24
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Cholinesterase Phenotyping: Clinical Aspects and Laboratory Applications

&
Pages 35-64 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Dale H. H. The action of certain esters and ethers of choline and their relation to muscarine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1914; 6: 147
  • Stedman E., Stedman E., Easson L. H. Choline-esterase: an enzyme present in the blood serum of the horse. Biochem. J. 1932; 26: 2056
  • Alles G. A., Hawes R. C. Cholinesterases in the blood of man. J. Biol. Chem. 1940; 133: 375
  • Mendel B., Rudney H. Studies on cholinesterase. 1. Cholinesterase and psuedo-cholinesterase. Biochem. J. 1943; 37: 59
  • Lehmann H., Silk E. Succinylmonocholine. Br. Med. J. 1953; 1: 767
  • Clitherow J. W., Mitchard M., Harper N. J. The possible biological function of pseudocholin-esterase. Nature (London) 1963; 199: 1000
  • Funnell H. S., Oliver W. T. Proposed physiological function for plasma cholinesterase. Nature (London) 1965; 208: 689
  • Lockridge O. Substance P hydrolysis by human serum cholinesterase. J. Neurochem. 1982; 39: 106
  • Cucuianu M., Popescu T. A., Opincaru A., Haˇraˇgus S. Serum pseudocholinesterase and ceruloplasmin in various types of hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin. Chim. Acta 1975; 59: 19
  • Way R. C., Hutton C. J., Kutty K. M. Relationship between serum cholinesterase and low density lipoproteins in children with nephrotic syndrome. Clin. Biochem. 1975; 8: 103
  • Kutty K. M., Jacob J. C. Serum cholinesterase activity in hyperlipidemia and the in vitro effect of isoniazid on serum cholinesterase. Can. J. Biochem. 1972; 50: 32
  • Kutty K. M., Redheendran R., Murphy D. Serum cholinesterase: function in lipoprotein metabolism. Experientia 1977; 33: 420
  • Hunt R., Taveaux R. de M. On the physiological action of certain cholin derivatives and new methods for detecting cholin. Br. Med. J. 1906; 2: 1788
  • Bovet D., Bovet-Nitti F., Guarino S., Longo V. G., Marotta M. Proprietà farmacodinamiche di alcuni derivati della succinilcolina dotati di azione curarica—Esteri di trialchiletanolammonio di acidi bicarbossilici alifatici. Rend. Ist. Super. Sanita (Ital. Ed.) 1949; 12: 106
  • Singh D. S., Shukla P. K., Gupta J. P., Dube B. Serum cholinesterase in hepatic disorders. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 1976; 66: 49
  • Ghooi A. M., Malaviya G. N., Kashyap A. A comparative study of LDH and PchE in sera of cancer patients; a preliminary report. Indian J. Cancer 1980; 17: 31
  • Ward M. E., Knights K. M., Strunin J. M., Strunin L. Serum pseudocholinesterase concentrations in fulminant hepatic failure. Br. J. Anaesth. 1976; 48: 818
  • Günther R., Dönhardt A., Altland K., Jensen M., Goedde H. W. Alkylphosphatintoxikation. Kasuistik einer schweren Vergiftung und Anwendung eines gereinigten menschlichen Cholinesterasepräparats. Med. Klin. (Munich) 1971; 66: 785
  • Aldrete J. A., O'Higgins J. W., Holmes J. Changes of plasma cholinesterase activity during orthotopic liver transplantation in man. Transplantation 1977; 23: 404
  • Gross O., Audetat V., Bircher J. Serumcholinesterase und Leberfunktion. Ein Vergleich mit BSP-Elimination, Galaktose-Eliminationskapazität und mit Serumalbuminkonzentration. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 1978; 108: 1389
  • Simon N. M., del Greco F., Dietz A. A., Rubinstein H. M. Serum cholinesterase deficiency in renal failure. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 1969; 15: 328
  • Jacobsen E., Hein Christiansen A., Lunding M. The role of the anaesthetist in the management of acute renal failure. Br. J. Anaesth. 1968; 40: 442
  • Powell D. R., Miller R. The effect of repeated doses of succinylcholine on serum potassium in patients with renal failure. Anesth. Analg. (Cleveland) 1975; 54: 746
  • Zarday Z., Deery A., Tellis I., Soberman R., Foldes F. F. Plasma and red cell cholinesterase activity in uremic patients (effects of hemodialysis and renal transplantation). J. Med. (Cincinnati) 1975; 6: 337
