Osteocalcin: Diagnostic Methods and Clinical Applications

References

• Hauschka P. V., Lian J. B., Gallop P. M. Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid g-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975; 72: 3926
   Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Otsuka A. S., Poser J. W., Kristaponis J., Raman N. Characterization of the γ-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1976; 73: 1447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poser J. W., Esch F. S., Ling N. C., Price P. A. Isolation and sequence of the vitamin K-dependent protein from human bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 8685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauschka P. V., Gallop P. M. Purification and calcium-binding properties of osteocalcin, the γ-carboxyglutamate-containing protein of bone. Calcium Binding Proteins and Calcium Function, Wasserman, et al. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1977; 338
   Google Scholar
• Price P. A. Osteocalcin: bone and mineral research, W. A. Peck. Excerpta Med., Elsevier, Amsterdam 1983; 1: 157
   Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Baukol S. A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein by osteosarcoma cell. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 11660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Baukol S. A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases serum levels of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1981; 99: 928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundberg C. M., Cole D. E. C., Lian J. B., Reade T. M., Gallop P. M. Serum osteocalcin in the treatment of inherited rickets with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1983; 56: 1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein S. Serum and urinary markers of bone remodeling: assessment of bone turnover. Endocr. Rev. 1988; 9: 437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian J., Gundberg C. Osteocalcin: biochemical considerations and clinical applications. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1988; 226: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Nishimoto S. K. RIA for the vitamin K-dependent protein of bone and its discovery in plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980; 77: 2234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P. D., Stenner D., Wahner H. W., Mann K. G., Riggs B. L. Increase in serum bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein with aging in women: implications for the mechanism of age-related bone loss. J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 71: 1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power M. J., Gosling J. G., Fottrell P. F. Radioimmunoassay of osteocalcin with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Chem. 1989; 35: 1408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundberg C. M., Hauschka P. V., Lian J. B., Gallop P. M. Osteocalcin: isolation, characterization and detection. Methods Enzymol. 1984; 107: 516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka H., Kuwada M., Shiraki M., Katayama K. An enzymeimmunoassay for osteocalcin. J. Immunol. Methods 1989; 94: 19
   Google Scholar
• Gundberg C. M., Wilson P. S., Gallop P. M., Parfitt A. M. Determination of osteocalcin in human serum: results with two kits compared with those by a well-characterized assay. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 1720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power M. J., Fottrell P. F. Solid-phase enzymeimmunoassay for osteocalcin in human serum and plasma, with use of a monoclonal antibody. Clin. Chem. 1989; 35: 2087
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egsmore C., Daugaard H., Lund B. Determination of bone gla-protein (osteocalcin) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Clin. Chim. Acta 1989; 184: 278
   Google Scholar
• Hosoda K., Yamaji T., Baylink D. Simultaneous sandwich enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of human osteocalcin using antibodies against synthetic peptides. Clin. Chem. 1989; 35: 1208, (Astr.)
   Google Scholar
• Ismail F., Epstein S., Pacifici R., Droke E., Thomas S. B., Avioli L. V. Serum bone Glaprotein (BGP) and other markers of bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986; 39: 230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapado A., de la Piedra C., Torres R. BGP (osteocalcin, bone Gla-protein) in individual osteoporosis. Clin. Rheumatol. 1989; 8: 30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price P. Role of vitamin-K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 1988; 8: 565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauschka P. V., Lian J. B., Cole D. E. C., Gundberg C. M. Osteocalcin and matrix Glaprotein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Phys. Rev. 1989; 69: 990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P. Biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management, B. L. Riggs, L. J. Melton. Raven Press, New York 1988; 111
   Google Scholar
• Pastoureau P., Delmas P. D. Measurement of serum bone Gla-protein (BGP) in humans with an ovine BGP based radioimmunoassay. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36: 1620
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid I., Chapman G., Fraser T., et al. Low serum osteocalcin levels in glucocorticoid treated asthmatics. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 62: 379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly P. J., Pocock N., Sambrook P., Eisman J. A. Age and menopause related changes indices of bone turnover. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1989; 69: 1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauschka P. V., Carr S. A. Calcium dependent α-helical structure in osteocalcin. Biochemistry 1982; 21: 2538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P., Stenner D., Romberg R., et al. Immunological studies of conformational alterations in bone gamma-carboxy glutamic acid containing protein. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 4720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor A. K., Linkhadt S. G., Mohan S., Baylink D. J. Development of a new RIA for human osteocalcin: evidence for a midmolecule epitope. Metabolism 1988; 37: 872
