Blood Lactate: Biochemistry, Laboratory Methods, and Clinical Interpretation

References

• Taradash M. R., Jacobson L. B. Vasodilator therapy of idiopathic lactic acidosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreisberg R. A. Glucose-lactate interralations in man. N. Engl. J. Med. 1972; 287: 132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park R., Arieff A. I. Lactic acidosis: current concepts. Clinics Endocrinol. Metab. 1983; 12: 339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchalter S. E., Crain M. R., Kreisberg R. Regulation of lactate metabolism in vivo. Diabetes/Metab. Rev. 1989; 5: 379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yudkin J., Cohen R. D. The contribution of the kidney to the removal of a lactic acid load under normal and acidotic conditions in the conscious rat. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 1975; 48: 121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreisberg R. A. Pathogenesis and management of lactic acidosis. Annu. Rev. Med. 1984; 35: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehninger A. L. Biochemistry2nd ed. Worth Publishers, New York 1975; 624
   Google Scholar
• Lehninger A. L. Biochemistry2nd ed. Worth Publishers, New York 1975; 630
   Google Scholar
• Rackow E. C., Weil M. H. Physiology of blood flow and oxygen utilization by peripheral tissue in circulatory shock. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36: 1544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groeneveld A. B. J., Kester A. D. M., Nauta J. J. P., Thijs L. Relation of arterial blood lactate to oxygen delivery and hemodynamic variables in human shock states. Circ. Shock 1987; 22: 35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chernow B. The Pharmacologic Approach to the Critically III Patient2nd ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1988
   Google Scholar
• Cowan B. N., Burns H. J. G., Boyle P., Ledingham I. M. The relative prognostic value of lactate and haemodynamic measurements in early shock. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stacpoole P. W., Harman E. M., Curry S. H., Baumgartner T. G., Misbin R. I. Treatment of lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 309: 390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckabee W. E. Abnormal resting blood lactate. II. Lactic acidosis. Am. J. Med. 1961; 30: 840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen R. D., Woods H. F. Clinical and Biochemical Aspects of Lactic Acidosis. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford 1976; 276
   Google Scholar
• Fulop M. Lactic acidosis. N. Y. State J. Med. 1982; 82: 712
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreisberg R. A. Diabetic ketoacidosis: new concepts and trends in pathogenesis and treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1978; 88: 681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreisberg R. A. Lactate homeostasis and lactic acidosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1980; 92: 227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinig R. E., Clarke E. F., Waterhouse C. Lactic acidosis and liver disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 1979; 139: 1229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wainer R. A., Wiernik P. H., Thompson W. L. Metabolic and therapeutic studies of a patient with acute leukemia and severe lactic acidosis of prolonged duration. Am. J. Med. 1973; 55: 255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreisberg R. A. Pathogenesis and management of lactic acidosis. Ann. Rev. Med. 1984; 35: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orringer C. E., Eustace J. C., Wunsch C. D., Gardner L. B. Natural history of lactic acidosis after grand-mal seizures. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 297: 796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park R., Arieff A. I. Lactic acidosis: current concepts. Clinics Endocrinol. Metab. 1983; 12: 339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howanitz P. J., Howanitz J. H. Carbohydrates. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods16th ed., J. B. Henry. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1979; Vol. 1: 182
   Google Scholar
• Broder G., Weil M. H. Excess lactate: an index of reversibility of shock in human patients. Science 1964; 143: 1457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff J. H., Malave G., Peretz D. I., Scott H. M., MacLean L. D. The hemodynamics of septic shock in man and dogs. Surgery 1965; 58: 174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blair E., Cowley A., Tait M. K. Refractory septic shock in man. Role of lactate and pyruvate metabolism in acid-base balance in prognosis. Am. Surg. 1965; 31: 537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cady L. D., Weil M. H., Afifi A. A., Michaels S. F., Lin V. Y., Shubin H. Quantitation of severity of critical illness with special reference to blood lactate. Crit. Care Med. 1973; 1: 75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henning R. J., Weil M. H., Weiner F. Blood lactate as a prognostic indicator of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ. Shock 1982; 9: 307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowan B. N., Burns H. J. G., Boyle P., Ledingham I. M. The relative prognostic value of lactate and hemodynamic measurements in early shock. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuster H.-P. Prognostic value of blood lactate in critically ill patients. Resuscitation 1984; 11: 141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavello R., Cavaliere F., Sollazzi L., Loffreda C., Marana E. Changes of serum pyruvate and lactate in open heart surgery. Resuscitation 1984; 11: 35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rashkin M. C., Bosken C., Baughman R. P. Oxygen delivery in critically ill patients: relationship to blood lactate and survival. Chest 1985; 87: 580
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vincent J.-L., Dufaye P., Berre J., Leeman M., Degaute J.-P., Kahn R. J. Serial lactate determinations during circulatory shock. Crit. Care Med. 1983; 11: 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse J. A., Zaidi S. A. J., Carlson R. W. Significance of blood lactate levels in critically ill patients with liver disease. Am. J. Med. 1987; 83: 77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suidan J. S., Antoine C., Silverman F., Lustig I. D., Wasserman J. F., Young B. K. Human maternal-fetal lactate relationships. J. Perinat. Med. 1984; 12: 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider H., Challier J.-C, Dancis J. Transfer and metabolism of glucose and lactate in the human placenta, studied by a perfusion system in vitro. Placenta 1981; 2: 129, Suppl.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith N. C., Soutter W. P., Sharp F., McColl J., Ford I. Fetal scalp blood lactate as an indicator of intrapartum hypoxia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1983; 90: 821
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gau N. Lactic acid. Methods in Clinical Chemistry, A. J. Pesce, L. A. Kaplan. Mosby, St Louis 1987; 78
   Google Scholar
• Pesce M. A., Bodourian S. H., Nicholson J. F. Rapid kinetic measurement of lactate in plasma with a centrifugal analyzer. Clin. Chem. 1932; 21: 1975
   Google Scholar
• Westgard J. O., Lahmeyer B. L., Birnbaum M. L. Use of the duPont “automatic clinical analyzer” in direct determination of lactic acid in plasma stabilized with sodium fluoride. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 1334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lactate Test Methodology Publication No. C-212. Eastman Kodak Co., Clinical Products Division, Rochester, NY 1989; 14650
   Google Scholar
• Williams D. L., Doig A. R., Jr., Korosi A. Electrochemical-enzymatic analysis of blood glucose and lactate. Anal. Chem. 1970; 42: 118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine P., Engelhardt R., Higelin J. C., Mindt W. An instrument for the rapid determination of L-lactate in biological fluids. Med. Instrum. (Baltimore) 1975; 9: 11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geyssant A., Dormois D., Barthelemy J. C., Lacour J. R. Lactate determination with the lactate analyzer LA 640: a critical study. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1985; 45: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark L. C., Noyes L. K., Grooms T. A., Moore M. S. Rapid micromeasurement of lactate in whole blood. Crit. Care Med. 1984; 12: 461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil M. H., Leavy J. A., Rackow E. C., Halfman C. J., Bruno S. J. Validation of a semi-automated technique for measuring lactate in whole blood. Clin. Chem. 1986; 32: 2175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandrup J., Trede K., Grinsted J., Jordening H. “Stat” measurements of L-lactate in whole blood and CSF assessed. Clin. Chem. 1989; 35: 1740
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullen W. H., Churchouse S. J., Keedy F. M., Vadgama P. M. Enzyme electrode for the measurement of lactate in undiluted blood. Clin. Chim. Acta 1986; 157: 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascini M., Fortunati S., Moscone D., Palleschi G. et al., A L-lactate sensor with immobilized enzyme for use in in vivo studies with an endocrine artificial pancreas. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weaver M. R., Vadgama P. M. An O2-based electrode for whole blood lactate measurement under continuous flow conditions. Clin. Chim. Acta 1986; 155: 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil M. H., Michaels S., Rackow E. C. Comparison of blood lactate concentrations in central venous, pulmonary artery, and arterial blood. Crit. Care Med. 1987; 15: 489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warden B. A., Kowalski R. Training without overtraining: a controlled study of a lactate training protocol for swimmers. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36: 1073
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson J. Muscle exercise, energy metabolism and blood lactate. Adv. Cardiol. 1986; 35: 35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar