological activity of proinsulin and related polypeptides in the fat tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 3753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyota T., Abe K., Kudo M., Kimura K., Goto Y. Inhibitory effects of synthetic rat C-peptide I on insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1975; 117: 79
   Google Scholar
• Wojcikowski C., Fussganger R. D., Pfeiffer E. F. Inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion of the isolated rat pancreas by synthetic human and rat C-peptide. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on C-peptide, Mainz., J. Beyer, U. Krause, W. Naegele. Schnetztor-Verlag, Konstanz 1977; 75
   Google Scholar
• Dryburgh J. R., Hampton S. M., Marks V. Endocrine pancreatic control of the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. A possible physiological role for C-peptide. Diabetologia 1980; 19: 397
   Google Scholar
• Goodfriend T. L., Levine L., Fasman G. D. Antibodies to bradykinin and angiotensin: a use of carbodiimides in immunology. Science 1964; 144: 1344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter W. M., Greenwood F. C. Preparation of iodine-131 labelled human growth hormone of high specific activity. Nature (London) 1962; 194: 495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan C. R., Lazarow A. Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system. Plasma insulin levels of normal, subdiabetic and diabetic rats. Diabetes 1963; 12: 115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block M. B., Mako M. E., Steiner D. F., Rubenstein A. H. Circulating C-peptide immunoreactivity. Studies in normals and diabetic patients. Diabetes 1972; 21: 1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubenstein A. H., Block M. B., Starr J., Melani F., Steiner D. F. Proinsulin and C-peptide in blood. Diabetes 1972; 21(2)661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markussen J., Sundby F., Smyth D. G., Ko A. Preparation of human C-peptide. Horm. Metab. Res. 1971; 3: 229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naithani V. K. Studies on polypeptides. IV. The synthesis of C-peptide of human proinsulin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1973; 354: 659
   Google Scholar
• Naithani V. K., Dechesne M., Markussen J., Heding L. G. Studies on polypeptides. V. Improved synthesis of human proinsulin C-peptide and its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. Circular dichroism and immunological studies of human C-peptide. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1975; 356: 997
   Google Scholar
• Geiger R., Jäger G., Konig W. Zur synthese von peptiden mit eigen schaften des human-proinsulin-C-peptide. VI. Darstellung der gesamtsequenz des human-proinsulin-C-peptids und seines (Glu9, Gin11)-analogen. Chem. Ber. 1973; 106: 2347
   Google Scholar
• Yanaihara N., Hashimoto T., Yanaihara C., Sakagami M., Steiner D. F., Rubenstein A. H. Synthesis of human connecting peptide derivatives and their immunological properties. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1974; 59: 1124
   Google Scholar
• Yanaihara N., Yanaihara C., Sakagami M., Sabura N., Hashimoto T., Nishida T. Syntheses of C-peptides and human proinsulin. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)149
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko T., Oka H., Munemara M., Oda T., Yamashita K., Suzuki S., Yanaihara N., Hashimoto T., Yanaihara C. Radioimmunoassay of human proinsulin C-peptide using synthetic human connecting peptide. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1974; 21: 141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horwitz D. L., Starr J. I., Mako M. E., Blackard W. G., Rubenstein A. H. Proinsulin, insulin and C-peptide concentrations in human portal and peripheral blood. J. Clin. Invest. 1975; 55: 1278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heding L. G., Larsen U. D., Markussen J., Jørgensen K. H., Hallund O. Radioimmunoassays for human, pork and ox C-peptides and related substances. Horm. Metab. Res. 1974, 5: 40
   Google Scholar
• Zettner A. Principles of competitive binding assays (saturation analyses). I. Equilibrium techniques. Clin. Chem. 1973; 19: 699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zettner A., Duly P. E. Principles of competitive binding assays (saturation analyses). II. Sequential saturation. Clin. Chem. 1974; 20: 5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heding L. G. Radioimmunological determination of human C-peptide in serum. Diabetologia 1975; 11: 541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Markussen J., Naithani V., Binder C. Production of antisera to synthetic benzyloxycarbonyl-C-peptide of human proinsulin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1976; 357: 751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beischer W., Keller L., Maas M., Schiefer E., Pfeiffer E. F. Human C-peptide. I. Radioimmunoassay. Klin. Wosenschr. 1976; 54: 709
   Google Scholar
• Kuzuya H., Blix P. M., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H., Steiner D. F., Binder C., Faber O. K. Heterogeneity of circulating C-peptide. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1977; 44: 952
