Strengths and Weaknesses in Methods for Identifying the Causative Agent(s) of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)

References

• Broder S., Gallo R. C. A pathogenic retrovirus (HTLV III) linked to AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311: 1292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men—New York City and California. MMWR 1981; 30: 305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottlieb M. S., Schroff R., Schanker H. M., et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men, evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 305: 1425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barré-Sinoussi F., Chermann J. C., Rey F., Montagnier L. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983; 220: 868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnier L., Chermann J.-C., Barre-Sinoussi F., et al. A new human T-lymphotropic retrovirus: characterization and possible role in lymphadenopathy and acquired immuodeficiency syndromes. Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Viruses, R. C. Gallo, M. Essex, L. Gross. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Popovic M., Sarngadharan M. G., Read E., Gallo R. C. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retrovirus (HTLV III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 1984; 224: 497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodroski J., Rosen C., Goh C. W., Haseltine W. A transcriptional activator protein encoded by the x-lor region of the human T-cell leukemia virus. Science 1985; 228: 1430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy J. A., et al. Isolation of lymphopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 1984; 225: 840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. What to call the AIDS virus?. Nature 1986; 321
   Google Scholar
• Montagnier L., Klatzmann D. Lymphadenopathy associated virus and AIDS. Clin. Immunol. Newsl. 1985; 6: 65
   Google Scholar
• Schüpbach J., Popovic M., Gilden R. V., Sarngadharan M. G., Gasllo R. C. Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS. Science 1984; 224: 503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow W. J. W., Levy J. A. The viral etiology of AIDS. Clin. Immunol. Newsl. 1985; 6: 113
   Google Scholar
• Devare S. G., Srinivasan A., Bohan C. A., et al. Genomic diversity of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retroviruses is reflected in alteration of its translational products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986; 83: 5718
   Google Scholar
• Alizon M., Wain-Hobson S., Montagnier L., Sonigo P. Genetic variability of the AIDS virus, nucleotide sequence analysis of two isolates from african patients. Cell 1986; 46: 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan J. S., Coligan J. E., Barin F., Sodroski J. D., Essex M., et al. Major glycoprotein antigens that induce antibodies in AIDS patients are encoded by HTLV III. Science 1985; 228: 1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronese F. D., DeVico A. L., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S., Gallo R. C., Sarngadharan M. G. Characterization of gp41 as the transmembrane protein coded by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope gene. Science 1985; 229: 1402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veronese F. D., Copeland T. D., DeVico A. L., Oroszlan S., Gallo R. C., Sarngadharan M. G. Characterization of highly immunogenic p66/p51 as the reverse transcriptase of HTLV-III/LAV. Science 1986; 231: 1289
   Google Scholar
• Lightfoote M. M., Coligan J. E., Folks T. M., et al. Structural characteristics of reverse transcriptase and endonuclease polypeptides of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus. J. Virol. 1986; 60: 771
   Google Scholar
• Chandra A., Gerber T., Kaul S., et al. Serological relationship between reverse transcriptase from human T-cell lymphotropic virus defined by monoclonal antibodies. FEBS Lett. 1986; 200: 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., et al. Replicative potential of HTLV-III/LAV with sor gene deletions. Science 1986; 231: 1549
   Google Scholar
• Knight D. M., Flomerfelt F. A., Ghrayeb J. Expression of the art/trs protein of HIV and study of its role in viral envelope synthesis. Science 1987; 236: 837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee T.-H., Coligan J. E., Homma T., Essex M., et al. Human T-cell leukemia virus-associated membrane antigens, identity of the major antigens recognized after virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984; 81: 3856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan N. C., Franchini G., Wong-Staal F., et al. Identification of HTLV-III/LAV sor gene product and detection of antibodies in human sera. Science 1986; 231: 1553
   Google Scholar
• Allan J. S., Coligan J. E., Lee T.-H., et al. A new HTLV-III/LAV encoded antigen detected by antibodies from AIDS patients. Science 1985; 230: 810
   Google Scholar
• Arya S. K., Guo C., Josephs S. F., Wong-Staal F. Trans-activator gene of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV III). Science 1985; 229: 69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. G., Josephs S. F., Marselle, et al. The rrani-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication. Nature 1986; 320: 367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabel G., Baltimore D. An inducible inscription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T-cells. Nature 1987; 326: 711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiatzmann D., Chanpagne E., Chamaret S., et al. T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human fetrovirus LAV. Nature 1984; 312: 767
   Google Scholar