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tracy R. P., Andrianorivo A., Riggs B. L., Mann K. G. Comparison of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody based immunoassays for osteocalcin: a study of sources of variation in assay results. J. Bone Mineral Res. 1990; 5: 451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrugia W., Melick R. A. Metabolism of osteocalcin. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986; 39: 234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landon J., Livanou I., Greenwood F. C. The preparation and immunological properties of 131I labeled adrenocorticotropin. Biochem. J. 1967; 105: 1075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radioiodination techniques, Review 18, A. E. Bolton, Amersham, PLC
   Google Scholar
• Burnier J. P., Borowski M., Furie B. C., Furie B. Gamma carboxyglutamic acid. Mol. Cell Biochem. 1981; 39: 191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwalbe R., Ryan J., Stern D., et al. Protein structural requirements and properties of membrane binding by γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing plasma proteins and peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 1264: 20288
   Google Scholar
• Gendreau M., Krishnaswany S., Mann K. The interaction of bone Gla-protein (osteocalcin) with phospholipid vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 6972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchacz E., Lian J. B., Stein G. S., et al. Chromasomal localization of the human osteocalcin gene. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 2648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celeste A., Rosen V., Buecker J., et al. Isolation of the human gene for bone Gla-protein utilizing mouse and rat cDNA clones. EMBO. 1986; 5: 1885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan G. C., Eilon G., Poser J. W., Jacobs J. W. Constitutive biosynthesis of bone Glaprotein (BGP) in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res. 1985; 1(1)261(A)
   Google Scholar
• Morrison N., Shine J., Fragonas J. C., et al. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-responsive element and glucocorticoid repression in the osteocalcin gene. Science 1989; 246: 1158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theofan G., Haberstroh L. M., Price P. A. Molecular structure of the rat bone Gla-protein gene and identification of putative regulatory elements. DNA 1989; 8: 213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theofan G., Price P. Bone Gla-protein messenger ribonucleic acid is regulated by both 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rat osteosarcoma cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 1989; 3: 36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lian J., Stein G., Stewert C., et al. Osteocalcin: characterization and regulated expression of the rat gene. Connective Tissue Res. 1989; 21: 61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian J., Stewert C., Puchasz E., et al. Structure of the rat osteocalcin gene and regulation of vitamin K-dependent expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 1143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon K., Rutledge K. C., Buenaga R. F., Rodan G. A. Characterization of the rat osteocalcin gene: stimulation of promoter activity by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 1989; 7: 8521
   Google Scholar
• Nishimoto S. K., Price P. A. Secretions of the vitamin K-dependent protein of bone by rat osteosarcoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 6579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan L., Williamson M., Price P. Sequence of the precursor of rat bone Gla-protein that accumulates in warfarin treated osteosarcoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 13398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auf mkolk B., Hauschka P. V., Schwatz E. R. Characterization of human bone cells in culture. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1985; 187: 201
   Google Scholar
• Beresford J., Gallagher J., Poser J., Russell R. Production of osteocalcin by human bone cells in vitro Effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, and glucocorticoids. Metab. Bone Dis. Relat. Res. 1984; 5: 229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishimoto S., Salka C., Nimni M. Retinoic acid and glucocorticoids enhance the effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein synthesis by rat osteosarcoma cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1987; 2: 571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theofan G., Price P. Regulation of bone Gla protein mRNA levels in ROS 17/2 cells by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cAMP. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1988; 3: 551, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Evans D., Russel R., Brown B., Dobson P. Agents affecting adenylate cyclase activity modulate the stimulatory action of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the production of osteocalcin by human bone cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989; 164: 1076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noda M., Yoon K., Rodan G. Cyclic AMP-mediated stabilization of osteocalcin mRNA in rat osteoblast-like cells treated with parathyroid hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 18574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Williamson M. K., Lothringer J. W. Origin of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein found in plasma and its clearance by kidney and bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 12760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Williamson M. K. Effects of warfarin on bone. Studies on the vitamin K-dependent protein of rat bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 12754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian J. B. Factors contributing to intracavity calcification. Calcium in Biological Systems, R. B. Rubins, G. B. Weiss, J. W. Putney. Plenum Press, New York 1985
   Google Scholar
• Pietschmann P., Woloszczuk W., Panzer S., Kyrle P., Smolen J. Decreased serum osteocalcin levels in phenprocoumon-treated patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988; 66: 1071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Haarlem L. J., Knapen M. H., Hamulyak K., Vermeer C. Circulating osteocalcin during oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb. Haemostasis 1988; 60: 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintroub S., Price P., Reddi A. H. The dichotomy in the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in serum and bone in vitamin D deficient rats. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987; 40: 166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noda M. Transcriptional regulation of osteocalcin production by transforming growth factor b in rat osteoblast-like cells. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beresford J., Gallagher J., Gowen, et al. The effects of monocyte conditioned medium and interleukin-1 on the synthesis of collagenous and noncollagenous proteins by mouse bone and human bone cells in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1984; 801: 58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canalis E., Lian J. B. Effects of bone associated growth factors on DNA, collagen and osteocalcin synthesis in periosteum and periosteum-free calvariae. Bone 1988; 9: 243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanes M. S., Rubin J., Tutis L., Hendy G. N., Catherwood B. D. Interferon-g inhibits 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulated synthesis of bone Gla-protein in rat osteosarcoma cells by a pretranslational mechanism. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schule R., Umesono K., Mangelsdorf D. Jun-Fos and receptors for vitamin A and D recognize a common response element in the human osteocalcin gene. Cell 1990; 61: 197
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen T., Hauschka P., Feldman D. Dexamethasone increases 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor levels and augments bioresponses in rat osteoblast-like cells. Endocrinology 1986; 118: 1119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen T., Hauschka P., Cabrales S., Feldman D. The effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dexamethasone on rat osteoblast like primary cell cultures: receptor occupancy and functional expression patterns for three different bioresponses. Endocrinology 1986; 118: 250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R., Poser J., Burgi U. Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in cultured bone cells. Metabolism 1986; 35: 71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lian J., Coutts M., Canalis E. Studies of hormonal regulation of osteocalcin synthesis in cultures of fetal rat calvariae. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 8706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podenphant J., Christiansen C., Catherwood B. D., Deftos L. J. Serum bone Gla-protein variations during prophylaxis of postmenopausal women with estrogen and calcium. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1984; 36: 536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner R., Colvard D., Spelsberg T. Estrogen inhibition of periosteal bone formation in rat long bones: down regulation of gene expression for bone matrix proteins. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 1346
   Google Scholar
• Podenphant J., Christiansen C., Catherwood B., Deftos L. Serum bone Gla-protein and other biochemical estimates of bone turnover in early postmenopausal women during prophylactic treatment for osteoporosis. Acta Med. Scand. 1985; 218: 329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraser J., Otawara Y., Price P. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 stumulates the synthesis of matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein by osteosarcoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P., Fraser J., Otawara Y. Synthesis of matrix Gla-protein by the 25/1 rat osterosarcoma cell line. Stimulation by 1,25(OH)2D3. J. Bone Min. Res. 1986; 1: 289
   Google Scholar
• Price P. A., Williamson M. K., Otowara Y. Characterization of matrix Gla-protein. A new vitamin K-dependent protein associated with the organic matrix of bone. Chem. Biol. Min. Tissue 1985; 159
   Google Scholar
• Di Muzzio M., Bhown M., Butler W. The biosynthesis of dentine γ-carboxyglutamic acid containing proteins by rat incisor odontoblasts in organ culture. Biochem. J. 1983; 216: 249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huq N. L., Rambaud S. M., Teh L. C., Davies A. D., et al. Immunochemical detection and characterization of osteocalcin from moa bone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1985; 129: 714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansen J. S., Hansen J. E. M., Christiansen C. A radioimmunoassay for bone Gla protein (BGP) in human plasma. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 1987; 114: 410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Power M. J., O'Dwyer B., Breen E., Fottrell P. F. Osteocalcin concentration in plasma with different anticoagulants. Clin. Chem., in press
   Google Scholar
• OSCA test osteocalcin. literature supplied in kit, available from Henning GMBH. Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Shearer M. Annotation: vitamin K and vitamin dependent proteins. Br. J. Haematology 1990; 75: 157
