12
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Recent Advances in Routine Thyroid Function Testing

Pages 315-362 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Tunbridge W. M. G., Evered D. C., Hall R., Appleton D., Brewis M., Clark F., Grimley Evans J., Young E., Bird T., Smith P. A. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Wickham survey. Clin. Endocrinol. 1977; 7: 481
  • dos Remedios L. V., Weber P. M., Feldman R., Schurr D. A., Tsoi G. Detecting unsuspected thyroid dysfunction by the free thyroxine index. Arch. Intern. Med. 1980; 140: 1045
  • Larsen P. R. Thyroid-pituitary interaction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 306: 1, 23
  • Hoffenberg R., Ramsden D. B. The transport of thyroid hormones. Clin. Sci. 1983; 65: 337
  • Pardridge W. M. Transport of protein-bound hormones into tissues in vivo. Endocrine Rev 1981; 2: 1, 103
  • Rao G. S. Mode of entry of steroid and thyroid hormones into cells. Mol Cell. Endocrinol. 1981; 21: 97
  • Larsen P. R., Silva J. E., Kaplan M. M. Relationships between circulating and intracellular hormones: physiological and clinical implications. Endocrine Rev. 1981; 2: 1, 87
  • Wartofsky L. Physiological or adaptive alterations in the deiodination of thyroxine. Horm. Metab. Res. Suppl. 1984; 14: 66
  • Oppenheimer J. H. Thyroid hormone action at the cellular level. Science 1979; 203: 971
  • Jackson I. M. D. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 306: 145
  • Morley J. E. Neuroendocrine control of thyrotropin secretion. Endocrine Rev. 1981; 2: 4, 396
  • Peters J. R., Foord S. M., Dieguez C., Scanlon M. F. TSH neuroregulation and alterations in disease states. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, M. F. Scanlon. W. B. Saunders, London 1983
  • Kvetny J., Poulsen H. K. Nuclear thyroxine and 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine receptors in human mononuclear blood cells during pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol. 1984; 105: 19
  • Oppenheimer J. H., Coulombe P., Schwartz H. L., Gutfield N. W. Nonlinear (amplified) relationship between nuclear occupancy by triiodothyronine and the appearance rate of hepatic α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 1978; 61: 987
  • Burman K. D., Latham K. R., Djuh Y-Y., Smallridge R. C., Tseng Y-C, Lukes Y. G., Maunder R., Wartofsky L. Solubilized nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in circulating human mononuclear cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1980; 51: 106
  • Ekins R. P. Free hormones in blood: the concept and the measurement. J. Clin. Immunoassay 1984; 7: 2, 163
  • Chopra I. J., Solomon D. H., Ho R. S. A radioimmunoassay of thyroxine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1971; 33: 865
  • Dunn R. T., Foster L. B. Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine in unextracted serum, by a single-antibody technique. Clin. Chem. 1973; 19: 1063
  • Larsen P. R., Dockalova J., Supula D., Wu F. M. Immunoassay of thyroxine in unextracted human serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1973; 37: 177
  • Hermann J., Rusche H. J., Kruskemper H. L. Rapid radioimmunoassay for the evaluation of thyroxine in unextracted serum. Clin. Chim. Acta 1974; 54: 69
  • Chopra I., Solomon D., Beall G. Radioimmunoassay for measurement of triiodothyronine in human serum. J. Clin. Invest. 1971; 50: 2033
  • Mitsuma T., Gershengorn M., Colucci J., Hollander C. Radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine in unextracted human serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1971; 33: 364
  • Patel Y., Burger H. A simplified radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1973; 36: 187
  • Moller B., Falk O., Bjorkhem I. Isotope dilution-mass spectrometry of thyroxin proposed as a reference method. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 12, 2106
  • Curry R. E., Heitzman H., Riege D. H., Sweet R. V., Simonsen M. G. A systems approach to fluorescent immunoassay: general principles and representative applications. Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 9, 1591
  • Nargessi R. D., Ackland J., Hassan M., Forrest G. C., Smith D. S., Landon J. Magnetizable solid-phase fluoroimmunoassay of thyroxine by a sequential addition technique. Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 12, 1701
  • Muratsugu M., Makino M. Evaluation of fluorescence polarization immunoassay for serum thyroxine determination. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1982; 20: 8, 567
  • Weerasekera D. A., Kim J. B., Barnard G. J., Collins W. P. Measurement of serum thyroxine by solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1983; 20: 100
  • Ramsden D. B., Farmer M. J. Development of a gas chromatographic selected ion monitoring assay for thyroxine (T4) in human serum. Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 1984; 11: 8, 421
  • Burman K. D., Bongiovanni R., Garis R. K., Wartofsky L., Boehm T. M. Measurement of serum T4 concentration by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 53: 5, 909
  • Izquerdo J. M., Sotorrio P., Quiros A. Enzyme immunoassay of thyroxine with a centrifugal analyser. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 123