• McDougal J. S., Kennedy M. S., Sligh J. M., Cort S. P., et al. Binding of HTLV-HI/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. Science 1986; 231: 382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattentau Q. J., Dalgleish A. G., Weiss R. A., Beverley P. C. Epitopes of the CD4 antigen and HIV infection. Science 1986; 234: 1120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acuto O., Reinherz E. L. The human T-cell receptor. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 312: 1100
   Google Scholar
• Seigmann M., Chess L., Fahey J. L., et al. AIDS—an immunological reevaluation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311: 1286
   Google Scholar
• Gupta S. Subpopulations of CD4* (T4*) cells in homosexual/bisexual men with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1987; 68: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw G. M., Harper M. E., Hahn B. H., Epstein L. G., Gajdusek D. C. Infection in the brain of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy. Science 1985; 227: 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick L., Di Marzo-Veronese F., Schüpbach J., Gallo R. C., et al. Intra-blood-brain-barrier synthesis of HTLV-III-specific IgG in patients with neurological symptoms associated with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313: 1498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig S., Gendelman H. E., Orenstein J. M., et al. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 1986; 233: 1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker C. M., Moody D. J., Stites D. P., Levy J. A. CD 8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 1986; 234: 1563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahuddin S. Z., Markham P. D., Popovic P. M., et al. Isolation of infectious HTLV-III from AIDS and ARC patients and healthy carriers, a study of risk factors and tissue source. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985; 82: 5530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan J. E., Spira T. J., Feorino P. M., Warfield D. T., Fishbein D. B. HTLV-III viremia in homosexual men with generalized lymphenadenopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 1572
   Google Scholar
• Allain J. P., Paul D. A., Lauian Y., et al. Serological markers in early stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection in haemophiliacs. Lancet November, 1986; 1233
   Google Scholar
• Goudsmit J., Paul D. A., Lange J. M. A., et al. Expression of human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV-Ag) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during acute and chronic infection. Lancet July, 1986; 177
   Google Scholar
• Schüpbach J., Haller O., Vogt M., Gallo R. C., et al. Antibodies to HTLV-III in Swiss patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS and in groups at risk for AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 312: 265
   Google Scholar
• Barin F., McLane M. F., Allan J. S., Groopman J. E., Essex M. Virus envelope protein of HTLV-III represents major target antigen for antibody in AIDS patients, Science, 228, 1094, 1985; Seigmann, M., Chess, L., Fahey, J. L., et al., AIDS—an immunologic reevaluation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311: 1286
   Google Scholar
• Lange J. M. A., Paul D. A., Huisman H. G., et al. Persistent HIV antigenemia and decline of HTV core antibodies associated with transition to AIDS. Br. Med. J. 1986; 293: 1459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abb J. Determination of antibodies against LAV/HTLV III, comparative evaluation of four different commercial test kits. AIDS Res. 1986; 2: 93
   Google Scholar
• Asjo B., Morfeldt-Manson L., Albert J., et al. Replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus from patients with varying severity of HIV infection. Lancet September, 1986; 660
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Conytrol. Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1987; 36: 1S
   Google Scholar
• Landesman S. H., Ginzburg H. M., Weiss S. H. The AIDS epidemic. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdiserri R. O. Decreased T-helper/T-suppressor ratios in homosexual men, a nonspecific finding. Lab. Med. 1984; 15: 472
   Google Scholar
• Polk B. F., Robin F., Brookmeyer R., Kanchanaraka S., et al. Predictors of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developing in a cohort of seropositive homosexual men. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 316: 61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaisson R. E., Allain J.-P., Leuther M., Volberding P. A. Significant changes in HTV antigen level in the serum of patients treated with azidothymidine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 1611
   Google Scholar
• Sivak S. L., Wormser G. P. Predictive value of a screening test for antibodies to HTLV III. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1986; 85
   Google Scholar
• Holston J. L. Testing for HTLV-HI/LAV antibody. Ala. J. Med. Sci. 1986; 23: 269
   Google Scholar
• Zuch T. F., Preston M. S., Tankersky D. L., et al. More on partitioning and activation of AIDS virus in immunological preparations. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 1454
   Google Scholar
• Groopman J. E., Salahuddin Z. S., Sangadharan M. G., Gallo R. C. HTLV-III in saliva of people with AIDS related complex and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Science 1984; 226: 447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saviteer S. M., White G. C., Cohen M. S., Jason J. HTLV-III exposure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 313: 1606
   Google Scholar
• Frieland G. H., Saltzman B. R., Rogers M. F., Kahl P. A., et al. Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 344
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control. Update: human immunodeficiency virus infections in health care workers exposed to blood of infected patients. MMWR 1987; 36: 285
   Google Scholar
• Gerberding J. L. Task force on AIDS, recommended infection-control policies for patients with human immunodefidiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 1562
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR 1987; 36: 2S