   Google Scholar
• Price P., Lothringer J., Baukol S., Reddi A. Development appearance of the vitamin K-dependent protein of bone during calcification. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 3781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P., Lothringer J., Nishimoto S. Absence of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein in fetal rat mineral. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 2938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauschka P., Reid M. Timed appearance of calcium-binding protein containing γ-carboxyglutamic acid in developing chick bone. Dev. Biol. 1981; 65: 426
   Google Scholar
• Hauschka P., Frenkel J., DeMuth R., Gundberg C. Presence of osteocalcin and related higher molecular weight 4-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins in developing bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian J., Roufosse A., Reit B., Glimcher M. Concentrations of osteocalcin and phosphoprotein as a function of mineral content and age in cortical bone. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1982; 34: S82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feteih R., Tassinari M. S., Lian J. B. Effect of sodium warfarin on vitamin K dependent proteins and skeletal development in the rat fetus. J. Bone Min. Res. 1990; 5: 8885
   Google Scholar
• Glowacki J., Lian J. Impaired recruitment and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors by osteocalcindeplete bone implants. Cell Diff. 1987; 21: 247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lian J., Tassinari M., Glowacki J. Resorption of implanted bone prepared from normal and warfarin treated rats. J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 73: 1223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P. Vitamin K dependent formation of bone Gla-protein (osteocalcin) and its function. Vitamin. Horm. 1985; 42: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Shavit Z., Teitlebaum S. L., Reitsma P., et al. Induction of monocyte differentiation and bone resorption of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1983; 80: 5907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundy G., Poser J. Chemotactic activity of the g-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in bone. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1983; 35: 164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povolny B., Leem B. M., Hauschka P. V., Clagett J. Osteocalcin is a growth factor for bone marrow cells. Fed. Proc. 1987; 46: 988
   Google Scholar
• Hauschka P. V. Osteocalcin and its functional domains. Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues, W. T. Butler. Ebsco Media, Birmingham, AL 1985; 149
   Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi C. K., Kakuta K., Hosoya N., Orimo H., Hoshiba K., Moriuchi S. Bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein (BGP) induced changes in chick embryonic calvariae in vitro. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1987; 33: 157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poser J. W., Price P. A. A method for decarboxylation of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in proteins: properties of the decarboxylated gamma-carboxyglutamic acid from calf bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson-Allen P. E., Brautigan C. E., Grindeland R. E., Asling C. W., Callahan P. X. A specific radioimmunoassay for osteocalcin with advantageous species cross-reactivity. Anal. Biochem. 1982; 27: 1
   Google Scholar
• Gundberg C., Weinstein R. Multiple immunoreactive forms of osteocalcin in uremic serum. J. Clin. Invest. 1986; 77: 1762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor A. K., Linkhart S., Mohan S., et al. Multiple osteocalcin fragments in human urine and serum as detected by midmolecule osteocalcin radioimmunoassay. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990; 70: 467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr S., Hauschka P., Biemann K. Gas chromatographic mass spectrometric sequence determination of osteocalcin, a g-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from chicken bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 9944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pioli G., Pedrazzoni M., Giotti G., et al. Difference in markers of bone metabolism in peripheral and bone marrow blood. J. Clin. Invest. 1987; 4: 94, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Obrant K. J., Bengner U., Delmas P. D. Bone Gla: protein in blood derived directly from human bone tissue. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989; 44: 296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duda R. J., O'Brien J. F., Katzmann J. A., et al. Concurrent assays of circulating bone Gla-protein and bone alkaline phosphatase: effects of sex, age, and metabolic bone disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988; 66: 951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein S., Poser J., McClintock, et al. Differences in serum bone Gla-protein with age and sex. Lancet 1984; 1: 307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagnostics Systems Laboratories Inc., kit, 100 East Nassa Road One. Webster, TXUSA
   Google Scholar
• Azria M. Technical aspects in clinical measurements of bone biomarkers. Biology and regulation of bone metabolism: clinical significance. Satellite Workshop of the 20th European Symp. on Calcified Tissues
   Google Scholar
