253
Views
145
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Clinical and Environmental Aspects of Arsenic Toxicity

, &
Pages 315-347 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Penrose W. R. Arsenic in the marine and aquatic environments: analysis, occurrence, and significance. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 1974; 4: 465
  • Polson C. J., Tattersall R. N. Clinical Toxicology. Pitman, London 1969; 181
  • Szuler I. M., Willimas C. N., Hindmarsh J. T., Park-Dincsoy H. Massive variceal hemorrhage secondary to presinusoidal portal hypertension due to arsenic poisoning. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1979; 120: 168
  • Tay C. H. Cutaneous manifestations of arsenic poisoning due to certain Chinese herbal medicine. Australas. J. Dermatol. 1974; 15: 121
  • Schroeder H. A., Balassa J. J. Abnormal trace metals in man: arsenic. J. Chron. Dis. 1966; 19: 85
  • Reynolds E. S. An account of the epidemic outbreak of arsenical poisoning occurring in beer drinkers in the North of England. Lancet 1901; 1: 166
  • Yamashita N., Doi M., Nishio M. Recent observations of Kyoto children poisoned by arsenic tainted Morinaga Dry Milk. Jpn. J. Hygiene 1972; 27: 364
  • Mizuta N., Mizuta M., Ito F., Ito T. An outbreak of acute arsenic poisoning caused by arsenic contaminated soy sauce. Bull. Yamaguchi Med. School 1956; 4: 131
  • Roth F. The sequelae of chronic arsenic poisoning in Moselle vintners. Ger. Med. Mont. 1957; 2: 172
  • Heyman A., Pfeiffer J. B., Willett R. W., Taylor H. M. Peripheral neuropathy caused by arsenical intoxication. N. Engl. J. Med. 1956; 254: 401
  • Pershagen G., Fowler B. A. The epidemiology of human arsenic exposure, in Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic. Top. Environ. Health 1983; 6: 199
  • Grantham D. A., Jones J. F. Arsenic contamination of water wells in Nova Scotia. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1977; 69: 653
  • Geyer L. Ueber die chronischen Hautveranderungen beim Arsenicismus und Betrachtungen. Arch. Derm. u Syph. 1898; 43: 221
  • Arguello R. A., Cenget D. D., Tello E. E. Cancer and endemic arsenicalism in the Cordoba region. Rev. Argent. Derm. Sifil. 1938; 22: 461
  • Zaldivar R., Guillier A. Environmental and clinical investigations on endemic chronic arsenic poisoning in infants and children. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. 1977; 165: 226
  • Goldsmith J. R., Deane M., Thom J., Gentry G. Evaluation of health implications of elevated arsenic in well water. Water Res. 1972; 6: 1133
  • Harrington J. M., Middaugh J. P., Morse D. L., Housworth J. A survey of a population exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in well water in Fairbanks Alaska. Am. J. Epidmiol. 1978; 108: 377
  • Morton W., Starr G., Pohl J., Stoner S. Skin cancer and water arsenic in Lane County Oregon. Cancer 1976; 37: 2523
  • Wyllie J. An investigation of the source of arsenic in a well water. Can. Pub. Health J. 1937; 28: 128
  • Hindmarsh J. T., McLetchie O. R., Heffernan L. P. M., Hayne O. A., Ellenberger H. A., McCurdy R. F., Thiebaux H. J. Electromyographic abnormalities in chronic environmental arsenicalism. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1977; 1: 270
  • Yeh S. Skin cancer in chronic arsenicism. Human Pathol. 1973; 4: 469
  • Fitzgerald L. D. Arsenic sources, production and applications in the 1980′s. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 3
  • Alden J. C. The continuing need for inorganic arsenical pesticides. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 63
  • Bauer R. J. Arsenic, glass industry requirements. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 45
  • Willardson R. K. Arsenic in electronics. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 72
  • Anderson C. E. Arsenicals as feed additives for poultry and swine. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 89
  • Baldwin W. J. The use of arsenic as a wood preservative. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 99
  • Peters H. A., Croft W. A., Woolson E. A., Darcey B. A., Olsen M. A. Arsenic, chromium and copper poisoning from burning wood. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 308: 1360
  • Arsenic, National Academy of Sciences. Washington 1977; 332
  • Woolson E. A., Fowler B. A. Emissions, cycling and effects of arsenic in soil ecosystems Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic. Top. Environ. Health 1983; 6: 51
  • Dickerson O. B. Arsenic. Metals of the Environment, H. A. Waldron. Academic Press, New York 1980; 1
  • Colbourn P., Alloway B. J., Thornton I. Arsenic and heavy metals in soils associated with regional geochemical anomalies in Southwest England. Sci. Total Environ. 1975; 4: 359
  • Onishi H. Arsenic. Handbook of Geochemistry, K. H. Wedepohl. Springer Verlag, New York 1968
  • Jacobson-Kram D., et al. Health Assessment Document. Inorganic Arsenic—Final Report, EPA-600/8–83–021F; P.B. 84–190891, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1984, 350
  • Woolson E. A. Man's perturbation of the arsenic cycle. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical, Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 393
  • Nelson K. W. Industrial contributions of arsenic to the environment. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 31
  • Wewerka E. M. The disposal and reclamation of Southwestern coal and uranium wastes. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M. 1979, Rep. No. LA-UR-79–1674
  • Wewerka E. M., Williams J. M., Vanderborgh N. E., Harmon A. W., Wagner P., Wanek P. L., Olsen J. D. Trace element characterization of coal wastes. Second Annu. Prog. Rep., Rep. No. DOE LA-7360-PR; EPA-600/78–028a. 1978
  • Piver W. T., Fowler B. A. Mobilization of arsenic by natural and industrial processes, in Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic. Top. Environ. Health 1983; 6: 1
  • Abernethy F. R., Peterson M. J., Gibson F. H. Spectrochemical analysis of flyash for trace elements. 1969; 30, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation, 7281
  • Davis W. E. Associates National inventory of sources of emission. Arsenic, Beryllium, Manganese, Mercury and Vanadium, W. E. Davis, et al. Leawood, Kansas 1971; 51
  • American Petroleum Institute. Validation of neutron activation technique for trace element determination in petroleum products. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 1973; 35, API Publications No. 4188
  • Challenger F., Higginbottom C., Ellis L. The formation of organo-metalloidal compounds, I. Trimethylarsine and dimethylarsine. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 1933; 95
  • Wood J. M. Biological cycles for toxic elements in the environment. Science 1974; 183: 1049
  • McBride B. C., Wolfe R. S. Biosynthesis of dimethylarsine by methanobacterium. Biochemistry (Easton) 1971; 10: 4312
  • Sandberg G. R., Allen I. K. A proposed arsenic cycle in an agronomic ecosystem. Arsenical Pesticides, E. A. Woolson. Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C. 1975; 124, A.C.S. Symp. Ser. No. 7
  • Woolson E. A. Organoarsenical herbicides. Degradation of Herbicides, P. C. Kearney, D. D. Kaufman. Marcel Dekker, New York 1976; 741
  • Woolson E. A. Generation of alkylarsines from soil. Weed Sci. 1977; 25: 412