   Google Scholar
• Oksenhendler E., Harzic M., Le Roux J.-M., Rabian C., Clauvel J. P. HIV infection with seroconversion after a superficial needlestick injury to the finger. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott G. B., Fischl M. A., Klimas N., et al. Mothers of infants with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, evidence for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. JAMA 1985; 253: 363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgarten M. W. Low risk of HIV infection in children of men with hemophilia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 969
   Google Scholar
• Johnson J. P., Nair P., Alexander S. Early diagnosis of HIV infection in the neonate. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 316: 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes D. M. Military statistics for AIDS in the U.S. Science 1986; 233: 283
   Google Scholar
• Quinn T. C., Mann J. M., Curran J. W., Piot P. AIDS in Africa, an epidemiological paradigm. Science 1986; 234: 955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allain J.-P. Prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies in patients with hemophilia and in their sexual partners in France. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 517
   Google Scholar
• Saag M. S., Britz J. Asymptomatic blood donor with a false positive HTLV III Western blot. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 118
   Google Scholar
• Mendenhall C. L., Roselle G. A., Grossman C. J., et al. False positive tests for HTLV-III antibodies in alcoholic patients with hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 921
   Google Scholar
• Saxinger C., Gallo R. C. Methods in laboratory investigation. Application of the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay microtest to the detection and surveillance of human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus. Lab. Invest. 1983; 49: 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarngadharan M. G., Popovic M., Bruch L., Schüpbach J., Gallo R. C. Antibodies reactive with T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS. Science 1984; 224: 506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausler W. J., Disalvo A. F., Joseph J. M. First State Laboratory Consensus Conference on HTLV-III/LAV Serology. 1986, (obtained from W. J. Hausler, Hygenic Laboratory, Oakdale Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242)
   Google Scholar
• Fang C. T., Darr F., Kleinman S., et al. Relative specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays for antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type III, and their relationship to western blotting. Transfusion 1986; 26: 208
   Google Scholar
• Carlson J. R., Hinrichs S. H., Yee J., et al. Evaluation of three commercial screening tests for AIDS virus antibody. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1986; 86: 357
   Google Scholar
• Weiss S. H., Goedert J. J., Sarngadharan M. G., et al. Screening tests for HTLV-III (AIDS Agent) antibodies. JAMA 1985; 253: 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMA Council. Status report on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA 1985; 254: 1342
   Google Scholar
• Martins P. W., Burger D. R., Caouette S., et al. Importance of confirmatory tests after strongly positive HTLV-III screening tests. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 1577
   Google Scholar
• Bach M. C., Boothby J. A. Dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus with a negative ELISA. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 891
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marlink R. G., Allan J. S., Anderson K. C., Groopman J. E. Low sensitivity of ELISA testing in early HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 1549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandstrom E. G., Schooley R. T., Byington, et al. Detetion of human anti-HTLV-III antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence using fixed cells. Transfusion 1986; 25: 308
   Google Scholar
• Towbin H., Staehelin T., Gordon J. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets, procedure and some applications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1979; 76: 4350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang V. C. W., Peralta J. M., Simons A. R. Enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot techniques (EITB) for studying the specificity of antigens and antibodies separated by gel electrophoresis. Methods in Enzymology, Part E, J. J. Langone, H. V. Vunavie. Academic Press, New York 1983
   Google Scholar
• Essex M., Allan J., Kanki P., et al. Antigens of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Ann. Intern. Med. 1985; 103: 700
   Google Scholar
• Ho D. D., Schooley R. T., Rota T. R., Kaplin J. C., et al. HTLV-III in the semen of a healthy homosexual man. Science 1984; 226: 451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheingsong-Popov R., Weiss R. A., Tedder R. S., Shanson D. C., et al. Prevalence of antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in AIDS and AIDS-risk patients in Britain. Lancet 1984; 1: 477
   Google Scholar
• Kitchen L. W., Barin F., Sullivan J. L., et al. Aetiology of AIDS-antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus (type III) in haemophiliacs. Nature 1984; 312: 367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Putney S. D., Mathews T. J., Wong-Stall F., Gallo R. C., et al. HTLV III/LAV-neutralizing antibodies to an E. coli-produced fragment of the virus envelope. Science 1986; 234: 1392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasky L. A., Groopman J. E., Fennie C. W., Benz P. M., et al. Neutralization of the AIDS retrovirus by antibodies to a recombinant envelope glycoprotein. Science 1986; 233: 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniez-Montreuil M., Dupressor A.-M., Noel L., Courouce A.-M. Interference of rheumatoid factor in competitive HIV assay. Lancet August, 1987; 520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta P., Balachandran R., Grovit K., et al. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus by reverse transcriptase assay, antigen capture assay, and radioimmunoassay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 1122
