14
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Tumors of the Diffuse Endocrine System, Histochemical and Electron-Optic Aids, and Pitfalls in Diagnosis

&
Pages 19-49 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Feyrter F. Die peripheren endokrinen (parakrinen) Drusen. Kauffmann-Staemler Lehrbuch der speziellen pathologischen anatomic. De Cuyrter, Berlin 1969; Vols. 11–12
  • Obendorfer S. Karzinoide Tumoren des DunnDarms. Frank Z. Pathol. 1907; 1: 426
  • Hazard J. B., Hawk W. A., Grile G., Jr. Medullary (solid) carcinoma of the thyroid: clinicopathological entity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1959; 19: 152
  • Pearse A. G. E. Common cytochemical properties of cells producing polypeptide hormones, with particular reference to calcitonin and the thyroid C cells. Vet. Rec. 1966; 79: 587
  • Pearse A. G. E. Common cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of cells producing polypeptide hormones (the APUD series) and their relevance to thyroid and ultimobranchial C cells and calcitonin. Proc. R. Soc. (London) Biol. 1968; 170: 71
  • Pearse A. G. E. 5-Hydroxytrytophan uptake by dog thyroid C cells and its possible significance in polypeptide hormone production. Nature (London) 1966; 211: 598
  • Pearse A. G. E. The diffuse neuroendocrine system and the APUD concept: related endocrine peptides in brain, intestine, pituitary, placenta, and anuran cutaneous glands. Med. Biol. 1977; 55: 115
  • Szijj I., Csapo Z., Csapo F. A., Kovacs K. Medullary cancer of the thyroid gland associated with hypercorticism. Cancer 1969; 24: 167
  • Warner T. F., Seo S., Madura J. A., Polak J., Pearse A. G. E. Pancreatic-polypeptide-producing apudoma of the liver. Cancer 1980; 46: 1146
  • Judge D. M., Dickman P. S., Trapukdi S. Nonfunctioning argyrophil tumor (APUDoma) of the hepatic duct. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 66: 40
  • Imai T., Sannohe Y., Okano H. Oat cell carcinoma (Apudoma) of the esophagus. Cancer 1978; 41: 358
  • Pearse A. G. E., Polak J. M. Endocrine tumours of neural crest origin:neurolophomas, apudomas and the apud concept. Med. Biol. 1971; 52: 3
  • Bolande R. P. The neurocristophathies: a unifying concept of disease arising in neural crest maldevelopment. Hum. Pathol. 1974; 5: 409
  • Gould V. E. APUD cells and their neoplasms: neuroendocrinomas. Proc. Inst. Med. Chic. 1975; 30: 269
  • Gould V. E. Neuroendocrinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pathology Annual, S. C. Sommers, P. P. Rosen. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1977; Vol. 12: 33, Part 2
  • Gomez L. G., DiMaio S., Silva E. G., Mackay B. Association between neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma and squamous carcinoma of the skin. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1983; 7: 171
  • Wick M. R., Goellner J. R., Scheithauer B. W., Thomas J. R., Sanchez N. P., Schroeter A. L. Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of skin (Merkel cell tumors). Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1983; 79: 6
  • Sibley R. K., Rosai J., Foucar E., Dehner L. P., Bosl G. Neuroendocrine (Merkel Cell) carcinoma of the skin. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1980; 4: 211
  • Yalla S. B., Yalla S. S., Morgan H. W., Eberhart A. C., Olley J. F. Primary argentaffinoma of the testis: a case report and survey of the literature. J. Urol. 1974; 111: 50
  • Mullins J. D., Hilliard G. D. Cervical carcinoid (“argyrophil cell” carcinoma) associated with an endocervical adenocarcinoma: a light and ultrastructural study. Cancer 1981; 47: 785
  • Warner T. F., Block M., Hafez R., Mack E., Lloyd R. V., Boom S. R. Glucagonomas: ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry. Cancer 1983; 51: 1091
  • Dayal Y., O'Brian D. S. The pathology of the pancreatic endocrine cells. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: Masson Monographs in Diagnostic Pathology, R. DeLellis. Masson, New York 1981; 111
  • Andrew A. APUD cells, apudomas, and the neural crest. S. Afr. Med. J. 1976; 50: 890
  • Le Douarin N. M., Teillet M. A. The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1973; 30: 31
  • Pictet R. L., Rall L. B., Phelps P., Rutter W. J. The neural crest and the origin of the insulin-producing and other gastrointestinal hormone-producing cells. Science 1976; 191: 191
  • Rosai J. 1983, personal communication, Mar Del Plata, Argentinian Congress of Pathology
  • Nixon D. W., Murphy G. F., Sewell C. W., Kutner M., Lynn M. J. Relationship between survival and histologic type in small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 1979; 44: 1045
  • Vollmer R. T. The effect of cell size on the pathologic diagnosis of small and large cell carcinomas of the lung. Cancer 1982; 50: 1380
  • Stern J. B. Primary undifferentiated carcinoma of the skin. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1982; 46: 80A
  • Godwin J. D. Carcinoid tumors: an analysis of 2837 cases. Cancer 1975; 36: 560
  • Solcia E., Capella C., Buffa R., Usellini L., Drigerio B., Fontana P. Endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and related tumors. Pathol. Biol. Ann. Vol. 1979; 9: 163
  • Lechago J. Endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and their pathology. Pathol. Annu. 1978; 13(2)329
  • Capella C., Solcia C., Frigerio B., Buffa R., Usellini L., Fontana P. The endocrine cells of the pancreas and related tumors. Vircahows Arch. A. Path. Anat. Histol. 1977; 373: 327
  • Larson L. I. Endocrine pancreatic tumors. Hum. Pathol. 1978; 9: 401
  • Bigner S. H., Medelsohn G., Wells S. A., Cox E. B., Baylin B. S., Eggleston J. C. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in the multiple endocrine neoplasia II a syndrom. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1981; 5: 459
  • Wenk R. E., Bhagavan B. S., Levey R., Miller D., Weisburger W. Ectopic ACTH, prostatic oat cell carcinoma, and marked hypernatremia. Cancer 1977; 40: 773
  • Montasser A. Y., Ong M. G., Mehta V. T. Carcinoid tumor of the prostate associated with adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1979; 44: 307
  • Capella C., Usellini L., Buffa R., Frigerio B., Solicia E. The endocrine component of prostatic carcinomas, mixed adenocarcinoma-carcinoid tumours, and non-tumour prostate: histochemical and ultrastructural identification of the endocrine cells. Histopathology 1981; 5: 175
  • Rosai J. Tumors of the thymus. Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 1976; 167
  • Wick M. R., Scheithauer B. W. Oat-cell carcinoma of the thymus. Cancer 1982; 49: 1652
  • Cramer S. F., Aikawa M., Cebelin M. Neurosecretory granules in small cell invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1981; 47: 724
  • Gould V. E. Neuroendocrine tumors of “miscellaneous” primary sties: clinical, pathologic, and histogenetic implications. Progress in Surgical Pathology, C. M. Fenoglio, M. Wolff. Masson, New York 1982; 181
  • Mullins J. D., Newman R. K., Coltman C. A. Primary oat cell carcinoma of the larynx. Cancer 1979; 43: 711
  • Murphy G. F., Pilch B. Z., Dickersin R. G., Goodman J. L., Nadol J. B. Carcinoid tumor of the middle ear. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1980; 73: 816
  • Serratoni F. T., Robboy S. J. Ultrastructure of primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoids: analysis of 11 cases. Cancer 1973; 36: 157
  • Ordonez N. G., Ayala A. G., Sneige N., Mackay B. Immunohistochemical demonstration of multiple neurohormonal polypeptides in a case of pure testicular carcinoid. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1982; 78: 860
  • Gleeson M. H., Bloom S. R., Polak J. M., Henry K., Dowling R. H. Endocrine tumor in kidney affecting small bowel structure, motility, and absorptive function. Gut 1971; 12: 773
  • Albores-Saavedra J., Rodriguez-Martinez H. A., Larraza-Hernandez O. Carcinoid tumors of the cervix. Pathol. Annu. 1979; 14: 273
  • Kott M. M., Silva E. G., Ordonez N. G. Neuroendocrine carcinoma, carcinoid type, of the cervix. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1983; 47: 46A
  • Kameya T., Shimostato Y., Adachi I., Abe K., Ebinhara S., Ono I. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the paranasal sinus. Cancer 1980; 45: 330
  • Weston J. A. The migration and differentiation of neural crest cells. Advances in Morphogenesis, M. Aberchombie, T. J. Brachest King. Academic Press, New York 1970; Vol. 8: 41