  • Ryan D. W. Postoperative serum cholinesterase activity following successful renal transplantation. Br. J. Anaesth. 1979; 51: 881
  • Sainani G. S., Gangurde A. P., Diwate U. P., Shinde S. N. Pseudocholinesterase in patients with coronary artery disease with cardiac arrhythmias. Indian Heart J. 1979; 31: 78
  • Chawhan R. N., Runwal K. P., Zawar P. B., Jadhav A. B. Pseudocholinesterase in acute myocardial infarction. Indian Heart J. 1982; 34: 21
  • Mutalik G. S., Diwate P. G., Nayak N. J., Sainani G. S., Postwalla H. J. Studies on pseudocholinesterase in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Assoc. Physicians India 1976; 24: 567
  • Kaniaris P., Fassoulaki A., Liarmakopoulou K., Dermitzakis E. Serum cholinesterase levels in patients with cancer. Anesth. Analg. (Cleveland) 1979; 58: 82
  • Sategna-Guidetti C., Bianco L., Durazzo M. Pseudocholinesterase in Crohn's disease. Lancet 1980; 2: 534
  • Jackson S. H., Bailey G. W. H., Stevens G. Reduced plasma cholinesterase following haemodilutional cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 1982; 37: 319
  • Venkataraman B. V., Joseph T., Shetty P. S., Stephen P. M. Cholinesterase activity in starvation. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1982; 26: 137
  • Djojodibroto R. D., Santoso B., Soetrisno N., Soetrisno U. Serum cholinesterase activity in patients with Dengue haemorrhagic fever. Trap. Geogr. Med. 1978; 30: 351
  • Viby-Mogensen J., Hanel H. K., Hansen E., Sørensen B., Graae J. Serum cholinesterase activity in burned patients. 1. Biochemical findings. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1975; 19: 159
  • Vorhaus L. J., Kark R. M. Serum cholinesterase in health and disease. Am. J. Med. 1953; 14: 707
  • Thompson J. C., Whittaker M. Pseudocholinesterase activity in thyroid disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 1965; 18: 811
  • Vaccarezza J. R., Willson J. A., Bochi A. A. A new test for the presumptive diagnosis of neoplastic disease. Further investigations of cholinesterase in plasma, whole blood and blood cells on cancer of the lung, extrapulmonary tumours and tuberculosis. Dis. Chest 1966; 49: 449
  • Evans F. T., Gray P. W. S., Lehmann H., Silk E. Sensitivity to succinylcholine in relation to serum-cholinesterase. Lancet 1952; 1: 1229
  • Kalow W., Gunn D. R. The relation between dose of succinylcholine and duration of apnoea in man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1957; 120: 203
  • Kalow W., Genest K. A method for the detection of atypical forms of human serum cholinesterase. Determination of dibucaine numbers. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 1957; 35: 339
  • Kalow W. Cholinesterase types. Biochemistry of Human Genetics, G. E. W. Wolstenholme, C. M. O'Connor. Churchill, London 1959; 39
  • Muensch H., Yoshida A., Altland K., Jensen W., Goedde H-W. Structural difference at the active site of dibucaine resistant variant of human plasma cholinesterase. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1978; 30: 302
  • Yamato K., Huang I-Y., Muensch H., Yoshida A., Goedde H-W., Agarwal D. P. Amino acid sequence of the active site of human pseudocholinesterase. Biochem. Genet. 1983; 21: 135
  • Harris H., Whittaker M. Differential inhibition of human serum cholinesterase with fluoride: recognition of two new phenotypes. Nature (London) 1961; 191: 496
  • Lehmann H., Silk E., Harris H., Whittaker M. A new pseudocholinesterase phenotype?. Acta. Genet. Stat. Med. 1960; 10: 241
  • Liddell J., Lehmann H., Silk E. A ‘silent’ pseudocholinesterase gene. Nature (London) 1962; 193: 561
  • Gutsche B. B., Scott E. M., Wright R. C. Hereditary deficiency of pseudocholinesterase in Eskimos. Nature (London) 1967; 215: 322
  • Rubinstein H. M., Dietz A. A., Hodges L. K., Lubrano T., Czebotar V. Silent cholinesterase gene: variations in the properties of serum enzyme in apparent homozygotes. J. Clin. Invest. 1970; 49: 479