• Azria M. The value of biomarkers in detecting alterations in bone metabolism. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989; 45: 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundberg Caren, personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Gundlach G., Voegeli R. Conformational changes of 4-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bovine bone by binding of alkaline earth ions. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1983; 364: 31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minosola S., Scarnecchia L., Scarda A., et al. Serum osteocalcin in primary hyperparathyroidism: short-term effect of surgery. Miner. Electrolyte Metal. 1988; 14: 201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delmas P. D., Christiansen C., Mann K. G., Price P. A. Bone Gla-protein (osteocalcin) assay standardisation report. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catherwood B. Region specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human bone g-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein (BGP) in blood of normal subjects. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1982; 34: 529
   Google Scholar
• Juppner H., Schettler T., Giebel G., Wenner S., Hesch R. D. Radioimmunoassay for human osteocalcin using an antibody raised against the synthetic human (h37–49) sequence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986; 39: 310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catherwood B. D., Marcus R., Madvig P., Cheung A. Plasma bone Gla-protein in healthy aging subjects: correlation with renal function, not with age. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1983; 38: 667
   Google Scholar
• Hyldestrup L., Clemmensen I., Jensen B. A., Transbol I. Non-invasive evaluation of bone formation: measurements of serum alkaline phosphatase, whole body retention of diphosphonate and serum osteocalcin in metabolic bone disorders and thyroid disease. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1988; 48: 611
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prigodich R. V., O'Connor T., Coleman J. E.H. 1 113Cd and 31P NMR of osteocalcin (bovine gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing proteins). Biochemistry 1985; 24: 6291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svard M., Drakebberg T., Andersson T., Fernlund P. Calcium binding of bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein from calf studied by 43Ca NMR. Eur. J. Biochem. 1986; 158: 373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triffit J. T., Vindi A. S., Nuki G., et al. Solution conformation of osteocalcin. A 1H NMR study, Chemistry and biology of mineralised tissues. Proceedings 3rd Int. Conf. ChathamUSA October 16 to 21, 1988; 942: 316, Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Hart J., Shearer M., Klenerman L., et al. Electrochemical detection of depressed circulating levels of vitamin K1 in osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 60: 1268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundberg C., Lian J., Gallop P. Measurements of g-carboxyglutamate and circulating osteocalcin in normal children and adults. Clin. Chim. Acta 1983; 128: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkinski P. R. P., McLean C., Sykes J. E. C., Clement-Jones V. V., Lowry P. J. Iodination of proteins, glycoproteins and peptides using a solid-phase agent 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro 3a,6a-diphenyl glycouril (iodogen). Anal. Biochem. 1981; 117: 136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraker P. J., Speck J. C. Protein and cell membrane iodinations with a sparingly soluble iodination of proteins and peptides. Anal. Biochem. 1978; 67: 1
   Google Scholar
• Tuong A., Maftouh M., Picard P., Gachon M. Site specific radioiodination of recombinant hirudin. Anal. Biochem. 1990; 189: 186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee C. Y., Ryan R. J. Interaction of ovarian receptors with human luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Biochemistry 1973; 12: 4609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosling J. P. A decade of development in immunoassay technology. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36: 1408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann D., Power M., Fottrell P. Development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for osteocalcin with use of a monoclonal antibody. Clin. Chem. 1990; 36: 1105, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Mei-Huei Chen, Ross R., Tsang R. Radioimmunoassay for human osteocalcin. Clin. Chem. 1987; 33: 907
   Google Scholar
• Reid I. R., Chapman G. E., Fraser T. R. C., et al. Low serum osteocalcin levels in glucocorticoidtreated asthmatics. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 62: 379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simionescu L., Dumitru C., Zamfir-Grigorescu D., et al. A heterologous radioimmunoassay system for human osteocalcin. Applications in performance sports girls. Rev. Roum. Med. Endocrinol. 1987; 25: 101
   Google Scholar
• Cleere W. F., Gosling J. P., Morris M. C., et al. A high performance, high throughput enzyme immunoassay for the analysis of progesterone in plasma or milk. Irish Vet. J. 1985; 39: 1
   Google Scholar
• Deftos L. J., Parthemore J. G., Price P. A. Changes in plasma bone Gla protein during treatment of bone disease. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1982; 34: 121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worsfoeld M., Sharp C., Davie M. Serum osteocalcin and other indices of bone formation: an 8-decade study in healthy men and women. Clin. Chim. Acta 1988; 178: 225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knapen M., Hamulyak K., Vermeer C. The effect of vitamin K supplementation on circulating osteocalcin (bone Gla-protein) and urinary calcium excretion. Ann. Int. Med. 1988; 111: 1001
   Google Scholar
• Power M. J., Fottrell P. F. Osteocalcin concentrations in plasma prepared with different anticoagulants. Clin. Chem., in press
   Google Scholar
• Bell N. H., Greene A., Epstein S., Oexmann M. J., Shaw S., Shary J. Evidence for alteration of vitamin D metabolism in blacks. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76: 470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crohn S. H., Abesamis C., Yasamura S., Aloai J. F., Zanzi I., Ellis K. J. Comparative skeletal mass and radial bone mineral content in black and white women. Metab. Clin. Exp. 1977; 26: 171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee M., Kim S., Lee M., et al. Negative correlation between the change in bone mineral density and serum osteocalcin in patients with hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990; 70: 766