  • Golderbeg D. M., Fisher E. R. Histogenetic relationship between carcinoids and mucin-secreting carcinomas of the colon as revealed by heterotransplantation. Br. J. Cancer 1970; 24: 610
  • Andrew A. Further evidence that enterocheromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1974; 31: 589
  • Bates H. R., Belter L. F. Composite carcinoid tumor (argentaffinoma-adenocarcinoma) of the colon: report of two cases. Dis. Colon Rectum 1967; 10: 467
  • Schlosnagle D. C., Campbell W. G. The papillary and solic neoplasm of the pancreas: a report of two cases with electron microscopy, one containing neurosecretory granules. Cancer 1981; 47: 2603
  • Warkel R. L., Cooper P. H., Helwig E. B. Adenocarcinoid, a mucin-producing carcinoid tumor of the appendix. Cancer 1978; 42: 2781
  • Reed R. J., Daroca P. J., Harkin J. C. Gangliocytic paraganglioma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1977; 1: 207
  • Ho F. C., Ho J. C. Pigmented carcinoid tumour of the thymus. Histopathology 1977; 1: 363
  • Grazer R., Cohen S. M., Jacobs J. B., Lucas P. Melanin-containing peripheral carcinoid of the lung. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1982; 6: 73
  • Cebelin M. S. Melanocytic bronchial carcinoid tumor. Cancer 1980; 46: 1843
  • Azzopardi J. G., Eusebi V. Melanocyte colonization and pigmentation of breast carcinoma. Histopathology 1977; 1: 21
  • Mennemeyer R. P., Hammar S. P., Tytus J. S., Hallman K. O., Raisis J. E., Bockus D. Melanotic schwannoma clinical and ultrastructural studies of three cases with evidence of intracellular melanin synthesis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1979; 3: 3
  • Curtis J. L., Rubinstein L. J. Pigmented olfactory neuroblastoma: a new example of malanotic neuroepithelial neoplasm. Cancer 1982; 49: 2136
  • Zollinger R. M., Ellison E. H. Primary peptic ulcerations of jejunum associated with islet cells tumors of pancreas. Ann. Surg. 1955; 142: 709
  • Howard J. M., Moss N., II, Rhoads J. E. Collective review: hyperinsulinism and islet cell tumors of the pancreas with 398 recorded tumors. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1950; 90: 117
  • Verner J. V., Morrison A. B. Islet cell tumor and syndrome of refractory watery diarrhea and hypokalemia. Am. J. Med. 1958; 25: 374
  • Mallinson C. M., Bloom S. R., Warin A. P., Salmon P. R., Cox B. A glucagonoma syndrome. Lancet 1974; 2: 1
  • Larsson I. I., Hirsh M. A., Holst J. J., Ingemansson S., Kuhl C., Landkaer, Jensen S., Lundqvist G., Rehfeld J. F., Schwartz T. W. Pancreatic somatostatinoma: clinical features and physiological implications. Lancet 1977; 1: 666
  • Law D. H., Liddle G. W., Scott H. W., Jr., Tauber S. D. Ectopic production of multiple hormones (ACTH, MSH and gastrin) by a single malignant tumor. N. Engl. J. Med. 1965; 273: 292
  • Tilson D. Carcinoid syndrome. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 1974; 54: 409
  • Abe K., Adachi I., Miyakawa S., Yamaguchi K., Tanaka N., Kameya T., Shimosato Y. Production of calcitonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone in tumors derived from amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 4190
  • Coombes R. C., Greenberg P. B., Hillyard C., MacIntyre I. Plasma-immunoreactive-calcitonin in patients with non-thyroid tumours. Lancet 1974; 1080
  • Coombes R. C., Easty G. G., Detre S. I., Hillyard C. J., Stevens V., Grigis S. I., Galante L. S., Heywood L., MacIntyre I., Neville A. M. Secretion of immunoreactive calcitonin by human breast carcinomas. Br. Med. J. 1975; 4: 197
  • Cohle S. D., Tschen J. A., Smith F. E., Lane M., McGavran M. H. M. ACTH-secreting carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 1979; 43: 2370
  • Parsons V., Rigby B. Cushing's syndrome associated with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Lancet 1958; 922
  • Mark E. J., Quay S. C., Dickersin G. R. Papillary carcinoid tumor of the lung. Cancer 1981; 48: 316
  • Arrigoni M. G., Wolner L. B., Bernatz P. E. Atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung. J. Thor. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1972; 64: 413