  • Altland K., Goedde H. W. Heterogeneity in the silent gene phenotype of pseudocholinesterase of human serum. Biochem. Genet. 1970; 4: 321
  • Garry P. J., Dietz A. A., Lubrano T., Ford P. C., James K., Rubinstein H. M. New allele at cholinesterase locus 1. J. Med. Genet. 1976; 13: 38
  • Rubinstein H. M., Dietz A. A., Lubrano T. E1k, another quantitative variant at cholinesterase locus I. J. Med. Genet. 1978; 15: 27
  • Evans R. T., Iqbal J., Dietz A. A., Lubrano T., Rubinstein H. M. A family segregating for E1J and E1k at cholinesterase locus I. J. Med. Genet. 1980; 17: 464
  • Evans R. T., Wardell J. On the identification and frequency of the J and K cholinesterase phenotypes in a Caucasian population. J. Med. Genet. 1984; 21: 99
  • Redderson C. L. Interactions of steroids and serum cholinesterase. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 1973; 8: 51
  • Simpson N. E., Kalow W. Serum cholinesterase levels in families and twins. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1963; 15: 280
  • Sidell F. R., Kaminskis A. Influence of age, sex and oral contraceptives on human blood cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1975; 21: 1393
  • Propert D. N., Brackenridge C. J. The relation of sex, age, smoking status, birth rank and parental ages to pseudocholinesterase activity and phenotypes in a sample of Australian Caucasian adults. Hum. Genet. 1976; 32: 181
  • Zsigmond E. K., Downs J. R. Plasma cholinesterase activity in newborns and infants. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1971; 18: 278
  • Kalow W., Gunn D. R. Some statistical data on atypical cholinesterase of human serum. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1958; 23: 239
  • Nugent S. K., Laravuso R., Rogers M. C. Pharmacology and use of muscle relaxants in infants and children. J. Paediatr. 1979; 94: 481
  • Cohen S. E. Why is the pregnant patient different?. Semin. Anesth. 1982; 1: 73
  • Meade B. W., Rosalki S. B. Serum enzyme activity in normal pregnancy and the newborn. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 1963; 70: 693
  • Rimbach E., Dacic Z. Serum cholinesterase in normal pregnancy, postpartum period, and during puerperium. Zbl. Gynäk. 1963; 85: 711
  • Tourtellotte W. W., Odell L. D. Plasma acetylcholinesterase activity. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1950; 60: 1343
  • Robertson G. S. Serum cholinesterase deficiency, II. Pregnancy. Br. J. Anaesth. 1966; 38: 361
  • Howard J. K., East N. J., Chaney J. L. Plasma cholinesterase activity in early pregnancy. Arch. Environ. Health 1978; 33: 277
  • Pritchard J. A. Plasma cholinesterase activity in normal pregnancy and in eclamptogenic toxemias. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1955; 70: 1083
  • Evans R. T., Wroe J. M. Plasma cholinesterase changes during pregnancy. Their interpretation as a cause of suxamethonium-induced apnoea. Anaesthesia 1980; 35: 651
  • Hazel B., Monier D. Human serum cholinesterase: variations during pregnancy and post-partum. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1971; 18: 272
  • Ganga C. C., Heyduk J. V., Marx G. F., Sklar G. S. A comparison of the response to suxamethonium in post-partum and gynaecological patients. Anaesthesia 1982; 37: 903
  • Blitt C. D., Petty W. C., Alberternst E. E., Wright B. J. Correlation of plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of action of succinylcholine during pregnancy. Anesth. Analg. (Cleveland) 1977; 56: 78
  • Wildsmith J. A. W. Serum pseudocholinesterase, pregnancy and suxamethonium. Anaesthesia 1972; 27: 90
  • Weissman D. B., Ehrenwerth J. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade in a parturient associated with succinylcholine. Anesth. Analg. (Cleveland) 1983; 62: 444
  • Foldes F. F. Enzymes in Anesthesiology. Springer-Verlag, New York 1978
  • Foldes F. F., Arai T., Gentsch H. H., Zarday Z. The influence of glucocorticoids on plasma cholinesterase (38219). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1974; 146: 918