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuzuya H., Blix P. M., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H., Steiner D. F., Binder C. Heterogeneity of circulating human C-peptide. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)184
   Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Binder C., Markussen J., Heding L. G., Naithani V. K., Kuzuya H., Blix P., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H. Characterization of seven C-peptide antisera. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)170
   Google Scholar
• Tom J. A. Comparison of Two RIA Methods for C-peptide Determination. M. S. thesis, University of Western Australia. 1979
   Google Scholar
• Naithani V. K., Dechesne M., Markussen J., Heding L. G., Larsen U. D. Synthesis, circular dichroism and immunological studies of tyrosyl C-peptide of human proinsulin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1975; 356: 1305
   Google Scholar
• Henderson J. R. Serum-insulin or plasma-insulin?. Lancet 1970; 2: 545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meistas M. T., Zadik Z., Margolis S., Kowarski A. A. Correlation of urinary excretion of C-peptide with the integrated concentration and secretion rate of insulin. Diabetes 1981; 30: 639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Webb P., Bonser A. Decrease in measured C-peptide immunoreactivity on storage. Clin. Chim. Acta 1979; 95: 139
   Google Scholar
• Bangham D. R. Standardization in peptide hormone immunoassays: principle and practice. Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 957
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 565, World Health Organization, Geneva 1975, WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, 26th Report
   Google Scholar
• Caygill C. P. J., Gaines Das R. E., Bangham D. R. Use of a common standard for comparison of insulin C-peptide measurements by different laboratories. Diabetologia 1980; 18: 197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffcoate S. L., Gaines Das R. E. Interlaboratory comparison of radioimmunoassay results. Variation produced by different methods of calculation. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1977; 14: 258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink G., Cresto J. C., Gutman R. A., Lavine R. L., Rubenstein A. H., Recant L. Plasma proinsulin-like material in insulin treated diabetics. Horm. Metab. Res. 1974; 6: 439
   Google Scholar
• Kuzuya H., Blix P. M., Horwitz D. L., Steiner D. F., Rubenstein A. H. Determination of free and total insulin and C-peptide in insulin-treated diabetics. Diabetes 1977; 26: 22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbuquois B., Aurbach G. D. Use of polyethylene glycol to separate free and antibody-bound peptide hormones in radioimmunoassays. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1971; 33: 732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heding L. G., Kasperska-Czyzykowa T. C-peptide and proinsulin after oral glucose. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 1980; 639: 33
   Google Scholar
• Madsbad S., Krarup T., Faber O. K., Binder C., Regeur L. The transient effect of strict glycaemic control of B cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzuya T., Matsuda A., Sakamoto Y., Tanabshi S., Kajinuma H. C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) in urine. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)210
   Google Scholar
• Tchobroutsky G., Heard I., Tchobroutsky C., Eschwege E. Amniotic fluid C-peptide in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. Diabetologia 1980; 18: 289
   Google Scholar
• Lin C.-C., River P., Moawad A. H., Lowensohn R. I., Blix P. M., Rubenstein A. H. Prenatal assessment of fetal outcome by amniotic fluid C-peptide levels in pregnant diabetic women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1981; 141: 671
   Google Scholar
• Lin C.-C., Moawad A. H., River P., Blix P., Abraham M., Rubenstein A. H. Amniotic fluid C-peptide as an index for intrauterine fetal growth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1981; 139: 390
   Google Scholar
• Heding L. G. Insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin in non-diabetics and insulin treated diabetics: characterization of the proinsulin in insulin-treated diabetics. Diabetes. 1978; 27(1)178
   Google Scholar
• Beischer W., Heinze E., Keller L., Raptis S., Kerner W., Pfeiffer E. F. Human C-peptide. II. Clinical studies. Klin. Woschenschr. 1976; 54: 717
   Google Scholar
• Savage P. J., Flock E. V., Mako M. E., Blix P. M., Rubenstein A. H., Bennett P. H. C-peptide and insulin secretion in Pima Indians and caucasians: constant fractional extraction over a wide range of insulin concentrations and in obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1979; 48: 594
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson J., Heding L. G. C-peptide in diabetic children after stimulation with glucagon compared with fasting C-peptide levels in non-diabetic children. Acta Endocrinologica 1977; 85: 364
   Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Binder C. C-peptide response to glucagon. Diabetes 1977; 26: 605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman R. R., Turner R. C. Maintenance of basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in maturity onset diabetes. Diabetes 1979; 28: 227