  • Woodrup P., Willing G., Watson D. Enzyme immunoassay of thyroxine with a Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1980; 17: 159
  • Nolan J. P., DiBenedetto G., Torsa N. J. Continuous-flow enzyme immunoassay for thyroxine in serum. Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 5, 738
  • Finley P. R., Williams R. J., Lichti D. A. Evaluation of a new homogeneous enzyme inhibitor immunoassay of serum thyroxine with use of a bichromatic analyser. Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 12, 1723
  • Lipson A., Nickoloff E. L., Hsu T. H., Kasecamp W. R., Drew H. M., Shakir R., Wagner H. N. A study of age-dependent changes in thyroid function tests in adults. J. Nucl. Med. 1979; 20: II, 1124
  • Judd S. J., Carter J. N., Corcoran J. M. Circulating thyroid hormone concentrations and posture and venous compression. Br. Med. J. 1975; 4: 735
  • Pasquali R., Baraldi C., Casimirri F., Mattioli L., Capelli M., Melchionda N., Capani F., Labo G. Seasonal variations of total and free thyroid hormones in healthy men: a chronobiological study. Acta Endocrinol 1984; 107: 42
  • Walmsley R. N., Penhaligon J. Screening thyrometabolic disorders using total serum thyroxine level. Med. J. Aust. 1976; 2: 821
  • Brookeman V. A., Williams C. M. Cost benefit analysis of in vitro screening tests of thyroid function. J. Nucl. Med. 1973; 14: 721
  • Daniels D. L., Henry H. W. Selective performance of T, uptake: a practical approach to thyroid function studies. J. Nucl. Med. 1981; 22: 606
  • Rajatanavin R., Braverman L. E. Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1983; 6: 493
  • Borst G. C., Eil C., Burman K. D. Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 98: 366
  • Barlow J. W., Csicsmann J. M., White E. L., Funder J. W., Stockigt J. R. Familial euthyroid thyroxine excess: characterization of abnormal intermediate affinity thyroxine binding to albumin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1982; 55: 2, 244
  • Dick M., Watson F. Prevalent low serum thyroxine-binding globulin level in Western Australian Aborigines. Med. J. Aust. 1980; 1: 115
  • White G. H., Morice R. Diagnostic biochemical tests in aboriginals. Med. J. Aust. Spec. Suppl. 1980; 1: 6
  • Refetoff S., Murata Y. X-chromosome-linked inheritance of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin in Australian aborigines. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 60: 356
  • Murata Y., Refetoff S., Sarne D. H., Dick M., Watson F. Variant thyroxine-binding globulin in serum of Australian aborigines: its physical, chemical and biological properties. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1985; 8: 3, 225
  • Staeheli V., Vallotton M. B., Burger A. Detection of human anti-thyroxine and anti-triio-dothyronine antibodies in different thyroid conditions. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1975; 41: 669
  • Ikekubo K., Konishi J., Endo K., Nakajima K., Okuno T., Kasagi K., Mori T., Nagaka I., Torizuka K. Antithyroxine and antitriiodothyronine antibodies in three cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinol. 1978; 89: 557
  • Trimarchi F., Benvenga S., Costanti G., Barbera C., Melluso R., Marcocci C., Chiovato L., DeLuca F., Consolo F. Identification and characterization of circulating thyroid hormone antibodies in thyroid diseases, in autoimmune non-thyroid illnesses and in lymphoreticular system disorders. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1983; 6: 203
  • Ginsberg J., Segal D., Erlich R. M., Walfish P. G. Inappropriate triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) radioimmunoassay levels secondary to circulating thyroid hormone antoantibodies. Clin. Endocrinol. 1978; 8: 133
  • Trimarchi F., Benvengi S., Fenzi G. F., Mariotti S., Consolo F. Immunoglobulin binding of thyroid hormones in a case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1982; 54: 1045
  • Wenzel K. W. Pharmacological interference with in vitro tests of thyroid function. Metabolism 1981; 30: 7, 717
  • Jaggarao N. S. V., Sheldon J., Grundy E. N., Vincent R., Chamberlain D. A. The effects of amiodarone on thyroid function. Postgrad. Med. J. 1982; 58: 693
  • Sanmarti A., Permanyer-Miralda G., Castellanos J. M., Foz-Sala M., Galard R. M., Soler-Soler J. Chronic administration of amiodarone and thyroid function: a follow-up study. Am. Heart J. 1984; 108: 1262
  • Singh B. N. Amiodarone and thyroid function: clinical implications during anti-arrhythmic therapy. Am. Heart J. 1983; 106: 857
  • Melmed S., Koonlawee N., Reed A. W., Hendrickson J. A., Singh B. N., Hershmann J. N. Hyperthyroxinaemia with bradycardia and normal thyrotropin secretion after chronic amiodarone administration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 53: 997
  • Franklyn J. A., Davis J. R., Gammage M. D., Littler W. A., Ramsden D. B., Shepphard M. C. Amiodarone and thyroid hormone action. Clin. Endocrinol. 1985; 22: 257
  • Beng C. G., Wellby M. L., Symons R. G., Stuart S., Marshall J. The effects of iopodate on the serum iodothyronine pattern in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol. 1980; 93: 175
  • Suzuki H., Noguchi K., Kakahata M., Nakagawa S., Kadena N. Effect of Iopanoic acid on the pituitary-thyroid axis: time sequence of changes in serum iodothyronines, thyrotropin, and prolactin concentrations and response to thyroid hormones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 53: 4, 779
  • Ratcliffe W. A., Hazelton R. A., Thompson J. A. Effect of Fenclofenac on thyroid-function tests. Lancet 1980; i: 432
  • Stockigt J. R., Lim C-F., Barlow J. W., Stevens V., Topliss D. J., Wynne K. N. High concentrations of Furosemide inhibit serum binding of thyroxine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1984; 59: 1, 62
  • Stockigt J. R., Lim C-F., Barlow J. W., Wynne K. N., Mohr V. S., Topliss D. J., Hamblin P. S., Sabto J. Interaction of Furosemide with serum thyroxine-binding sites: in vivo and in vitro studies and comparison with other inhibitors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 60: 5, 1025
  • Soppi E., Irjala K., Kaihola H-L., Viikari J. Acute effect of exogenous thyroxine dose on serum thyroxine and thyrotropin levels in treated hypothyroid patients. Scand. J. Lab. Invest. 1984; 44: 353
  • Deam D. R., Campbell D. G., Ratnaike S. Effect of oral intake of thyroxine on results of thyroid function tests in patients receiving thyroid replacement therapy. Med. J. Aust. 1983; 2: 374
  • Symons R. G., Murphy L. J. Acute changes in thyroid function tests following ingestion of thyroxine. Clin. Endocrinol. 1983; 19: 539
  • Recant L., Riggs D. S. Thyroid function in nephrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 1952; 31: 789
  • Robbins J., Rail J. E. The interaction of thyroid hormones and protein in biological fluids. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 1957; 13: 161
  • Int. Symp. Free Thyroid Hormones, R. P. Ekins, G. Faglia, F. Peurisi. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1979
  • Ekins R. The radioimmunoassay of free hormones in blood. Free Hormones in Blood, A. Albertini, R. P. Ekins. Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam 1982, Symposia of the Giovanni Lorenzini Foundation
  • Ellis S. M., Ekins R. P. The radioimmunoassay of serum free T3 and T4. Radioimmunoassay in Clinical Biochemistry, C. A. Pasternak. Heyden, London 1975; 187
  • Helenius T., Liewendahl K. Improved dialysis method for free thyroxin in serum compared with five commercial radioimmunoassays in nonthyroidal illness and subjects with abnormal concentrations of thyroxin-binding globulin. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 5, 816
  • Prince H. P., Ramsden D. B. A new theoretical description of the binding of thyroid hormones by serum proteins. Clin. Endocrinol. 1977; 7: 307
  • Ramsden D. B., Sheppard M. C., Sawers R. S., Smith S. C. H., Hoffenberg R. Serum free thyroxine concentrations in normal euthyroid subjects and ones with high serum thyroxine-binding globulin concentrations. Clin. Chim. Acta 1983; 130: 211
  • Lawlor J. F., Blaustein M. Evaluation of free thyroxin measurements in patients with nonthyroidal illnesses. Clin. Chem. 1981; 21: 1457, 8
  • Ekins R. Commercial radioimmunoassay for free thyroxine. Lancet 1979; i: 1190
  • Braverman L. E., Abreau C. M., Brock P., Kleinmann R., Fournier L., Odstrchel G., Schoemaker H. J. P. Measurement of serum free thyroxine by RIA in various clinical states. J. Nucl. Med. 1980; 21: 233
  • Witherspoon L. R., Schuler S. E., Garcia M. M., Zollinger L. A. An assessment of methods for the estimation of free thyroxine. J. Nucl. Med. 1980; 21: 529
  • Buehler R., Chan T. Microencapsulation of antibody for use in radioimmunoassay tests for thyroxine and digoxin. Clin. Chem. 1978; 24: 1040
  • Ashkar F. S., Buehler R. J., Chan T., Hourani M. Radioimmunoassay of free thyroxine with prebound anti-T4, microcapsules. J. Nucl. Med. 1979; 20: 956
  • Midgley J. E. M., Wilkins T. A. Hypothyroidism in patients on Fenclofenac. Lancet 1980; ii: 704
  • Wilkins T. A., Midgley J. E. M., Whitworth A. S. Novel single-tube equilibrium solid-phase free-T4, RIA. Ligand Q. 1981; 4: 45
  • Stockigt J. R., de Garis M., Csicsmann J., Barlow J. W., White E. L., Hurley D. M. Limitations of a new free thyroxine assay (Amerlex® free T4). Clin. Endocrinol. 1981; 15: 313
  • Stockigt J. R., de Garis M., Barlow J. W. “Unbound-analogue” methods for free T4: a note of caution. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 307: 126
  • Stockigt J. R., Stevens V., White E. L., Barlow J. W. “Unbound analog” radioimmunoassays for free thyroxin measure the albumin-bound hormone fraction. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 7, 1408
  • Mardell R., Gamlen T. R. Artifactual reduction in circulating free thyroxine concentration by radioimmunoassay. Lancet 1982; i: 973
  • Ooi D. S., Sorisky A. Effect of albumin on results of analog-type assays for thyroxin. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 6, 1109
  • Amino N., Nishi K., Nakatani K., Mizuta H., Ichihara K., Tanizawa O., Miyai K. Effect of albumin concentration on the assay of serum free thyroxin by equilibrium radioimmunoassay with labeled thyroxin analog (Amerlex®free T4). Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 321, 2