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohn S. H., Abesamis C., Yasumura S., et al. Comparative skeletal mass and radial bone mineral content in black and white women. Metabolism 1977; 26: 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarallo P., Henny J., Fournier B., Siest G. Plasma osteocalcin: biological variations and reference limits. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1990; 50: 649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffie A., Fossats A., Colle M. Valeurs normales de l'Ostéocalcine sérique au cours de la vie. Ann. Biol. Clin. 1989; 47: 629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Carasco M., Gruson M., de Vernejoul M. C., Denne M. A., Miravet L. Osteocalcin and bone morphometric parameters in adults without bone disease. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1988; 42: 13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole D. E. C., Carpenter T. O., Grundberg C. M. Serum osteocalcin levels in children with metabolic bone disease. Pediatr J. 1985; 106: 770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli M., Caniggia M. Osteocalcin in normal adult humans of different sex and age. Horm. Metabl. Res. 1989; 17: 165
   Google Scholar
• Henry J., Tarallo P., Schiele F., Siest G. Osteocalcin: biological variations and reference limits. Clin. Chem. 1989; 35: 287, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Johansen J., Thomsen K., Christiansen C. Plasma bone Gla protein concentrations in healthy adults. Dependence on sex, age and glomular filtration. Scand.J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1987; 47: 345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riis B., Krabbe S., Christiansen C., et al. Bone turnover in male puberty: a longitudinal study. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1985; 37: 213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glastre C., Braillon P., David L., et al. Measurement of bone mineral content of the lumbar spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal children: correlations with growth parameters. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990; 70: 1330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarore F., Carrozzo M., Magli D., D'Amore M., Pipitonre V. Serum osteocalcin levels in normal humans of different sex and age: an epidemiological study. Panminerva Med. 1988; 30: 23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moriuchi S., Ishiguro S., Akita M., et al. Changes in bone g-tarboxyglutamic acid containing protein in human serum during aging. Vitamins (Japan) 1983; 57: 311
   Google Scholar
• Price P., Parthemore J., Deftos L. New biochemical marker for bone metabolism. Measurement by RIA of bone Gla-protein in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with bone disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1980; 66: 878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder H., Schop C., Koster J. Influence of pharmacological doses of calcitonin on serum osteocalcin concentration in patients with Paget's disease of the bone. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 1989; 120: 721
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catherwood B. D., Marcus R., Madvig P., Cheung A. Determinants of bone Gamma-carbox-yglutamic acid-containing protein in plasma of healthy aging subjects. Bone 1985; 6: 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Body J., Cleeren A., Pot M., Borkowski A. Serum osteocalcin (BGP) in tumor associated hypercalcemia. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1986; 1: 523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedrazzoni M., Giotti G., Pioli G., et al. Osteocalcin levels in diabetic subjects. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989; 45: 331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakai R., Orimo H., Harasawa M. Influence of aging and sex on g-carboxyglutamic acid in rat bone. Jpn. Geriatrics Ass. 1984; 21: 565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melick R. A., Farrugia W., Quelch K. G. Plasma osteocalcin in man. Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 1985; 15: 410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotowitz M., Melton J., Cedel S., O'Fallon M., Riggs L. Effects of age relating to calcium and phosphorous metabolism in women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eastell R., Delmas P., Hodgson S., et al. Bone formation rate in older women: concurrent assessment with bone histomorphometry, calcium kinetics, and biochemical markers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metal. 1988; 67: 741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orwoll E., Deftos L. Serum osteocalcin (BGP) levels in normal men: a longitudinal evaluation reveals an age associated increase. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stracke H., Schatz Ch., Pralle H., Ullmann J., Schatz H. Osteocalcin, ein marker bei erkrankungenmit erhohtem knochenumsatz. Dtsh. Med. Wochenschr. 1985; 110: 1442