  • Verjee Z. H., Behal R., Ayim E. M. Effect of glucocorticoids on liver and blood cholinesterases. Clin. Chim. Acta 1977; 81: 41
  • Archer T. L., Janowsky E. C. Plasma pseudocholinesterase deficiency associated with diethylstilbestrol therapy. Anesth. Analg. (Cleveland) 1978; 57: 726
  • Lanks K. W., Sklar G. S. Pseudocholinesterase levels and rates of chloroprocaine hydrolysis in patients receiving adequate doses of phospholine iodide. Anesthesiology 1980; 52: 434
  • Viby-Mogensen J., Hanel H. K. Prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium. An analysis of the first 225 cases reported to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit. Acta. Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1978; 22: 371
  • Schuh F. T. Interaction of hexafluorenium with human plasma cholinesterase in comparison with hexamethonium. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1976; 293: 11
  • Hunter A. R. An appraisal of tacrine-extended suxamethonium. Br. J. Anaesth. 1970; 42: 155
  • Mirakhur R. K., Lavery T. D., Briggs L. P., Clarke R. S. J. Effects of neostigmine and pyridostigmine on serum cholinesterase activity. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1982; 29: 55
  • Choi S. J., Derman R. M. Lithium and cholinesterase. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. 1980; 4: 107
  • Stovner J., Oftedal N., Holmboe J. The inhibition of cholinesterases by pancuronium. Br. J. Anaesth. 1975; 47: 949
  • Bodley P. O., Halwax K., Potts L. Low serum pseudo cholinesterase levels complicating treatment with phenelzine. Br. Med. J. 1969; 3: 510
  • Mackey C. L. Anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning. Heart Lung 1982; 11: 479
  • Simpson G. R. Blood cholinesterase survey. Blood cholinesterase levels of persons exposed to organic phosphate pesticides in the agricultural field. Med. J. Aust. 1974; 2: 869
  • Wetstone H. J., LaMotta R. V. The clinical stability of serum cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1965; 11: 653
  • Thompson G. R., Lowenthal R., Myant N. B. Plasma exchange in the management of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet 1975; 1: 1208
  • Verrier-Jones J., Bucknall R. C., Cumming R. H., Asplin C. M., Fraser I. D., Bothamley J., Davis P., Hamblin T. J. Plasmapheresis in the management of acute systemic lupus erythematosus?. Lancet 1976; 1: 709
  • Fraser I. D., Bennett M. O., Bothamley J. E., Airth G. R., Lehane D., McCarthy M., Roberts F. M. Intensive antenatal plasmapheresis in severe rhesus isoimmunisation. Lancet 1976; 1: 6
  • Wood G. J., Hall G. M. Plasmapheresis and plasma cholinesterase. Br. J. Anaesth. 1978; 50: 945
  • Wood G. J. Plasmapheresis and plasma-cholinesterase. Lancet 1977; 1: 1305
  • Evans R. T., Macdonald R., Robinson A. Suxamethonium apnoea associated with plasmaphoresis. Anaesthesia 1980; 35: 198
  • Evans R. T., Robinson A. The combined effects of pregnancy and repeated plasma exchange on serum cholinesterase activity. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1984; 28: 44
  • Lawson M. R. Inhibition of pseudocholinesterase by serum separators. N.Z. J. Med. Lab. Technol. 1981; 35: 26
  • Neitlich H. W. Increased plasma cholinesterase activity and succinylcholine resistance: a genetic variant. J. Clin. Invest. 1966; 45: 380
  • Yoshida A., Motulsky A. G. A pseudocholinesterase variant (E. Cynthiana) associated with elevated plasma enzyme activity. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1969; 21: 486
  • Delbruck A., Henkel E. A rare genetically determined variant of pseudocholinesterase in two German families with high plasma enzyme activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 1979; 99: 65
  • Harris H., Hopkinson D. A., Robson E. B., Whittaker M. Genetical studies on a new variant of serum cholinesterase detected by electrophoresis. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1963; 26: 359