   Google Scholar
• Krause U., Faisst G., Cordes U., Beyer J. Secretory B-cell activity in insulin dependent maturity-onset diabetic sic. Horm. Metab. Res. 1979; 11: 261
   Google Scholar
• Rainbow S. J., Woodhead J. S., Yue D. K., Luzio S. D., Hales C. N. Measurement of human proinsulin by an indirect two site immunoradiometric assay. Diabetologia 1979; 17: 229
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Webb P., Bonser A., Whiting D. Importance of fasting plasma glucose concentration and obesity in the interpretation of fasting serum C-peptide values. Clin. Chim. Acta 1982; 118: 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson M. B. The effect of ageing on carbohydrate metabolism: a review of the English literature and a practical approach to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Metabolism 1979; 28: 688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipnis D. M. Insulin secretion in normal and diabetic individuals. Adv. Int. Med. 1970; 16: 103
   Google Scholar
• Genuth S. M. Plasma insulin and glucose profiles in normal, obese, and diabetic persons. Ann. Int. Med. 1973; 79: 812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschamps I., Giron B. J., Lestradet H. Blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels during oral glucose tolerance tests in 158 obese children. Diabetes 1977; 26: 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Webb P., Bonser A., Wearne K. L., Gracey M. Obesity and insulin secretion in fasting high school students. Diabetologia 1980; 19: 194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Webb P. Serum C-peptide in Obesity and Diabetes. M.D. thesis, University of Western Australia, Perth 1981
   Google Scholar
• Kahn C. R. Role of insulin receptors in insulin resistant states. Metabolism 1980; 29: 456
   Google Scholar
• Vranic M., Morita S., Steiner G. Insulin resistance in obesity as analyzed by the response of glucose kinetics to glucagon infusion. Diabetes 1980; 29: 169
   Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Madsbad S., Kehlet H., Binder C. Pancreatic beta cell secretion during oral and intravenous glucose administration. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 1979; 624: 61
   Google Scholar
• Banting F. G., Best C. H. The internal secretion of the pancreas. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1922; 7: 251
   Google Scholar
• Gellhorn E., Feldman J., Allen A. Assay of insulin on hypophysectomized, adreno-demedullated, and hypophysectomized-adrenodemudullated rats. Endocrinology 1941; 29: 137
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein J., Lawrence R. D. Plasma insulin in human diabetes mellitus. Br. Med. J. 1951; 2: 1541
   Google Scholar
• Yalow R. S., Berson S. A. Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature (London) 1959; 184: 1648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block M. B., Mako M. E., Steiner D. F., Rubenstein A. H. Diabetic ketoacidosis: evidence for C-peptide and proinsulin following recovery. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1972; 35: 402
   Google Scholar
• Block M. B., Rosenfield R. L., Mako M. E., Steiner D. F., Rubenstein A. H. Sequential changes in beta-cell function in insulin-treated diabetic patients assessed by C-peptide immunoreactivity. N. Engl. J. Med. 1973; 28: 1144
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson J., Heding L. G., Larsson Y., Leander E. C-peptide in juvenile diabetics beyond the postinitial remission period. Relation to clinical manifestations at onset of diabetes, remission and diabetic control. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1977; 66: 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grajwer L. A., Pildes R. S., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H. Control of juvenile diabetes mellitus and its relationship to endogenous insulin secretion as measured by C-peptide immunoreactivity. J. Pediatr. 1977; 90: 42
   Google Scholar
• Oyama H., Horino M., Nakashima Y., Tenku A., Matsumura S., Nishida S., Nakazawa N. Free C-peptide immunoreactivity in insulin treated diabetics. Endocrinol, Jpn. 1977; 177: 223
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H. Evaluation of insulin secretory capacity in diabetes mellitus. Hum. Pathol. 1979; 10: 257
   Google Scholar
• Eff Ch., Faber O., Deckert T. Persistent insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide measurement in long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement. Diabetologia 1978; 15: 169
   Google Scholar
• Mirel R. D., Ginsberg-Fellner F., Horwitz D. L., Rayfield E. J. C-peptide reserve in insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetologia 1980; 19: 183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beischer W., Kerner W., Raptis S., Keller L., Beischer B., Pfeiffer E. F. Insulin therapy in relation to circulating C-peptide levels. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)235
   Google Scholar
• Giugliano D., Luyckx A. S., Lefebvre P. J. Plasma C-peptide response to arginine in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1980; 3: 19
   Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Binder C. H. R., Hendricksen C., Drejer J., Heding L. G. Plasma C-peptide response to glucagon as a measure of β-cell function in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1976; 25: 329
   Google Scholar
• Hendricksen C., Faber O. K., Drejer J., Binder C. Prevalence of residual B-cell function in insulin-treated diabetics evaluated by the plasma C-peptide response to intravenous glucagon. Diabetologia 1977; 13: 615
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Webb P., Bonser A., Welborn T. A. Correlation between fasting serum C-peptide and B-cell secretory capacity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Binder C., Markussen J., Naithani K., Heding L. G. Plasma C-peptide in insulin requiring diabetes mellitus: diurnal variation and response to oral glucose load during the first 9 months of treatment. Diabetologia 1975; 11: 340
   Google Scholar
• Binder C., Faber O. K., Lauritzen T. β-cell function and blood glucose control in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus during the first year of treatment. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 381
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson J., Heding L. G. Beta-cell function in children with diabetes. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)230
   Google Scholar
• Jackson R. L., Onofrio J., Waiches H., Guthrie R. A. The “honeymoon period”: partial remission of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1971; 20(1)361
   Google Scholar
• Mirouze J., Selam J. L., Pham T. C., Mendoza E., Orsetti A. Sustained insulin-induced remissions of juvenile diabetes by means of an external artificial pancreas. Diabetologia 1978; 14: 223
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson J., Heding L. G. C-peptide in children with juvenile diabetes. A preliminary report. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 627
   Google Scholar
• Madsbad S., Krarup T., Regeur L., Faber O. K., Binder C. Insulin secretory reserve in insulin dependent patients at time of diagnosis and the first 180 days of insulin treatment. Acta Endocrinol. 1980; 95: 359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shima K., Tanaka R., Morishita S., Tarui S., Kumahara Y., Nishikawa M. Studies on the etiology of “brittle diabetes”: relationship between diabetic instability and insulinogenic reserve. Diabetes 1977; 26: 717
   Google Scholar
• Yue D. K., Baxter R. C., Turtle J. R. C-peptide secretion and insulin antibodies as determinants of stability in diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1978; 27: 35
   Google Scholar
• Binder C., Faber O. K. Residual beta-cell function and its metabolic consequences. Diabetes 1978; 27(1)226
   Google Scholar
• Madsbad S., Alberti K. G. M. M., Binder C., Burrin J., Faber O. K., Krarup T., Regeur L. Role of residual insulin secretion in protecting against ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes. Br. Med. J. 1979; 2: 1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsbad S., McNair P., Faber O. K., Binder C., Christiansen C., Transbøl I. Beta-cell function and metabolic control in insulin treated diabetics. Acta Endocrinol. 1980; 93: 196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiengo A., Bessiovd M., Valverde I., Tabbi-Anneni A., Delprato S., Alexandre J., Assan R. Absence of islet alpha-cell function in pancreatectomized patients. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 25
   Google Scholar
• Bringer J., Mirouze J., Marchel G., Pham T. C., Luyckx A., Lefebvre P., Orsetti A. Glucagon immunoreactivity and antidiabetic action of somatostatin in the totally duodeno-pancreatectomized and gastrectomized human. Diabetes 1981; 30: 851
   Google Scholar
• Gray R. S., Borsey D. Q., Fraser D. M., Kurtz A. B., Rainbow S., Smith A. F., Duncan L. J. P., Clarke B. F. Diabetic control in patients treated with once or twice-daily insulin injections, including a comparison of conventional beef and highly purified pork insulins. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 206
   Google Scholar
• Ward G. M., Simpson R. W., Ward E. A., Turner R. C. Comparison of two twice-daily insulin regimens: ultralente/soluble and soluble/isophane. Diabetologia. 1981; 21: 383
   Google Scholar
• Nosadini R., Noy G., Kurtz A. B., Alberti K. G. M. M. Differential response to infusions of highly purified and conventional bovine and porcine insulins. Diabetes 1981; 30: 650
   Google Scholar
• Perlman K., Ehrlich R. M., Filler R. M., Albisser A. M. Waveform requirements for metabolic normalization with continuous intravenous insulin delivery in man. Diabetes 1981; 30: 710
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Home P. D., Massi-Benedetti M., Shepherd G. A. A., Hanning I., Alberti K. G. M. M., Owens D. R. A comparison of the activity and disposal of semi-synthetic human insulin and porcine insulin in normal man by the glucose clamp technique. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolli G., Calabrese G., De Feo P., Campagnucci P., Zega G., Angeletti G., Cartechini M. G., Santeusanio G., Brunetti P. Lack of glucagon response in glucose counter-regulation in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetics: absence of recovery after prolonged optimal insulin therapy. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 100
   Google Scholar
• Pickup J. C., Viberti G. C., Bilous R. W., Keen H., Alberti K. G. M. M., Home P. D., Binder C. Safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: metabolic deterioration and glycaemic autoregulation after deliberate cessation of infusion. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 175
   Google Scholar
• Selam J. L., Chenon D., Pham T. C., Gagnol J. P., Sany C., Thomas N., Cravagne G., Orsetti A., Mirouze J. Effects of somatostatin added to insulin in a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratusch-Marrain P., Waldhäusl W., Grubeck-Loebenstein B., Korn A., Vierhapper H., Nowotny P. The role of “diabetogenic” hormones on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following oral glucose loading in insulin dependent diabetics: effect of acute hormone administration. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 387
   Google Scholar
• Lithell H., Lindgärde F., Hellsing K., Lundqvist G., Nyhaard E., Vessby B., Saltin B. Body weight, skeletal muscle morphology, and enzyme activities in relation to fasting serum insulin concentration and glucose tolerance in 48-year-old men. Diabetes 1981; 30: 19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compagnucci P., Cartechini M. G., Bolli G., De Feo P., Santeusanio F., Brunetti P. The importance of determining irreversibly glycoslyated hemoglobin in diabetics. Diabetes 1981; 30: 607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilsted J., Madsbad S., Krarup T., Sestoft L., Christensen N. J., Tronier B., Galbo H. Hormonal, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1981; 30: 626
   Google Scholar
• Hassinger W., Sauer G., Cordes U., Krause U., Beyer J., Baessler K. H. The effects of equal caloric amounts of xylitol, sucrose and starch on insulin requirements and blood glucose levels in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 37
   Google Scholar
• Sandahl Christiansen J., Frandsen M., Parving H.-H. Effect of intravenous glucose infusion on renal function in normal man and in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gérard J., Luyckx A. S., Lefebvre P. Improvement of metabolic control in insulin dependent diabetics treated with the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose for two months. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 446
   Google Scholar
• Walford S., Allison S. P., Reeves W. G. The effect of insulin antibodies on insulin dose and diabetic control. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzuya T., Matsuda A. Family histories of diabetes among Japanese patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1982; 22: 372
   Google Scholar
• Foss M. C., Vlachokosta F. V., Cunningham L. N., Aoki T. T. Restoration of glucose homeostasis in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects: an inducible process. Diabetes 1982; 31: 46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter J. I., Rimoin D. L. The genetics of the glucose intolerance disorders. Am. J. Med. 1981; 70: 116
   Google Scholar
• Savage P. J., Dippe S. E., Bennett P. H., Gorden P., Roth J., Rushforth N. B., Miller M. Hyperinsulinemia and hypoinsulinemia. Insulin responses to oral carbohydrate over a wide range of glucose tolerance. Diabetes 1975; 24: 362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 646, World Health Organization, Geneva 1980, WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus, 2nd Report
   Google Scholar
• Heding L. G., Munkgaard Rasmussen S. Human C-peptide in normal and diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1975; 11: 201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sando H., Lee Y. S., Iwamoto Y., Ikeuchi M., Kosaka K. Isoproterenol-stimulated C-peptide and insulin secretion in diabetic and nonobese normal subjects: decreased hepatic extraction of endogenous insulin in diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1980; 51: 1143
   Google Scholar
• Welborn T. A., Garcia-Webb P., Bonser A. M. Basal C-peptide in the discrimination of type I from type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1981; 4: 616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler R., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H., Kuzuya H. Hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinism complicating diabetes mellitus. Application of the C-peptide assay to diagnosis and therapy. Am. J. Med. 1975; 59: 730
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H., Reynolds C., Molnar G. D., Yanaihara N. Prolonged suppression of insulin release by insulin-induced hypoglycemia: demonstration by C-peptide assay. Horm. Metab. Res. 1975; 7: 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner R. C., Johnson P. C. Suppression of insulin release by fish-insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Lancet 1973; 1: 1483
   Google Scholar
• Frerichs H., Creutzfeldt W. Hypoglycaemia. I. Insulin secreting tumours. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976; 5: 747
   Google Scholar
• Marks V. Hypoglyaemia. 2. Other causes. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976; 5: 769
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner R. C., Heding L. G. Plasma proinsulin, C-peptide and insulin in diagnostic suppression tests for insulinomas. Diabetologia 1977; 13: 571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rayfield E. J., Pulini M., Golub A., Rubenstein A. H., Horwitz D. L. Nonautonomous function of a pancreatic insulinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976; 43: 1307
   Google Scholar
• Service F. J., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H., Kuzuya H., Mako M., Reynolds C., Molnar G. D. C-peptide suppression test for insulinoma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1977; 90: 180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan E. L., Lee C.-H. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of insulinoma. Surg. Clinics North Am. 1979; 59: 119
   Google Scholar
• Faber O. K., Kehlet H. Strategy in the diagnosis of insulinoma. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1979; 14(53)45
   Google Scholar
• Scarlett J. A., Mako M. E., Rubenstein A. H., Blix P. M., Goldman J., Horwitz D. L., Tager H., Jaspan J. B., Stjernholm M. R., Olefsky J. M. Factitious hypoglycaemia: Diagnosis by measurement of serum C-peptide immunoreactivity and insulin binding antibodies. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 297: 1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellon A., Townwell N. H. C-peptide assay for factitious hyperinsulinism. Lancet 1979; 2: 148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isles T. E., Farquhar J. W. The effect of endogenous antibody on insulin-assay in the newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Pediatr. Res. 1967; 1: 110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Block M. B., Pildes R. S., Mossabhoy N. A., Steiner D. F., Rubenstein A. H. C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR): a new method for studying infants of insulin-treated diabetic mothers. Pediatrics 1974; 53: 923
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis S. B., Wallin J. D., Kuzuya H., Murray W. K., Coustan D. R., Daane T. A., Rubenstein A. H. Circadian variation of serum glucose, C-peptide immonoreactivity and free insulin in normal and insulin-treated diabetic pregnant subjects. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 343
   Google Scholar
• Kühl C. Serum insulin and plasma glucagon in human pregnancy—on the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes (a review). Acta Diabetol. Lat. 1977; 14: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kühl C., Hornnes P. J., Faber O. K. Hepatic insulin extraction in human pregnancy. Horm. Metab. Res. 1981; 13: 71
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen J., Bojsen-Moller B., Poulsen H. Blood sugar in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol. 1954; 15: 13
   Google Scholar
• Phelps R. L., Freinkel N., Rubenstein A. H., Kuzuya H., Metzger B. E., Boehm J. J., Mølsted-Pedersen L. Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XV. Plasma C-peptide during intravenous glucose tolerance in neonates from normal and insulin-treated diabetic mothers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1978; 46: 61
   Google Scholar
• Heding L. G., Persson B., Stangenberg M. B-cell function in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Diabetologia 1980; 19: 427
   Google Scholar
• Burke B. J., Owens C. J., Pennock C. A. Cord blood C-peptide: glucose ratio—a good indicator of B cell function in infants of diabetic mothers. Diabetologia 1981; 20: 511
   Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson R., Arner P., Groth C. G., Heding L. G., Lundgren G., Ostman J. Plasma C-peptide as an indicator of human pancreatic graft function. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 1980; 639: 55
   Google Scholar
• Wirth A., Diehm C., Mayer H., Mörl H., Vogel I., Björntorp P., Schlierf G. Plasma C-peptide and insulin in trained and untrained subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 1981; 50: 71
   Google Scholar
• Sestoft L., Heding L. G. Hypersecretion of proinsulin in thyrotoxicosis. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 103
   Google Scholar
• Jaspan J. B., Mako M. E., Kuzuya H., Blix P. M., Horwitz D. L., Rubenstein A. H. Abnormalities in circulating beta cell peptides in chronic renal failure: comparison of C-peptide, proinsulin and insulin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1977; 45: 441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regeur L., Faber O. K., Binder C. Plasma C-peptide in uraemic patients. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1978; 38: 771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston D. G., Alberti K. G. M. M., Faber O. K., Binder C., Wright R. Hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis: diminished degradation or hypersecretion. Lancet 1977; 1: 10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston D. G., Alberti K. G. M. M., Wright R., Smith-Laing G., Stewart A. M., Sherlock S., Faber O., Binder C. C-peptide and insulin in liver disease. Diabetes 1978; 27(suppl. 1)201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joffe B. I., Shires R., Seftel H. C., Heding L. G. Plasma insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon levels in acute phase of ethanol-induced hypoglycaemia. Br. Med. J. 1977; 2: 678
   Google Scholar