  • Midgley J. E. M., Wilkins T. A. An improved method for the estimation of relative binding constants of T4 and its analogues with serum proteins. Clin. Endocrinol. 1982; 17: 523
  • Midgley J. E. M., Wilkins T. A. Effect of albumin concentration on equilibrium radioimmunoassay of serum free thyroxin with labeled thyroxin analog (Amerlexr free T4). Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 10, 1861
  • Ekins R. P., Jackson T., Edwards P., Salter C., Ogier I. Euthyroid sick syndrome and free thyroxine assay. Lancet 1983; ii: 402
  • Ekins R. P. Labelled analogue “free” thyroxine assays: the unanswered questions. Lancet 1983; ii: 1196
  • Ekins R. P., Edwards P., Jackson T., Geiseler D. Interpretation of labeled-analog free hormone assay. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 3, 491
  • Wilkins T. A., Midgley J. E. M., Smith G. F. W., Whitworth A. S., Huckle D. Amerlex fT4 RIA kit multi-centre clinical trial. Amersham International plc. 1982
  • Wellby M. L., Guthrie L., Reilly C. P. Evaluation of a new free-thyroxin assay. Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 12, 2022
  • Waud J. M., Chan D. W., Drew H. M., Oropeza M. J., Sucupira M. S., Scheinin B., Garrison G. M., Mayo M., Taylor E., Stem J., Graham D., Coyle J. T., Niebyl J., Wagner H. N. Clinical evaluation of two direct procedures for free thyroxin and of free thyroxin index determined nonisotopically and by measuring thyroxin-binding globulin. Clin. Chem. 1908; 29: 11, 1983
  • Wilkie T. J. Five kits for estimating free thyroxin concentration in serum evaluated and correlated with other indices to thyroid status. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 2051, 10
  • Witherspoon L. R., Shuler S. E., Gilbert S. S. Estimation of free thyroxin with a new thyroxin analog and a porous-glass solid phase. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 5, 778
  • Szpunar W. E., Block M., Bednarz M. N., Stoffer S. S. Clinical evaluation of three free-thyroxine assays. J. Nucl. Med. 1980; 21: 576
  • Kubaski N. P., Lundberg P-A., Brodows R. G., Hallauer G. D., Same D. G., Lindstedt G., Bengtsson C., Nystrom E. Free thyroxin by radioimmunoassay: evaluation of a new method involving a radiolabeled thyroxin analog. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 10, 1781
  • Fresco G., Card G., Biggi A., Fontana B. Comparison of calculated and measured free thyroid hormones in serum in health and in abnormal states. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 6, 1325
  • Wilkie T. J. Influence of age and sex on the concentration of free thyroxin in serum and on the free thyroxin:total thyroxin ratio. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 7, 1428
  • McDougall I. R., Bayer M. F. Limitations of free T4 measurement. Free Hormones in Blood, A. Albertini, R. P. Ekins. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1982; 171
  • Ng R. H., Porter A., Leddy M., Statland B. E. Performance of five thyroid-function tests by radioimmunoassays with antibodies attached to paramagnetic micro-particles. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 1, 87
  • Franklyn J. A., Sheppard M. C., Ramsden D. B., Wilkinson R., Hoffenberg R. Measurement of free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Clin. Endocrinol. 1984; 20: 107
  • Gupta M. K., Salazar R., Schumacher O. P. A solid phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of free thyroxine. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1983; 79: 334
  • Bayer M. F., McDougall I. R. Radioimmunoassay of free thyroxine in serum: comparison with clinical findings and results of conventional thyroid-function tests. Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 8, 1186
  • Braun B-E., Muller M. J., Seitz H. J., Krieg M. Clinical value of free-thyroxin measurements. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 12, 2057
  • Szpunar W. E., Stoffer S. S., Bednarz B. S., Mallos P. A. Screening for minimal hypothyroidism: how sensitive is the free thyroxine assay?. Postgrad. Med. 1983; 74: 2, 259
  • Burr W. A., Ramsden D. B., Hoffenberg R. Hereditary abnormalities of thyroxine-binding globulin concentration. Q. J. Med. 1980; 49: 195, 295
  • Byfield P. G. H., Lalloz M. R. A., Pearce C. J., Himsworth R. L. Free thyroid hormone concentrations in subjects with various abnormalities of binding proteins: experience with Amerlex free-T4 and free-T3 assays. Clin. Endocrinol. 1983; 19: 277
  • Ashwell K., Hopton M. R., Harrop J. S. Serum free thyroxine concentrations in subjects with high circulating levels of thyroxine-binding globulin. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1983; 20: 285
  • Abdalla H. I., Hart D. M., Beastall G. H. Reduced serum free thyroxine concentration in postmenopausal women receiving oestrogen treatment. Br. Med. J. 1984; 288: 754
  • Lewis M. Measurement of free thyroid hormones in health and disease. Int. Symp. Free Thyroid Hormones, R. P. Ekins, G. Faglia, A. Pinchera. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1979; 167
  • Yeo P. P. B., Vice P. A., Green E., Lewis M., Evered D. C. Serum free thyroxine hormone concentrations in pregnancy and oral contraceptive therapy. J. Endocrinol. 1977; 73: 45P
  • Giles A. F. An improved method for the radioimmunoassay of free-thyroxine in serum dialysates. Clin. Endocrinol. 1982; 16: 101
  • Symons R. G., Wilke T. J., Wellby M. L. Studies on the accuracy of a quantitative kit radioimmunoassay for free thyroxine. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1983; 20: 280
  • Weeke J., Dybkjaer L., Granlie K., Jensen S. E., Kjaerulff E., Laurberg P., Magnusson B. A longitudinal study of serum TSH, and total and free triiodothyronines during normal pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol 1982; 101: 531
  • Uchimura H., Nagataki S., Tabuchi T., Mizuno M., Ingbar S. H. Measurement of free thyroxine: comparison of per cent of free thyroxine in diluted and undiluted sera. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976; 42: 3, 561
  • Yamamoto T., Amino N., Tanizawa O., Doi K., Ichihara K., Azukizawa M., Miyai K. Longitudinal study of serum thyroid hormones, chorionic gonadotropins and thyrotropins during and after normal pregnancy. Clin. Endocrinol. 1979; 10: 459
  • Shatz D. L., Palter H. C., Russell C. S. Effects of oral contraceptives and pregnancy on thyroid function. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1968; 99: 882
  • Ingbar S. H., Braverman L. E., Dawber N. A., Lee G. Y. A new method for measuring the free thyroid hormone in human serum and an analysis of the factors that influence its concentration. J. Clin. Invest. 1965; 44: 1679, 10
  • Finucane J. F., Griffiths R. S. A rapid and simple method for simultaneous measurement of serum free thyroxine and triiodothyronine fractions. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 29: 949
  • Whitworth A. S., Midgley J. E. M., Wilkins T. A. A comparison of free T4 and the ratio of total T4 to T4-binding globulin in serum through pregnancy. Clin. Endocrinol. 1982; 17: 4307
  • Hopton M. R., Ash well K., Scott I. V., Harrop J. S. Serum free thyroxine concentration and free thyroid hormone indices in normal pregnancy. Clin. Endocrinol 1983; 18: 431
  • Piatt H. S., Barron N., Giles A. F., Midgley J. E. M., Wilkins T. A. Thyroid-function indices in an analbuminemic subject being treated with thyroxin for hypothyroidism. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 2, 341
  • Stockigt J. R., Topliss D. J., Barlow J. W., White E. L., Hurley D. M., Taft P. Familial euthyroid excess: an appropriate response to abnormal thyroxine binding associated with albumin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 53: 2, 353
  • Docter R., Bos G., Krenning E. P., Fekkes D., Visser T. J., Hennemann G. Inherited thyroxine excess: a serum abnormality due to an increased affinity for modified albumin. Clin. Endocrinol. 1981; 15: 363
  • Ruiz M., Rajatanavin R., Young R. A., Taylor C., Brown R., Braverman L. E., Ingbar S. H. Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. N. Engl J. Med. 1982; 306: 635, 11
  • Lalloz M. R. A., Byfield P. G. H., Himsworth R. L. A new and distinctive albumin variant with increased affinities for both triiodothyronines and causing hyperthyroxinaemia. Clin. Endocrinol 1985; 22: 521
  • Scottolini A. G., Bhagavan N. V., Oshiro T., Powers L. Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia: a study of four probands and the kindred of three. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 1179, 7
  • Konishi J., Iida Y., Kousaka T., Ikekubo K., Nakagawa T., Torizuka K. Effect of antithyroxin autoantibodies on radioimmunoassay of free thyroxin in serum. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 6, 1389
  • Mullinger R. N., Walker G. Free thyroxin in thyroid disease. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 6, 1394
  • Schatz D. L., Sheppard R. H., Steiner G., et al. Influence of heparin on serum free thyroxine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1969; 29: 1015
  • Hollander C. S., Scott R. L., Burgess J. A., et al. Free fatty acids: a possible regulator of free thyroid hormone levels in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1967; 27: 1219
  • Hershman J. M., Jones C. M., Bailey A. L. Reciprocal changes in serum thyrotrophin and free thyroxine produced by heparin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1972; 34: 574
  • Boss M., Kingstone D., Chan M. K., Varghese Z. Contradictory findings in the measurement of free thyroxin after administration of heparin. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 5, 1238
  • Lundberg P. A., Jagenberg R., Lindstedt G., Nystrom E. Heparin in vivo effect on free thyroxin. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 5, 1241
  • Klindstedt G., Lundberg P-A., Jagenburg R., Nystrom E. Effect of heparin in vivo on the in vitro assay of free thyroxine. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1983; 43: 643
  • Mardell R., Gamlen T. R. Discrepant results for free thyroxin by radioimmunoassay and dialysis procedures explained. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 9, 1989
  • Bayer M. F. Effect of heparin on serum free thyroxine linked to post-heparin lipolytic activity. Clin. Endocrinol. 1983; 19: 591
  • Smith P. J., Surks M. I. Multiple effect of 5, 5′-diphenylhydantoin on the thyroid hormone system. Endocrinol. Rev. 1984; 5: 4, 514
  • Wartofsky L., Burman K. D. Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the “euthyroid sick syndrome”. Endocrinol. Rev. 1982; 3: 164
  • Chopra I. J. Thyroid function in nonthyroidal illnesses. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 98: 946
  • Trainer T. D., Howard P. L. Thyroid function tests in thyroid and nonthyroid disease. CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1983; 19: 2, 135
  • Slag M. F., Morley J. E., Elson M. K., Labrosse K. R., Crowson T. W., Nuttall F. Q., Shafer R. B. Free thyroxine levels in critically ill patients. JAMA 1981; 246: 23, 2702
  • Liewendahl K., Takanoja S. T., Helenius T., Valimaki M. Discrepancies between serum free triiodothyronine and free thyroxin as measured by equilibrium dialysis and analog radioimmunoassay in nonthyroidal illnesses. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 5, 760
  • Kaplan M. M., Larsen P. R., Crantz F. R., Dzau V. J., Rossing T. H., Haddow J. E. Prevalence of abnormal thyroid function test results in patients with acute medical illnesses. Am. J. Med. 1982; 72: 9
  • Chopra I. J., Van Herle A. J., Chua Teco G. N., Nguyen A. H. Serum free thyroxine in thyroidal and nonthyroidal illnesses: a comparison of measurements by radioimmunoassay, equilibrium dialysis, and free thyroxine index. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1980; 51: 135
  • Kaptein E. M., Maclntyre S. S., Weiner J. M., Spencer C. A., Nicoloff J. T. Free thyroxine estimates in nonthyroidal illness: comparison of eight methods. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 52: 1073
  • Melmed S., Geola F. L., Reed A. W., Pekary A. E., Park J., Hershman J. M. A comparison of methods for assessing thyroid function in nonthyroidal illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1982; 54: 2, 300
  • Vermaak W. J. H., Kalk W. J., Zakolski W. J. Frequency of euthyroid sick syndrome as assessed by free thyroxine index and a direct free thyroxine index. A limitation of fT4 assays. Lancet 1983; i: 1373
  • Ordonez-Llanos J., Rodriguez-Espinosa J., Gomez-Gerique J. A., Solans-Barri M. D., Ruiz-Minguez M. A. Effect of isolated decreases in albumin and prealbumin on radioimmunoassay results for free thyroxin in nonthyroidal illness. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 3, 496
  • Bayer M. F., McDougall I. R. The value of free thyroxine in hospitalized patients. (Using a two-step, antibody coated tube, radioimmunoassay). Free Hormones in Blood, A. Albertini, R. P. Ekins. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1982; 275
  • Chan D. W., Waud J. M, Taylor E., Stem J., Drew H., Oropeza M., Sucupira M. S. Meaning of serum free-thyroxin values in nonthyroidal illnesses: seven methods compared. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 12, 2091
  • Chopra I. J., Chua Teco G. N., Mead J. F., Huang T-S., Beredo A., Solomon D. H. Relationship between serum free fatty acids and thyroid hormone binding inhibitor in nonthyroid illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 60: 5, 980
  • Wenzel K. W. Thyroxine analogue assay kits in clinical medicine. Lancet 1985; ii: 781
  • Ekins R., Jackson T. Thyroxine analogue assay kits in clinical medicine. Lancet 1985; ii: 782
  • Mardell R. J., James H. C., Gamlen T. R., Coombes E. J. Euthyroid sick syndrome and free thyroxine assay. Lancet 1983; ii: 855
  • Zucchelli G. C., Pilo A., Chiesa M. R., Piro M. A. Progress report on a national quality-control survey of triiodothyronine and thyroxin assays. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 3, 395
  • Wilkie T. J., Sheedy J. J., Hirning D. A. Performance characteristics and diagnostic value (vs. other tests) of two radioimmunoassay kits for estimating free triiodothyronine in serum. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 2, 216
  • Norman R. J., Desai R. K., Deppe W. M., Joubert S. M. Value of measuring free triiodothyronine and free thyroxin in serum in detection of hypothyroidism. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 1, 169
  • Franklyn J. A., Shepphard M. C., Ramsden D. B., Hoffenberg R. Free triiodothyronine and free thyroxin in sera of pregnant women and subjects with congenital increased or decreased thyroxin-binding globulin. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 8, 1527
  • Rodriguez-Espinoza J., Ordonez-Llanos J., Gomez-Gerique J. A., Mora J. Anti-triiodothyronine autoantibodies interfere with two recently commercialized radioimmunoassays for free triiodothyronine. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 1, 151
  • Pearce C. J., Himsworth R. L. Total and free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients receiving maintenance replacement treatment with thyroxine. Br. Med., J. 1984; 288: 693
  • Clark F., Horn D. B. Assessment of thyroid function by the combined use of the serum protein-bound iodine and resin uptake of 131I-triiodothyronine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1965; 25: 39
  • Wellby M., O'Halloran M. W. Measurement of the plasma free thyroxine level as a test of thyroid function. Br. Med. J. 1966; 2: 668
  • Burr W. A., Ramsden D. B., Evans S. E., Hogan T., Hoffenberg R. Concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin: value of direct assay. Br. Med. J. 1977; 1: 485