  • Brinkman F. E., Parris G. E., Blair W. R., Jewett K. L., Iverson W. P., Bellama J. M. Questions concerning environmental mobility of arsenic: needs for a chemical data base and means for speciation of trace organoarsenicals. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 11
  • Andreae M. O. Arsenic speciation in seawater and interstitial waters: the influence of biological-chemical interactions on the chemistry of a trace element. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1979; 24: 440
  • Wagemann R. Some theoretical aspects of stability and solubility of inorganic arsenic in the freshwater environment. Water Res. 1978; 12: 139
  • Holm T. R., Anderson M. A., Iverson D. G., Stanforth R. S. Heterogeneous interactions of arsenic in aquatic systems. Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems, ACS Symposium Series 7, 711. 1979
  • Lemmo N. V., Faust S. D., Belton T., Tucker R. Assessment of the chemical and biological significance of arsenical compounds in a heavily contaminated watershed. Part 1. The fat and speciation of arsenical compounds in aquatic environments. A literature review. J. Environ. Sci. Health 1983; A18: 335
  • Holm T. R., Anderson M. A., Stanforth R. R., Iverson D. G. The influence of adsorption on the rates of microbial degradation of arsenic species in sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1980; 25: 23
  • Wauchope R., Yamamoto M. Extraction, speciation and analysis of arsenic and arsenical herbicides in runoff. Evaluation of simple methods at the ppb level. J. Environ. Qual. 1980; 9: 957
  • Johnson D. L. Bacterial reduction of arsenate in sea water. Nature (London) 1972; 240: 44
  • Mackenzie F. T., Lantzy R. J., Paterson V. Global trace metal cycles and predictions. Math. Geol. 1979; 11: 99
  • Walsh L. M., Sumner M. E., Keeney D. R. Occurrence and distribution of arsenic in soils and plants. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 67
  • Jacobs L. W., Syers J. K., Keeney D. R. Arsenic sorption by soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1972; 36: 276
  • Woolson E. A., Axley J. H., Kearney P. C. Correlation between available soil arsenic, estimated six methods, and response of corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1971; 35: 101
  • Woolson E. A., Axley J. H., Kearney P. C. The chemistry and phytotoxicity of arsenic in soils. 1. Contaminated field soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1971; 35: 938
  • Gullens J., Champ D. R., Jackson R. E. Influence of redox environments on the mobility of arsenic in ground water. Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Solution, ACS Symp. Ser., 7. 1979, 81
  • Steevens D. R., Walsh L. M., Keeney D. R. Arsenic residues in soil and potatoes from Wisconsin potato fields—1970. Pestic. Monit. 1972; 6: 89
  • Anastasia F. B., Kender W. J. The influence of soil arsenic on the growth of lowbush blueberry. J. Environ. Qual. 1973; 2: 335
  • Hess R. E., Blanchar R. W. Arsenic determination and arsenic, lead, and copper content of Missouri soils. Columbia, Mo. 1977, Univ. Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 1020
  • Tammes P. M., deLint M. M. Leaching of arsenic from soil. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1969; 17: 128
  • Comanor P. L., Deguire M. F., Hendrix J. L., Vreeland H., Vreeland P. Effects of previous tailings disposal on Upper Sonaran vegetation of the Getchell area. Trans. Soc. Mining Eng. 1974; 256: 240
  • Keaton C. M., Kardos L. T. Oxidation-reduction potentials of arsenate-arsenite systems in sand and soil mediums. Soil Sci. 1940; 50: 189
  • Hess R. E., Blanchar R. W. Arsenic stability in contaminated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1976; 40: 847
  • Johnson D. L., Braman R. S. Alkyl- and inorganic arsenic in air samples. Chemosphere 1975; 6: 333, Document p. 3.
  • Attrep M., Anirudhan M. Atmospheric inorganic and organic arsenic. Trace Subst. Environ. Health 1977; 11: 365
  • Andreae M. O. Biotransformation of arsenic in the marine environment. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical, Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 378
  • Sandberg G., Allen I. K. A proposed arsenic cycle in an agronomic ecosystem. Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems, ACS Symp. Ser., 7. 1979, 128
  • Andrea M. O. Arsenic in rain and the atmospheric mass balance of arsenic. J. Geophys. Res. 1980; 85: 4512
  • Crecelius E. A., Bothner M. H., Carpenter R. Geochemistries of arsenic, antimony, mercury and related elements in sediments of Puget Sound. Environ. Sci. Tech. 1975; 9: 325
  • Seydel I. S. Distribution and circulation of arsenic through water, organisms and sediments of Lake Michigan. Arch. Hydrobiol. 1972; 71: 17
  • Braman R. S., Fowler B. A. Environmental reaction and analysis methods, in Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic. Top. Environ. Health 1983; 6: 141
  • Cherry J. A., Shaikh A. U., Tallman D. E., Nicholson R. V. Arsenic species as an indicator of redox conditions in groundwater. J. Hydrol. 1979; 43: 373
  • Tallman D. E., Shaikh A. U. Redox stability of inorganic arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) in aqueous solution. Anal. Chem. 1980; 52: 299
  • Matisoff G., Khourey C. J., Hall J. F., Varnes A. W., Strain W. H. The nature and source of arsenic in Northeastern Ohio ground water. Ground Water 1982; 39: 446
  • Champ D. R., Gulens J., Jackson R. E. Oxidation-reduction sequences in ground water flow systems. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1979; 16: 12
  • Matthess G. In situ treatment of arsenic contaminated groundwater. Sci. Total Environ. 1981; 21: 99
  • Andreae M. O. Distribution and speciation of arsenic in natural waters and some marine algae. Deepsea Res. 1978; 25: 391
  • McCurdy R. F. Groundwater Variations in Arsenic (III) and Arsenic (V). Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia 1980, Ph.D. thesis
  • McCurdy R. F., Hindmarsh J. T., Waller D. H. Arsenic in groundwater. Sci. Total Environ., submitted
  • Woolson E. A. Arsenic phytotoxicity and uptake in six vegetable crops. Weed Sci. 1973; 21: 524
  • Hindawi I. J., Neely G. E. Soil and vegetation study. Helena Valley, Montana Area Environmental Pollution Study. Research Triangle Park, N.C. 1972; 81, Environmental Protection Agency Rep. AP-91
  • Aten C. F., Bourke J. B., Martini J. H., Walton J. C. Arsenic and lead in an orchard environment. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1975; 24: 108
  • Jones J. S., Hatch M. B. Spray residues and crop assimilation of arsenic and lead. Soil Sci. 1945; 60: 277
  • Pyles R. A., Woolson E. A. Quantitation and characterization of arsenic compounds in vegetables grown in arsenic treated soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982; 30: 866
  • Levi M. P., Huisingh D., Nesbitt W. B. Uptake by grape plants of preservatives from pressure-treated posts not detected. For. Prod. J. 1974; 24: 97
  • Daris B. T., Papadopoulou C., Kelperis J., Grimanis A. P. Herbicide influence on the arsenic uptake of grapes, study by neutron activation analysis. Proc. Br. Weed Control Conf. 1971; 1: 429
  • Jacobs L. W., Keeney D. R., Walsh L. M. Arsenic residue toxicity of vegetable crops grown on Plainfield sand. Agron. J. 1970; 62: 588
  • Munro I. C. Naturally occurring toxicants in foods and their significance. Clin. Toxicol. 1976; 9: 647
  • Demayo A., Taylor M. C., Reeder S. W. Arsenic. Guidelines for Surface Water Quality. Inorganic Chemical Substances, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario 1979; Vol. 1
  • Vahter M., Norin H. Metabolism of 74As-labelled trivalent and pentavalent inorganic arsenic in mice. Environ. Res. 1980; 21: 446
  • Bettley F. R., O'Shea J. A. The absorption of arsenic and its relation to carcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 1975; 92: 563
  • Pomroy C., Charbonneau S. M., McCullough R. S., Tam G. K. H. Human retention studies with 74As. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 53: 550
  • Mappes R. Experiments on the excretion of arsenic in urine. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1977; 40: 267
  • Calesnick B., Wase A., Overby L. R. Availability during human consumption of the arsenic in tissues of chicks fed arsanilic-74As acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1966; 9: 27
  • Westöö G., Rydälv M. Arsenic levels in foods. Vår Föda 1972; 24: 21
  • Charbonneau S. M., Spencer K., Bryce F., Sandi E. Arsenic excretion by monkeys dosed with arsenic-containing fish or with inorganic arsenic. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1978; 20: 470
  • Dutkiewicz T. Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 173
  • Holland R. H., McCall M. S., Lanz H. C. A study of inhaled 74As in man. Cancer Res. 1959; 19: 1154
  • Pinto S. S., Varner M. O., Nelson K. W., Labbe A. L., White L. D. Arsenic trioxide absorption and excretion in industry. J. Occup. Med. 1976; 18: 677
  • Robinson T. J. Arsenic polyneuropathy due to a caustic arsenical paste. Br. Med. J. 1975; 3: 139
  • Cheyne R. R. Arsenical poisoning by articles of dress. Br. Med. J. 1874; 2: 643
  • Le Clercq L. G. Poisoning from acetarsol pessaries. Br. Med. J. 1961; 1: 1542
  • Hanlon D. P., Ferm V. H. Placental permeability of arsenate ion during early embryogenesis in the hamster. Experientia 1977; 33: 1221
  • Lugo G., Cassady G., Palmisano P. Acute arsenic intoxication with neonatal death. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1969; 117: 328
  • Kagey B. T., Bumgarner J. E., Creason J. P. Arsenic levels in maternal-fetal tissue sets. Trace Substances in Environmental Health XI, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri Press. 1977; 252, A Symp.
  • Hunter F. T., Kip A. F., Irvine J. W. Radioactive tracer studies on arsenic injected as potassium arsenite. J. Pharm. Exper. Therap. 1942; 76: 207
  • Mealey J., Brownell G. L., Sweet W. H. Radioarsenic in plasma, urine, normal tissues, and intracranial neoplasms. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 1959; 81: 310
  • Charbonneau S. M., Tam G. K. H., Bryce F., Collins B. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of inorganic arsenic in the dog. Trace Substances in Environmental Health XII, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri Press. 1978; 276, A Symp.
  • Heydorn K. Environmental variation of arsenic levels in human blood determined by neutron activation analysis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1970; 28: 349
  • Lindgren A., Vahter M., Dencker L. Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of arsenic in mice and hamsters administered 74As-arsenite or -arsenate. Acta Pharmaocl. Toxicol. 1982; 51: 253
  • Marafante E., Bertolero F., Edel J., Pietra R., Sabbioni E. Intracellular interaction and biotransformation of arsenite in rats and rabbits. Sci. Total Environ. 1982; 24: 27
  • Vahter M. Biotransformation of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic arsenic in mice and rats. Environ. Res. 1981; 25: 286
  • Liebscher K., Smith H. Essential and non-essential trace elements. Arch. Environ. Health 1968; 17: 881
  • Vahter M., Fowler B. A. Metabolism of arsenic Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic. Top. Environ. Health 1983; 6: 171
  • Buchet J. P., Lauwerys R. R., Roels H. Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981; 48: 71
  • Vahter M., Gustafsson B. Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic in germfree and conventional mice. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Trace Elements, M. Anke. Publ. Univ. Fried Schiller, Jena 1980; 123, DDR
  • Zingaro R. A., Bottino N. R. Biochemistry of arsenic, recent developments. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 327
  • Crecelius E. A. Changes in the chemical speciation of arsenic following ingestion by man. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 147
  • Vahter M. Metabolism of arsenobetaine in mice, rats and rabbits. Sci. Total Environ. 1983; 30: 197
  • Rollo I. M. Miscellaneous drugs used in the treatment of protozoal infections. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed., A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, A. Gilman, 1980; 1070
  • Nielsen F. H. Fluoride, vanadium, nickel, arsenic and silicon in total parenteral nutrition. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 1984; 60: 177
  • Mertz W. The essential trace elements. Science 1981; 213: 1332
  • Schrauzer G. N. Trace elements in carcinogenesis. Adv. in Nutr. Res. 1979; 2: 219
  • Schwarz K. Essentiality versus toxicity in metals. Clinical Chemistry and Chemical Toxicology of Metals, S. S. Brown. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1977
  • Anderson C. E. Arsenicals as feed additives for poultry and swine. Arsenic, Industrial, Biomedical and Environmental Perspectives, W. H. Lederer, R. J. Fensterheim. Van Nostrand, New York 1983; 89
  • Mayes P. A. Harper's Review of Biochemistry, 19th ed., D. W. Martin, P. A. Mayes, V. W. Rodwell. Lange, Los Altos, Calif. 1983; 165
  • Buchanan W. D. The Toxicity of Arsenic Compounds. Elsevier, London 1962; 28: 33
  • Knowles F. C. The enzyme inhibitory form of inorganic arsenic. Biochem. Int. 1982; 4: 647
  • Knowles F. C., Benson A. A. The biochemistry of arsenic. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1983; 8: 178
  • Yamauchi H., Yamamura Y. Urinary inorganic arsenic and methyl arsenic excretion following arsenate-rich seaweed ingestion. Jpn. J. Ind. Health 1979; 21: 47
  • Vahter M., Envall J. In vivo reduction of arsenate in mice and rabbits. Environ. Res. 1983; 32: 14
  • Uthe J. F., Reinke J. Arsenate reduction in non-living biological materials. Environ. Lett. 1975; 10: 83
  • Yamauchi H., Yamamura Y. Dynamic changes in inorganic arsenic and methyl arsenic compounds in human urine after oral intake as arsenic trioxide. Ind. Health 1979; 17: 79
  • Vahter M., Marafante E., Lingren A., Dencker L. Tissue distribution and subcellular binding of arsenic in Marmoset monkeys after injection of 74As-arsenite. Arch. Toxicol. 1982; 51: 65
  • Squibb K. S., Fowler B. A., Fowler B. A. The toxicity of arsenic and its compounds Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic. Top. Environ. Health 1983; 6: 233
  • Lander H., Hodge P. R., Crisp C. S. Arsenic in the hair and nails. Its significance in acute arsenic poisoning. J. Forens. Med. 1965; 12: 52
  • Hunter D. The Diseases of Occupations, D. Hunter. Hodder and Stoughton, London 1978; 357
  • Wilkinson S. P., McHugh P., Horsley S., Tubbs H., Lewis M., Thould A., Winterton M., Parsons V., Williams R. Arsine toxicity aboard the Asia freighter. Br. Med. J. 1975; 3: 559
  • Griggs R. C. Lead poisoning, hematological aspects. Prog. Hematol. 1964; 4: 117
  • Scott J. M., Weir D. G. Drug-induced megaloblastic change. Clin. Hematol. 1980; 9: 587
  • Jackson R., Grainge J. W. Arsenic and cancer. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1975; 113: 396
  • Osborne E. D. Microchemical studies of arsenic in arsenicals pigmentation and keratoses. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilology 1925; 12: 773
  • Tannenholz H., Muir K. B. Methods for microchemical detection of arsenic in tissues. Arch. Pathol. 1933; 15: 789
  • Arsenic, Environmental Health Criteria. World Health Organization, Geneva 1981; 18: 99
  • Tseng W. P. Effects of dose-response relationship of skin cancer and Blackfoot Disease with arsenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 109
  • Rosenberg H. G. Systemic arterial disease and chronic arsenicism in infants. Arch. Pathol. 1974; 97: 360
  • Lee A. M., Fraumeni J. F. Arsenic and respiratory cancer in man. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1969; 42: 1045
  • Axelson O., Dahlgren E., Jansson C., Rehnlund S. O. Arsenic exposure and mortality. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1978; 35: 8
  • Goldstein N. P., McCall J. T., Dyck P. J. Metal neuropathy. Peripheral Neuropathy, P. J. Dyck, P. K. Thomas, E. H. Lambert. Saunders, Philadelphia 1975; Vol. 2: 1227
  • Murphy M. J., Lyon L. W., Taylor J. W. Subacute arsenic neuropathy, clinical and electrophysiological observations. J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1981; 44: 896
  • Chhuttani P. N., Chopra J. S. Arsenic poisoning. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, P. J. Vinken, G. Bruyn. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1979; 199
  • Le Quesne P. M., McLeod J. G. Peripheral neuropathy following a single exposure to arsenic. J. Neurol. Sci. 1977; 32: 437
  • Haddad L. M., Winchester J. F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1983; 658
  • Fowler B. A., Weissberg J. B. Arsine poisoning. N. Engl. J. Med. 1974; 291: 1171
  • Klaassen C. D. Heavy metal and heavy metal antagonists. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, A. G. Goodman, L. S. Goodman, A. Gilman. MacMillan, New York 1980; 1631
  • Peterson R. G., Rumack B. H. d-penicillamine therapy of acute arsenic poisoning. J. Pediatr. 1977; 661