  • Mascall G. C., Evans R. T. Study of serum cholinesterase variants by means of one and two dimensional electrophoresis in density gradient polyacrylamide. J. Chromatogr. 1977; 143: 77
  • Cucuianu M., Popescu T. A., Haragus St. Pseudocholinesterase in obese and hyperlipemic subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta 1968; 22: 151
  • Kutty K. M., Jacob J. C., Hutton C. J., Davis P. J., Peterson S. C. Serum beta-lipoproteins: studies in a patient and in guinea pigs after the ingestion of organophosphorus compounds. Clin. Biochem. 1975; 8: 379
  • Jain R., Kutty K. M., Huang S-N., Kean K. Pseudocholinesterase/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in serum of normal persons and of hyperlipoproteinemics. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1983; 29: 1031
  • Smith R. C., Ho B. T., Hsu L., Vroulis G., Claghorn J., Schoolar J. Cholinesterase enzymes in the blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 1982; 30: 543
  • Domino E. F., Krause R. R. Cholinesterase activity and mental disease: a literature review. Mich. Ment. Health Res. Bull. 1971; 5: 3
  • Tajiri J., Nishizono Y., Fujiyama S., Sagara K., Sato T., Shibata H. Hypercholinesterasemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a new paraneoplastic syndrome. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 1983; 18: 137
  • Whittaker M., Spencer R., Searle J. Plasma cholinesterase and malignant hyperthermia. Br. J. Anaesth. 1977; 49: 393
  • Ellis F. R., Cain P. A., Harriman D. G. F., Toothill C. Plasma cholinesterase and malignant hyperpyrexia. Br. J. Anaesth. 1978; 50: 86
  • Whittaker M., Britten J. J. Malignant hyperthermia and the fluoride-resistant gene. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 241
  • Evans R. T., Iqbal J., Ellis F. R., Halsall P. J., Dietz A. A., Lubrano T., Rubinstein H. M. Collaborative study of the frequency of the fluoride-resistant cholinesterase variant in patients with malignant hyperpyrexia. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 245
  • Ørding H., Hanel H. K., Viby-Mogensen J. Plasma cholinesterase and malignant hyperthermia. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 317
  • Thomas M., Job C. K. Serum atypical pseudocholinesterase and genetic factors in leprosy. Br. Med. J. 1972; 3: 390
  • Agarwal D. P., Goedde H. W., Schloot W., Flatz G., Rohde R. A note on atypical serum cholinesterase and genetic factors in leprosy. Hum. Hered. 1973; 23: 370
  • Whittaker M., Lowe R. F., Ellis B. P. B. Serum cholinesterase variants in African leprosy patients resident in Rhodesia. Hum. Hered. 1976; 26: 372
  • Navarrete J. I., Lisker R., Pérez-Briceño R. Serum atypical pseudocholinesterase and leprosy. Int. J. Dermatol. 1979; 18: 822
  • Rea T. H., Ng W. G. Serum pseudocholinesterase variants in Mexican-born patients with lepromatous leprosy. Int. J. Lepr. 1978; 46: 333
  • Stern J., Lewis W. H. P. Serum esterase in mongolism. J. Ment. Defic. Res. 1962; 6: 13
  • Whittaker M., Berry M. Plasma cholinesterase polymorphism in Down's syndrome. Hum. Hered. 1977; 27: 52
  • Propert D. N. Pseudocholinesterase activity and E1 phenotypes in Down's syndrome and mental retardation. Hum. Hered. 1979; 29: 361
  • Drew A. H., Rundle A. T. Serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) in Down's syndrome. I. Phenotype frequencies at the E1 and E2 loci. J. Ment. Defic. Res. 1977; 21: 181
  • Whittaker M., Berry M. The plasma cholinesterase variants in mentally ill patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 1977; 130: 397
  • Whittaker M., Spencer R. Plasma cholinesterase variants in patients having lithium therapy. Clin. Chim. Acta 1977; 75: 421
  • Evans R. T., Wardell J., Rapier C. Interlaboratory study of the proficiency of cholinesterase phenotyping. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1983; 29: 786
  • Augustinsson K-B. Determination of Activity of Cholinesterases. Methods of Biochemical Analysis, D. Glick. Interscience. 1971; 217, Suppl. Vol.