   Google Scholar
• Prince A. M., Botman B., Jass D., Ikram H. Specificity of the direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of hepatitis-B antigen. Lancet 1983; 1: 1346
   Google Scholar
• Thompsin R. J., Jackson A. P., Langlois N. Circulating antibodies to mouse monoclonal immunoglobulins in normal subjects. Incidents, species specificity, and effect on a two site assay for creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme. Clin. Chem. 1986; 32: 476
   Google Scholar
• Boscato L. M., Stuart M. C. Incidence and specificity of interference in two-site immunoassays. Clin. Chem. 1986; 32: 1491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson S. S., Goldman J. Circulating immune complexes in disease with special reference to problems in measurement. Contemporary Clinical Immunology, H. Friedman. Escobar
   Google Scholar
• Harper M. E., Marselle L. M., Gallo R. C., et al. Detection of lymphocytes expressing human T-lymphotropic virus type III in lymph nodes and peripheral blood from infected individuals by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986; 83: 772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch M. P., Rajagopalan M. S., Gantz D. M., et al. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to detect AIDS virus RNA and antigens for improved assessment of AIDS virus cultures. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1986; 86: 396
   Google Scholar
• Gallo D., Kimpton J. S., Dailey P. J. Comparative studies on use of fresh and frozen peripheral blood lymphocyte specimens for isolation of of human immunodefiency virus and effects of cell lysis on isolation efficiency. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 1291
   Google Scholar
• Levy J. A. Shim'abukuro recovery of AIDS-associated retroviruses from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related conditions and from clinically healthy individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 152: 734
   Google Scholar
• Blumberg R. S., Sandstrom E. G., Paradis T. J. Detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type Hi-related antiogens and anti-human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III antibodies by anticomplementary immunofluorescence. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 23: 1072
   Google Scholar
• Harper M. E., Marselle L. M., Gallo R. C., et al. Detection of lymphocytes expressing human T-lymphotropic virus type III in lymph nodes and peripheral blood from infected individuals by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.SA. 1986; 83: 772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubsamen-Waigmann H., Becker W. B., Helm E. B., et al. Isolation of variants of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ARC or AIDS. J. Med. Virol. 1986; 19: 335
   Google Scholar
• Salahuddin S. Z., Markham P. D., Popovic P. M., et al. Isolation of infectious HTLV-III from AIDS and ARC patients and healthy carriers, a study of risk factors and tissue sources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1985; 82: 5530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poiesz B. J., Ruscetti R. W., Gazdar A. F., et al. Detection and isolation of type C particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1980; 77: 7415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control. Classification system for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children under 13 years of age. MMWR 1987; 36: 225
   Google Scholar
• Stohl W. Deficient OKT4 epitope on helper T cells in a patient with SLE, confusion with AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 310: 1531
   Google Scholar
• Thiry L., Burny A., Cran S., et al. Bovine leukemia virus-related antigens in lymphocyte cultures infected with AIDS-associated viruses. Science 1986; 227: 1482
   Google Scholar
• Kanki P. J., Barin F., M'Boup S., Allan J. S., Essex M., et al. New human T-lymphotropic virus relaterd to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-IIIAMG). Science 1986; 232: 238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanki P. J., M'Boup S., Ricard D., et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 and the human immunodeficiency virus in West Africa. Science 1987; 236: 827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allason-Jones E., Mindel A., Sargeaunt P., Williams P. Entamoeba histolytica as a commensal parasite in homosexual men. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestens L., Biggar R. J., Bodner A. J., et al. Absence of immunosuppression in healthy-subjects from eastern Zaire who are positive for HTLV III antibody. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 1517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brun-Vézinet F., Rouzioux C., Montagnier L., Chamaret S., et al. Prevalence of antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in African patients with AIDS. Science 1984; 226: 453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clavel F., Mansinho K., Chamaret S., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection associated with AIDS in West Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 316: 1180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volsky D. J. Possible nonspecific associations between malaria and HTLV-III/LAV (reply). N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 457
   Google Scholar
• Moore J. D., Cone E. J., Alexander J. HTLV HI seropositivity in 1971—1972 parentemal drug abusers—a case of false positivity or evidence of viral exposure?. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 1387
   Google Scholar