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomsen K., Johansen J., Nilas L., Christiansen C. Whole body retention of 99m Te-diphosphonate. Relation to biochemical indices of bone turnover and total body calcium. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1987; 13: 32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brixen K., Nielsen H., Eriksen E., Charles P., Mosekilde L. Efficacy of wheat germ lectinprecipitated alkaline phosphatase in serum as an estimator of bone mineralization rate: comparison to serum total alkaline phosphatase and serum bone gla protein. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989; 44: 93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Schueren D., Gevers G., Raymaekers G., Devos P., Dequeker J. Sex and age related changes in bone and serum osteocalcin. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 46: 179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirskanen A., Parviainen M., Haukilahti M., et al. Circulating osteocalcin and vitamin D concentrations and urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid in healthy subjects and in patients with metabolic bone disease Vitamin D: 7th Workshop. California April, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Amado J., Riancho J., de Francisco A., et al. Hyperparathyroidism is responsible for the increased levels of osteocalcin in patients with normally functioning kidney grafts. Nephron 1989; 52: 209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ljunghall S., Hallgren R., Rastad J. Serum osteocalcin levels in normal subjects and patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 1985; 86: 218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugimoto K., Dohi Y., Dohi K., et al. Serum levels of bone Gla-protein in normal humans and in patients with chronic renal failure. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 1987; 13: 152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansen J. S., Nilas L., Christiansen C. Menopause is responsible for the increase in plasma BGP seen in women around age fifty. Calcium Regulation and Bone Metabolism. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1987; Vol 9: 716
   Google Scholar
• Johansen J., Giwercman A., Hartwell D., et al. Serum bone Gla-protein as a marker of bone growth in children and adolescents: correlation with age, height, serum insulin-like growth factor 1, and serum testosterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988; 67: 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasumura S., Aloia J., Gundberg C., et al. Serum osteocalcin and total body calcium in normal pre-and postmenopausal women and postmenopausal patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 64: 681
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarle M., Kovacic K., Alfirevic A. Correlation between bone scans and serum levels of osteocalcin, prostate specific antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase in monitoring patients with disseminated cancer of the prostate. The Prostate 1989; 15: 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepan J., Presl J., Brouilik P., Pacovsky V. Serum osteocalcin levels and bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme after oophorectomy and in primary hyperparathyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 64: 1079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fiore C., Falcidia E., Foti R., Caschetto S., Grimaldi D. Postoophorectomy bone loss is associated with reduced bone gla protein serum levels: a possible effect of osteoblastic insufficiency. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987; 41: 303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delmas P. D., Wilson D. M., Mann K. G., Riggs B. L. Effect of renal function on plasma levels of bone Gla-protein. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1983; 57: 1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto S. K., Padilla S. M. Age-related changes in organic and inorganic bone matrix constituents: the effect of environment and diet. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1988; 287: 1988, 87
   Google Scholar
• Gevers G., Vanderschueren D., Raymakers G., Dequeker J. Difference in non-collagenous protein content (osteocalcin, sialoprotein, proteoglycan) in the iliac crest with age and sex, The chemistry and biology of mineralised tissues; Meeting Proceedings. October 16 to 21, 1988; 947, 321, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Ninomiya J. T., Tracym R. P., Calorem J. D., et al. Heterogeneity of human bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 933
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gundberg C., Markowitz M., Mizruchi M., Rosen J. Osteocalcin in human serum: a circadian rhythm. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 60: 736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P., Lacroze S., Chapuy M., Malaval L. Circadian rhythm in serum bone Gla protein (sBGP) concentration in the human: correlation with serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Calcium Regulation and Bone Mineral Metabolism. 593, (Abstr)
   Google Scholar
• Simmons D. J., Arsenis C., Whitson W., Kahn S. E., Boskey A. L., Gollub N. Biorhythmic profiles in rat skeleton metabolism. Metabol. Bone Dis. Related Res. 1979; 2: 49
   Google Scholar
• Guillemant J., Guillemant S. Plasmas osteocalcin in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism with regard to daily fluctuations. Horm. Metab. Res. 1989; 21: 22
   Google Scholar
• Pietschmann P., Resch H., Woloszczuk W., Willvonseder R. A circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin levels in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 20: 310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz M., Gundberg C., Rosen J. 24-hour variations in serum osteocalcin (Oc) concentrations in teenage males. Pediatr. Res. 1984; 18: 98, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen H., Charles P., Mosekilde L. The effect of single oral doses of prednisone on the circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin in normal subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988; 67: 1025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colle M., Ruffie A., Ruedas E., Chebbo M. L'ostéocalcine chez l'enfant de petite taille et ses variations nocturnes. Arch. Fr. Pediatr. 1987; 44: 8390
   Google Scholar
• Eastell R., Calvo M. S., Burritt M. F., et al. Circadian patterns of bone turnover, Meeting Bath. Current Research Into Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. June 25 to 27, 1990; 8, Abstr.