  • Somorin O. Cholinesterase assay by gas-solid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 1978; 88: 442
  • Hoover D. B., Kosa J., Colasanti B. K., Craig C. R. A modified assay for cholinesterase. Microchem. J. 1976; 21: 267
  • Johnson J. K., Whitehead T. P. Rapid estimation of serum cholinesterase activity using the Astrup micro equipment. J. Clin. Pathol. 1965; 18: 435
  • Boutin D., Brodeur J. An automated method for simultaneous determination of serum pseudocholinesterase activity, dibucaine number and fluoride number. Clin. Biochem. 1970; 3: 245
  • Ashby T. M., Suggs J. E., Jue D. L. Detection of atypical cholinesterase by an automated pH stat method. Report of a family with both atypical and silent gene alleles. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1970; 16: 503
  • Guilbault G. G., Iwase A. Assay of cholinesterase in an electrode system with an immobilised substrate. Anal. Chim. Acta 1976; 85: 295
  • Kalow W., Lindsay H. A. A comparison of optical and manometric methods for the assay of human serum cholinesterase. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 1955; 33: 568
  • Zapf P. W., Coghlan Ch. M. A kinetic method for the estimation of pseudocholine esterase using napthyl acetate substrate. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1974; 44: 237
  • Uete T., Miyamato Y., Ohnishi M., Shimano N. Spectrophotometric micromethod for measuring cholinesterase activity in serum or plasma. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1972; 18: 454
  • Augustinsson K-B, Eriksson H., Faijersson Y. A new approach to determining cholinesterase activities in samples of whole blood. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1978; 89: 239
  • Ellman G. L., Courtney K. D., Andres V., Jr., Featherstone R. M. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1961; 7: 88
  • Garry P. J., Routh J. I. A micro method for serum cholinesterase. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1965; 11: 91
  • Lewis P. J., Lowing R. K., Gompertz D. Automated discrete kinetic method for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1981; 27: 926
  • Silk E., King J., Whittaker M. Assay of cholinesterase in clinical chemistry. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1979; 16: 57
  • Evans R. T., Wroe J. Is serum cholinesterase activity a predictor of succinyl choline sensitivity? An assessment of four methods. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1978; 24: 1762
  • Dietz A. A., Rubinstein H. M., Lubrano T. Colorimetric determination of serum cholinesterase and its genetic variants by the propionylthiocholine-dithiobis (nitrobenzoic acid) procedure. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1973; 19: 1309
  • Price E. M., Brown S. S. Scope and limitations of propionylthiocholinesterase in the characterisation of cholinesterase variants. Clin. Biochem. 1975; 8: 384
  • Schmidinger St., Held K. R., Goedde H. W. Hydrolysis of succinyldicholine by pseudocholinesterase at low concentrations. Humangenetik 1966; 2: 221
  • Agarwal D. P., Goedde H. W. Thin-layer chromatographic separation of 14C labelled succinyldicholine, succinylmonocholine and choline. J. Chromatogr. 1976; 121: 170
  • Hobbiger F., Peck A. W. Hydrolysis of suxamethonium by different types of plasma. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1969; 37: 258
  • Fishtal A., Evans R. T., Chapman C. N. An original approach to the diagnosis of scoline-induced apnoea. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972; 25: 422
  • Agarwal D. P., Schwenkenbecher S., Srivastava L. M., Goedde H. W. Spektrophotometrische Bestimmungsmethode für Serumcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1,1.8)—Varianten mit succinylbischolin als substrat. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 1975; 13: 133
  • Agarwal D. P., Srivastava L. M., Goedde H. W. A note on suxamethonium sensitivity and serum cholinesterase variants. Hum. Genet. 1976; 32: 85
  • Okabe H., Sagesaka K., Nakajima N., Noma A. New enzymatic assay of cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chim. Acta 1977; 80: 87
  • Artiss J. D., McGowan M. W., Strandbergh D. R., Zak B. A procedure for the kinetic colorimetric determination of serum cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chim. Acta 1982; 124: 141
  • Bauld H. W., Gibson P. F., Jebson P. J., Brown S. S. Aetiology of prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium. Br. J. Anaesth. 1974; 46: 273
  • Bamford K. F., Harris H. Studies on ‘usual’ and ‘atypical’ serum cholinesterase using α-naphthyl acetate as substate. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1964; 27: 417
  • Morrow A. C., Motulsky A. G. Rapid screening method for the common atypical pseudocholinesterase variant. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1968; 71: 350
  • Das P. K., Liddell J. Value of butyrylthiocholine assay for identification of cholinesterase variants. J. Med. Genet. 1970; 7: 351
  • Garry P. J. A manual and automated procedure for measuring serum cholinesterase activity and identifying enzyme variants. Differentiation by means of tris and phosphate buffers. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1971; 17: 192