  • Burr W. A., Evans S. E., Lee J., Prince H. P., Ramsden D. B. The ratio of thyroxine to thyroxine-binding globulin in the assessment of thyroid function. Clin. Endocrinol. 1979; 11: 333
  • Premachandra B. N., Gossain V. V., Perlstein I. B. Free thyroxine index vs. free thyroxine concentration in inheritied partial thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) deficiency. Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 1408
  • Lecureuil M., Crouzat-Reynes G., Besnard J.-C., Choffel C. Correlation of free thyroxine index and thyroxine:thyroxine-binding globulin ratio with the free thyroxine concentration as measured by the thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin radioimmunoassays. Clin. Chim. Acta 1978; 87: 373
  • Wilkie T. J. Free thyroid hormone index, thyroid hormone/thyroxin-binding globulin ratio, triiodothyronine uptake, and thyroxin-binding globulin compared for diagnostic value regarding thyroid function. Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 1, 74
  • Tuttlebee J. W., Bird R. A comparison of free thyroxine concentration and the free thyroxine index as diagnostic tests of thyroid function. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1981; 18: 88
  • Lim V. S., Fang V. S., Katz A. I. and Refetoff, S. Thyroid dysfunction in chronic renal failure. J. Clin. Invest. 1977; 60: 522
  • Kalk W. J., Morley J. E., Gold C. H., Meyers A. Thyroid function tests in patients on regular hemodialysis. Nephron 1980; 25: 173
  • Ross D. S., Daniels G. H., Dienstag J. L., Ridgway E. C. Elevated thyroxine levels due to increased thyroxine-binding globulin in acute hepatitis. Am. J. Med. 1983; 74: 564
  • Chopra I. J., Solomon D. H., Hepner G. W., Morgenstein A. A. Misleadingly low free thyroxine index and usefulness of reverse triiodothyronine measurement in nonthyroidal illnesses. Ann. Intern. Med. 1979; 90: 905
  • Gooch B. R., Isley W. L., Utiger R. D. Abnormalities in thyroid function tests in patients admitted to a medical service. Arch. Intern. Med. 1982; 142: 1801
  • Morley J. E., Slag M. F., Elson M. K., Shafer R. B. The interpretation of thyroid function tests in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1983; 249: 17, 2377
  • Goldie D. J., Jones S. R., Thomas M. J. A reappraisal of the free thyroxine index. Lancet. 1981; ii: 572
  • Braverman L. E., Ingbar S. H. Familial euthyroid dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia: effects on in vitro thyroid function testing. Free Hormones in Blood, A. Albertini, R. P. Ekins. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1982; 215
  • Sawin C. T., Chopra D., Albano J., Azizi F. The free triiodothyronine (T3) index. Ann. Intern. Med. 1978; 88: 474
  • Konno N., Nakazato T., Hagiwara K., Taguchi H. A comparison of measurements of serum free T3 concentration by equilibrium dialysis, free T3 index, and T3:TBG ratio in thyroidal and nonthyroidal illnesses. Acta Endocrinol. 1983; 103: 501
  • Utiger R. D. Radioimmunoassay of human plasma thyrotropin. J. Clin. Invest. 1965; 44: 1277
  • Odell W. D., Wilber J. F., Paul W. E. Radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin in human serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1965; 25: 1179
  • Wehmann R. E., Nisula B. C. Radioimmunoassay of human thyrotropin: analytical and clinical developments. CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1983; 20: 3, 243
  • Durham A. P. The upper limit of normal for thyrotropin is 3 or 4 milli-int. units/L. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 2, 296
  • Wide L., Dahlberg P. A. Quality requirements of basal s-TSH assays in predicting an s-TSH response to TRH. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 1980; 40: 101
  • Wehmann R. E., Rubenstein H. A., Nisula B. C. A sensitive, convenient radioimmunoassay procedure which demonstrates that serum hTSH is suppressed below the normal range in thyrotoxic patients. Endocrinol. Res. Commun. 1979; 6: 249
  • Wehmann R. E., Rubenstein H. A., Pugeat M. M., Nisula B. C. Extended clinical utility of a sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone. South. Med. J. 1983; 76: 8, 969
  • Alexander W. D., Kerr D. J., Ferguson M. M. First-line test of thyroid function. Lancet 1984; ii: 647
  • Seth J., Kellett H. A., Caldwell G., Sweeting V. M., Beckett G. J., Gow S. M., Toft A. D. A sensitive immunoradiometric assay for serum thyroid stimulating hormone: a replacement for the thyrotrophin releasing hormone test?. Br. Med. J. 1984; 289: 1334
  • John R., Jones M. K. An automated immunoradiometric assay for human thyrotropin. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 8, 1396
  • Rattle S. J., Purnell D. R., Williams P. I. M., Siddle K., Forrest G. C. New separation method for monoclonal immunoradiometric assays and its application to assays for thyrotropin and human choriogonadotropin. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 9, 1457
  • Cobb W. E., Lamberton R. P., Jackson I. M. D. Use of a rapid, sensitive immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin to distinguish normal from hyperthyroid subjects. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 9, 1558