  • Southwick J. W., Western A. F., Beck M. M., Whitley T., Isaacs P. Community health associated with arsenic in drinking water in Millard County. Utah Dept. Health, Salt Lake City 1981, Utah, U.S. EPA rep. 600/1-18-064
  • Kreiss K., Feldman R. G., Landrigan P. J., Boyd M. H., Cox D. H. Neurological evaluation of a population exposed to arsenic in Alaskan well water. Arch. Environ. Health 1983; 38: 116
  • Feldman R. G., Niles C. A., Kelly-Hayes M., Sax D. S., Dixon W. J., Thompson D. J., Landau E. Peripheral neuropathy in arsenic smelter workers. Neurology 1979; 29: 939
  • Heydorn K. Environmetnal variation of arsenic levels in human blood determined by neutron activation analysis. Clin. Chim. Acta 1970; 28: 349
  • Landrigan P. J. Arsenic—state of the art. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1981; 2: 5
  • Schrenk H. H., Schreibeis L. Urinary arsenic levels as an index of industrial exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., J. 1958; 19: 225
  • Pounds C. A., Pearson E. F., Turner T. D. Arsenic in fingernails. J. Forens. Sci. Soc. 1979; 19: 165
  • Smith S., Hendry E. B. Arsenic in its relation to the keratin tissues. Br. Med. J. 1934; 2: 675
  • Camp W. J. R., Gant V. A. Arsenic content of normal hair in the Chicago area. Fed. Proc. 1949; 8: 279
  • Sky-Peck H. H., Joseph B. J. The use and misuse of human hair in trace metal analysis. Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals, S. S. Brown, J. Savory. Academic Press, New York 1983; 159
  • Leslie A. C. D., Smith H. Self-poisoning by the abuse of arsenic containing tonics. Med. Sci. Law 1978; 18: 159
  • Cornelis R. Neutron activation analysis of hair, failure of a mission. J. Radioanal. Chem. 1973; 15: 305
  • Cookson J. A., Pilling F. D. Trace element distribution across the diameter of human hair. Phys. Med. Biol. 1975; 20: 1015
  • Smith R. A. A method to distinguish between arsenic in and on human hair. Environ. Res. 1976; 12: 171
  • Young E. G., Rice F. A. H. On the occurrence of arsenic in human hair and its medicolegal significance. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1944; 29: 439
  • Atalla L. T., Silva C. M., Lima F. W. Activation analysis of arsenic in human hair. Ann. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 1965; 37: 431
  • Lima F. W. Exogenous contamination of hair by capillary action of arsenic solutions. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Forens. Act. Anal., San Diego, 1966, 261
  • Smith H. Estimation of arsenic in biological tissues. J. Forens. Med. 1961; 8: 165
  • Erikson N. E. Arsenic in hair. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Forens. Act. Anal., San Diego, 1966, 279
  • Shapiro H. A. Arsenic content of human hair and nails, its interpretation. J. Forens. Med. 1967; 14: 65
  • Pearson E. F., Pounds C. A. A case involving the administration of known amounts of arsenic and its analysis in hair. J. Forens. Sci., Soc. 1971; 11: 229
  • Maes D., Pate B. D. The absorption of arsenic into single head hairs. J. Forens. Sci. 1977; 22: 89
  • Smith H. The interpretation of the arsenic content of human hair. J. Forens. Sci. Soc. 1964; 4: 192
  • Dafoe G. H. 1978, Canadian Public Health Association Final Report, Electromyography: Yellowknife and Hay River, Northwest Territories
  • Haerting F. H., Hesse W. Vjschr. Gerichtl. Med. 1879; 30(296)31–102
  • Hutchinson J. On some examples of arsenic keratoses of the skin and of arsenic cancer. Trans. Path. Soc. London 1888; 39: 352
  • Pye-Smith R. J. Arsenic cancer with description of a case. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1913; 5: 229
  • Bradford-Hill B. A., Faning E. L. Studies in the incidence of cancer in a factory handling inorganic compounds of arsenic. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1948; 5: 1