  • Whittaker M., Britten J. J., Dawson P. J. G. Comparison of a commercially available assay system with two reference methods for the determination of plasma cholinesterase variants. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1983; 29: 1746
  • Dietz A. A., Rubinstein H. M., Lubrano T., Hodges L. K. Improved method for the differentiation of cholinesterase variants. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1972; 24: 58
  • McQueen M. J. Inhibition inversion in the AACC selected method for serum cholinesterase. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1979; 25: 1511
  • Dietz A. A., Lubrano T., Rubinstein H. M. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1979; 25: 1512
  • Brown S. S., Price E. M. Criticism of a selected method: propionylthiocholinesterase. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1975; 21: 1041
  • Dietz A. A., Rubinstein H. M. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem) 1975; 21: 1042
  • Kalow W. The influence of pH on the hydrolysis of benzoylcholine by pseudocholinesterase of human plasma. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1964; 42: 161
  • Zsigmond E. K., Flynn K. B., Kothary S. P. Improved method for the identification of the fluoride-resistant plasmacholinesterase genotypes. Biochem. Genet. 1980; 18: 861
  • Heilbronn E. Action of fluoride on cholinesterase. I. On the mechanism of inhibition. Acta. Chem. Scand. 1965; 19: 1333
  • Liddell J., Newman G. E., Brown D. F. A pseudo-cholinesterase variant in human tissues. Nature (London) 1963; 198: 1090
  • Liddell J. Cholinesterase and anaesthesia. Clin. Biochem. 1979; 12: 221
  • Hanel H. K., Viby-Mogensen J. The inhibition of serum cholinesterase by urea. Mechanism of action and application in the typing of abnormal genes. Br. J. Anaesth. 1977; 49: 1251
  • Harris H., Whittaker M. Differential inhibition of the serum cholinesterase phenotypes by solanine and solanidine. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1962; 26: 73
  • Whittaker M. Differential inhibition of human serum cholinesterase with n-butyl alcohol: recognition of new phenotypes, Acta Genet. Stat. Med. 1968; 18: 335
  • Whittaker M. The pseudocholinesterase variants. Differentiation by means of sodium chloride. Acta Genet. Stat. Med. 1968; 18: 556
  • Whittaker M. The serum cholinesterase variants. Differentiation by means of formaldehyde. Clin. Chim. Acta 1969; 26: 141
  • Whittaker M., Britten J. J., Wicks R. J. Inhibition of the plasma cholinesterase variants by propranolol. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 511
  • King J., Griffin D. Differentiation of serum cholinesterase variants by succinyldicholine inhibition. Br. J. Anaesth. 1973; 45: 450
  • Dickson A. The effect of some hypnotic and analgesic drugs on cholinesterase activity. Med. Lab. Sci. 1978; 35: 47
  • King J. Inhibition of cholinesterase by pancuronium. Br. J. Anaesth. 1976; 48: 712
  • Whittaker M., Britten J. J. Inhibition of the plasma cholinesterase variants by pancuronium bromide and some of its analogues. Clin. Chim. Acta 1980; 108: 89
  • Whittaker M., Britten J. J. A comparison of some methods of phenotyping the plasma cholinesterase variants using benzoylcholine as substrate. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1981; 18: 9
  • Ravindran R. S., Cummins D. F., Pantazis K. L., Strausburg B. J., Baenziger J. C. Unusual aspects of low levels of pseudocholinesterase in a pregnant patient. Anaesth. Analg. (Cleveland) 1982; 61: 953
  • Viby-Mogensen J. Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockade in subjects heterozygous for abnormal plasma cholinesterase. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 231
  • Youngman P. R., Taylor K. M., Wilson J. D. Anaphylactoid reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents: a commonly undiagnosed condition?. Lancet 1983; 2: 597
  • Durant N. N., Katz R. L. Suxamethonium. Br. J. Anaesth. 1982; 54: 195
  • Gyasi H., Williams A., Melloni C., Bevan D. R. Org NC 45 for short intra-abdominal operations: a comparison with succinylcholine. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1983; 30: 132
  • Scholler K. L., Goedde H. W., Benkmann H-G. The use of serum cholinesterase in succinylcholine apnoea. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1977; 24: 396
  • Stovner J., Stadskleiv K. Suxamethonium apnoea terminated with commercial serumcholinesterase. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1976; 20: 211
  • Collins J. D., Bassendine M. F., Codd A. A., Collins A., Ferner R. E., James O. F. W. Prospective study of post-transfusion hepatitis after cardiac surgery in a British center. Br. Med. J. 1983; 287: 1422
  • White G. C., II, Lesesne H. R. Hemophilia, hepatitis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 98: 403
  • Mortimer P. P., Luban N. L. C., Kelleher J. F., Cohen B. J. Transmission of serum parvovirus-like virus by clotting-factor concentrates. Lancet 1983; 2: 482

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.