  • Chow C. W., Sane S., Campbell P. E., Carter R. F. Malignant carcinoid tumors in children. Cancer 1982; 49: 802
  • Dayal Y., O'Brian D. S., O'Brien J. J., Doos R. A., Delellis R. A., Reichlin S., Wolfe H. J. Psammomatous carcinoids: an uncommon histologic variant of duodenal somatostatinomas. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1983; 48: 19A
  • Toker C. Trabecular carcinoma of the skin. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 1982; 4: 497
  • Teplitz C., Farrugia R., Brown S., Coffin C., Chase G., Braman S., Corrao W., Leone L. Small cell lung carcinoma: a prospective computerized morphometric and ultrastructural analysis of 40 biopsied cases using World Health Organization Subclassification. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1983; 48: 84A
  • Churg A., Johnston W. H., Stulbarg M. Small cell squamous and mixed small cell squamous-small cell anaplastic carcinomas of the lung. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1980; 4: 255
  • Barber D. H., Michener W. M. Malignant argentaffinoma report of a case of an eleven-year-old boy. Cleve. Clin. Q. 1965; 32: 143
  • Soga J., Tazawa K., Aizawa O., Wada K., Tuto T. Argentaffin cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach and atypical carcinoid?. Cancer 1971; 28: 999
  • Azzopardi J. G., Evans D. J. Argentaffin cells in prostatic carcinoma: differentiation from lipofuscin and melanin in prostatic epithelium. J. Pathol. 1971; 104: 247
  • Yoshida, Yano M., Fujinaga Y., Sano C., Mori H., Yoshida H., Fukunishi R. Argentaffin carcinoid tumor of the rectum. Cancer 1981; 48: 2103
  • Marcus J. N., Dise C. A., LiVolsi V. A. Melanin production in a medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1982; 49: 2518
  • Warkel R. L., Luna L. G., Helwig E. B. A modified wathin-starry procedure at low pH for melanin. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1980; 73: 812
  • Smith D. M., Haggitt R. C. A comparative study of generic stains for carcinoid secretory granules. Am. J. Pathol. 1983; 7: 61
  • Grimelius L. A silver nitrate stain for cells in human pancreatic islets. Acta Soc. Med. Upsal. 1968; 73: 243
  • Lack E. E., Mercer L. A modified grimelius argyrophil technique for neurosecretory granules. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1977; 1: 275
  • Clayton F., Sibley R. K., Ordonez N. G., Hanssen G. Argyrophil breast carcinomas: evidence of lactational differentiation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1982; 6: 323
  • Warthin A. S., Starry A. C. A more rapid and improved method of demonstrating spirochetes in tissues. Am. J. Syph. 1920; 4: 97
  • Hartschuh W., Weihe E., Buchler M., Helmstaedter V., Feurle G. G., Forssmann W. G. Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in merkel cells. Cell Tissue Res. 1979; 201: 343
  • Stefanini P., Carboni M., Patrassi N., Basoli A. Betaislet cell tumors of the pancreas: results of a study of 1067 cases. Surgery 1974; 75: 597
  • Larsson I. I., Rehfeld J. F., Sundler F., Hakanson R. Pancreatic gastrin in foetal and neonatal rats. Nature (London) 1976; 262: 609
  • Petras R. E., Tubbs R. R., Hart W. R. Strumal carcinoid (ARUDoma) of ovary: an immunohistochemical study of three cases. Am. Soc. C. Pathol. (Abst.) Miami, Florida, Fall Meeting. October, 161982
  • Simpson S., Lloyd R. V., Vinki A. I., Marangos P. J. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron specific enolase and S-100 protein, Neuroendocrine Tumors: correlation with serum and tissue levels of neuron specific enolase. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1983; 48: 79A
  • Tapia F. J., Barbosa A. J. A., Marangos P. J., Polak J. M., Bloom S. R., Dermody C., Pearse A. G. E. Neuron-specific enolase is produced by neuroendocrine tumors. Lancet 1981; 1: 808
  • Falck B., Owman C. A detailed methodological description of the gluorescence method for the cellular demonstration of biogemicomoamines. Acta Univ. Lund., Sect. 1965; 11(7)5
  • Delellis R. A. Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines in diagnostic histopathology. Cancer 1971; 28: 1704
  • Mackay B. Introduction to diagnostic electron microscopy. Diagnostic Electron Microscopy, H. A. Reid. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1981; 221