  • Malter J. S., Manotti S. E., Knee G. R., Goodman D. B. P., Strauss J. F. Identification of hyperthyroid patients by means of a sensitive assay for thyrotropin. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 4, 642
  • Weeks I., Sturgess M., Siddle K., Jones M. K., Woodhead J. S. A high sensitivity immunochemiluminometric assay for human thyrotrophin. Clin. Endocrinol. 1984; 20: 489
  • Woodhead J. S., Weeks I. Circulating thyrotrophin as an index of thyroid function. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1985; 22: 455
  • Allen K. R., Watson D. W. Thyrotropin as the initial screening test for thyroid disease. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 3, 502
  • Product information, Sucrosep TSH IRMA. Boots-Celltech Diagnostics Ltd., Slough, BerkshireUnited Kingdom 1985
  • Custro N., Scaglione R. Circadian rhythm of TSH in adult men and women. Acta Endocrinol. 1980; 95: 465
  • Penny R., Spencer C. A., Frasier S. D., Nicoloff J. T. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin levels decrease with chronological age in children and adolescents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1983; 56: 177
  • McFarland K., Strickland A., Netzer W., Smith J. Thyrotropin releasing hormone test: an adverse reaction. Arch. Intern. Acad. 1982; 142: 132
  • Rodriquez-Espinosa J., Ordonez-Llanos J., Mora-Brugues J., Lopez-Calull C., Cortes-Ruis M. Sensitive immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for serum thyrotropin may be insufficient to make the thyrotropin-releasing-factor test unnecessary. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 6, 1081
  • Mardell R. J., Gamlen T. R., Winton M. R. J. High sensitivity assay of thyroid stimulating hormone in patients receiving thyroxine for primary hypothyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. Br. Med. J. 290 1985; i: 355
  • Caldwell G., Kellett H. A., Gow S. M., Becket G. J., Sweeting V. M., Seth J., Toft A. D. A new strategy for thyroid function testing. Lancet 1985; i: 1117
  • Semple C. G., Slater S. D., Reid A. M., Glen A. C. A. A sensitive immunoradiometric assay for thyroid stimulating hormone. Br. Med. J. 1985; 290: i, 69
  • White G. H., Gericke L. Diagnostic performance of a commercial assay for thyrotropin, when used as the initial test of thyroid function. Clin. Chem. 1914; 31: 11, 1985
  • Snyder P. J., Utiger R. D. Inhibition of thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone by small quantities of thyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 1972; 51: 2077
  • Krugman L. G., Hershman J. M., Chopra I. J., Levine G. A., Pekary A. E., Geffner D. L., Chua Teco G. N. Patterns of recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients taken off chronic thyroid therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1975; 41: 70
  • Vagenakis A. G., Braverman L. E., Azizi F., Portnay G. I., Ingbar S. H. Recovery of pituitary thyrotropic function after withdrawal of prolonged thyroid-suppression therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 681
  • Hilts S. V., Hellman D., Anderson J., Woolfenden J., Van Antwerp J., Patton D. Serial TSH determination after T, withdrawal or thyroidectomy in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med. 1979; 20: 928
  • Croxson M., Hall T., Kletzky O., Jaramillo J., Nicoloff J. Decreased serum thyrotropin induced by fasting. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1977; 45: 560
  • Bacci V., Schussler G., Kaplan T. The relationship between serum triiodothyronine and thyrotropin during systemic illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1982; 54: 1229
  • Adami H., Johansson H., Thoren L., Wide L., Akerstrom G. Serum levels of TSH, T3, rT3, T4, and T3-resin uptake in surgical trauma. Acta Endocrinol. 1978; 88: 482
  • Yamanaka T., Ido K., Kimura K., Salto T. Serum levels of thyroid hormones in liver diseases. Clin. Chim. Acta 1980; 101: 45
  • Wehmann R. E., Gregerman R. I., Burns W. H., Saral R., Santos G. W. Suppression of thyrotropin in the low-thyroxine state of severe nonthyroidal illness. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 9, 546
  • Zumoff B. The low-T3, low T4 syndrome of nonthyroidal illness: adaptive temporary hypothyroidism. Mount Sinai J., Med. 1984; 51: 5, 604
  • Chopra I., Teco G., Nguyen A., Solomon D. In search of an inhibitor of thyroid hormone binding to serum proteins in nonthyroid illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1979; 49: 63
  • Ito M., Miyai K., Doi K., Mizuta H., Amino N. Enzyme immunoassay of free thyroxin in serum. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 10, 1682
  • White G. H., Walmsley R. N. Plasma enzyme activities in primary hypothyroidism. Clin. Chem. 1984; 30: 2, 323
  • Smallridge R. C., Chernow B., Snyder R., Zaloga G. P., Burman K. D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity: a potential marker of tissue hypothyroidism in critical illness. Arch. Intern. Med. 1985; 145: 1829
  • White G. H., Walmsley R. N. Can the initial clinical assessment of thyroid function be improved?. Lancet 1978; ii: 933

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.