  • Neubauer O. Arsenical cancer, a review. Br. J. Cancer 1947; 1: 192
  • Cuzick J., Evans S., Gillman M., Price-Evans D. A. Medicinal arsenic and internal malignancies. Br. J. Cancer 1982; 45: 904
  • Pinto S. S., Enterline P. E., Henderson V., Varner M. O. Mortality experience in relation to a measured arsenic trioxide exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 127
  • Pinto S. S., Henderson V., Enterline P. E. Mortality experience of arsenic-exposed workers. Arch. Environ. Health 1978; 33: 325
  • Enterline P. E., Marsh G. M. Cancer among workers exposed to arsenic and other substances in a copper smelter. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1982; 116: 895
  • Higgins I., Welch K., Oh M., Bond G., Hurwitz P. Influence of arsenic exposure and smoking on lung cancer among smelter workers: a pilot study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1981; 2: 33
  • Wicks M. J., Archer V. E., Auerbach O., Kuschner M. Arsenic exposure in a copper smelter as related to histological type of lung cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1981; 2: 25
  • Brown C. C., Chu K. C. Implications of the multistage theory of carcinogenesis applied to occupational arsenic exposure. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1983; 70: 455
  • Farber E. Chemical carcinogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 305: 1379
  • Sunderman F. W., Jr. Recent advances in metal carcinogenesis. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1984; 14: 93
  • Kasper M. L., Schoenfield L., Strom R. L., Theologides A. Hepatic angiosarcoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma induced by Fowler's solution. JAMA 1984; 252: 3407
  • Pershagen G. Arsenic and Lung Cancer with Special Reference to Interacting Factors, Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence. Dept. of Environmental Hygiene, Karolinska Institute, StockholmSweden 1982, Ph.D. thesis
  • Petres J., Baron D., Hagendorn M. Effects of arsenic cell metabolism and cell proliferation. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 223
  • Paton G. R., Allison A. C. Chromosome damage in human cell cultures induced by metal salts. Mutat. Res. 1972; 16: 332
  • Nordenson I., Beckman G., Beckman L., Nordstrom S. Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in Northern Sweden, Chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic. Hereditas 1978; 88: 47
  • Nordstrom S., Beckman L., Nordenson I. Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in Northern Sweden, frequency of spontaneous abortion. Hereditas 1978; 88: 51
  • Nordstrom S., Beckman L., Nordenson I. Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in Northern Sweden, congenital malformations. Hereditas 1979; 90: 297
  • Gorsuch T. T. The Destruction of Organic Matter. Pergamon Press, London 1970; 152
  • Talmi Y., Feldman C. The determination of traces of arsenic: a review. Arsenical Pesticides, E. A. Woolson, Washington, D.C. 1975; 13, ACS Symp. Ser. 7
  • Savory J., Sedor F. A., Wills M. R. Arsenic in hazardous metals. Human Toxicology, A. Vercruyss. Elsevier, New York 1984; 225
  • Morita M., Uehiro T., Fuwa K. Determination of arsenic compounds in biological samples by liquid chromatography with inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometric detection. Anal. Chem. 1981; 53: 1806
  • Meranger J. C., Subramanian K., McCurdy R. F. Arsenic in Nova Scotian groundwater. Sci. Total Environ. 1984; 39: 49
  • Subramanian K., Meranger J. C., McCCurdy R. F. Determination of arsenic (III) in some Nova Scotian Ground Water Samples. At. Spectrosc. 1984; 5: 192

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.