  • Min K. W., Song J. Ultrastructural observation of neural elements in carcinoid tumors. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1980; 42: 40
  • Larsson I., Goltermann N., Magistrid L., Rehfeld J. F., Schwartz T. W. Somatostatin cell processes as pathways for paracrine secretion. Science 1979; 205: 1393
  • Silva E. G., Mackay B. Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas of the skin. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 1981; 2: 1
  • O'Brian D. S., Dayal Y. The pathology of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry, R. Delellis. Masson, New York 1981; 75
  • Moertel C. G., Hanley J. A. Combination chemotherapy trials in metastatic carcinoid and malignant carcinoid syndrome. Cancer Clin. Trials 1979; 2: 327
  • Moertel C. G., Sauer W. G., Dockerty M. B., Baggenstoss A. H. Life history of the carcinoid tumor of the small intestine. Cancer 1961; 14: 901
  • Johnson L. A., Lavi P., Moertel C. G., Weiland L., Dayal Y., Doos W. G., Geller S. A., Cooper H. S., Nime F., Masse S., Simson I. W., Sumner H., Folsch E., Engstrom P. Carcinoids: the association of histologic growth pattern and survival. Cancer 1983; 51: 882
  • Merino M. J., LiVolsi V. A., Edmonds P. R., Duray P. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1983; 48: 57A
  • Davis S., Stanley K. E., Yesner R., Kuang D. T., Morris J. F. Small-cell carcinoma of the lung—survival according to histologic subtype: a veterans administration lung group study. Cancer 1981; 47: 1863
  • Mackay B., Osborne B. M., Wilson R. A. Ultrastructure of lung neoplasms. Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Carcinomas, M. Straus, New York 1977; 71
  • Cubilla A. L., Woodruff J. M. Primary carcinoid tumor of the breast. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1977; 1: 283
  • Taxy J. B., Tischler A. S., Isalaco S. J., Battifora H. “Carcinoid” tumor of the breast: variant of conventional breast cancer. Hum. Pathol. 1981; 12: 170
  • Raju U., Fine G. The controversial mammary carcinoid tumor. Lab. Invest. (Abstr.) 1983; 48: 69A
  • Woodard B. H., Eisenbarth G., Wallace N. R., Mossler J. A., McCarty K. S. Adrenocorticotropin production by a mammary carcinoma. Cancer 1981; 47: 1823
  • Klein H. Z. Mucinous carcinoid tumor of the vermiform appendix. Cancer 1974; 33: 770
  • Subbuswamy S. G., Gibbs N. M., Ross C. F., Morson B. C. Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. Cancer 1974; 34: 338
  • Ranchod M., Levine G. D. Spindle-cell carcinoid tumors of the lung: a clinicopathic study of 35 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1980; 4: 315
  • Gillespie J., Luger A. M., Callaway L. A. Peripheral spindle carcinoid tumor: a review of its ultrastructure, differential diagnosis, and biologic behavior. Hum. Pathol. 1979; 10: 601
  • Silva E. G., Butler J. J., Mackay B., Goepfert H. Neuroblastomas and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity. Cancer 1982; 50: 2388
  • Boessel C. P., Suhan J. P., Sayers M. P. Melanoticmedulloblastoma: report of a case with ultrastructural findings. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1978; 37: 531
  • Trump D. L., Livingston N. J., Baylin S. Water diarrhea syndrome in an adult with ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma. Cancer 1977; 40: 1526
  • Medelsohn G. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the spectrum of tumors producing the watery diarrhea syndrome. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: Masson Monographs in Diagnostic Pathology, R. Delellis. Masson, New York 1981; 199
  • Mendelsohn G., Eggleston J. C., Olson J. L., Said S. I., Baylin S. B. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and its relationship to ganglion cell differentiation in neuroblastic tumors. Lab. Invest. 1979; 41: 144
  • Mackay B., Luna M. A., Butler J. J. Adult neuroblastoma: electron microscopic observation in nine cases. Cancer 1976; 37: 1334
  • Grotting J. C., Kassel S., Dehner L. P. Nesdioblastosis and congenital neuroblastoma. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1979; 103: 642

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.