   Google Scholar
• Beardsworth L. J., Eyre D. E., Dickson I. R. Changes with age in the urinary excretion of lysyl-and hydroxylysylpyridinoline, two new markers of bone collagen turnover. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebelhart D., Gineyts E., Chapuy M.-C., Delmas P. D. Urinary excretion of pyridinium cross links: a new marker of bone resorption in metabolic bone disease. Bone Miner. 1990; 8: 87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen H., Brixen K., Bouillon R., Mosekilde L. Changes in biochemical markers of osteoblastic activity during the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990; 70: 1431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen K., Eriksen E., Jorgensen J., Charles P., Mosekilde L. Seasonal variation of serum bone Gla protein. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1989; 49: 605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosekilde L., Thomsen K., Charles P., Nielsen H., Eriksen E. Serum osteocalcin in normal subjects with special reference to premenopausal, diurnal and seasonal variation. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986; 39: 205, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Couch M., Woods D., Gallagher J., Poser J., Russell R. Serum osteocalcin in British subjects. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1984; 36: 9, S3, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Carmel R., William-Lau K. H., Baylink D. J., Saxena S., Singer F. S. Cobalamin and osteoblast specific proteins. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 319: 70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beswick A. D., Chiariello L. Food intake and diurnal testosterone variation in the Caephilly heart disease study. Horm. Metab. Res. 1990; 22: 445
   Google Scholar
• Komm B., Terpening C., Benz D., et al. Estrogen binding, receptor mRNA, and biologic response in osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Science 1988; 241: 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen E., Colvard D., Berg N., et al. Evidence of estrogen receptors in normal human osteoblastlike cells. Science 1988; 241: 84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pensler J., Radosevich J., Higbee R., Langman C. Osteoclasts isolated from membranous bone in children exhibit nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptors. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperk C, Wergedal J., Farley J. Androgens directly stimulate proliferation of bone cells in vitro. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 1576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney R. P., Recker R. R., Saville P. D. Menopausal changes in bone remodeling. J. Clin. Lab. Med. 1978; 92: 964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colle M., Ruftie A., Ruedas E. Osteocalcin in children with short stature. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1987; 343, (Suppl.)
   Google Scholar
• Nishiyama S., Tomoeda S., Ohta T., Higuchi A., Matsuda I. Differences in basal and postexercise osteocalcin levels in athletic and nonathletic humans. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1988; 43: 150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell N. H., Godsen R. N., Henry D. P., Shary J., Epstein S. The effects of muscle building exercise on vitamin D and mineral metabolism. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1988; 3: 369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior J. C., Yvette M., Vigna R. A., et al. Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323: 1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson-Buchendahl P. E., Grindeland R. E., Martin R. B., Cann C. E., Arnaud S. B. Osteocalcin as an indicator of bone metabolism during spaceflight. Physiologist 1985; 28: S227
   Google Scholar
• Chantraine A., Uebelhart D., Barbezat S., Gremion G. Serum bone gla protein and other markers of bone metabolism in hemiplegic osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987; 41: 54, (Abstr)
   Google Scholar
• Labib M., Ranganath L., Southgate J., Gama R., Teale D., Marks V. Acute effect of ethanol intake on plasma osteocalcin concentration. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1989; 26: 563
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen H., Lundby L., Rasmussen K., Carles P., Hansen C. Alcohol decreases serum osteocalcin in a dose dependent way in normal subjects. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1980; 46: 173
   Google Scholar
• Labib M., Adbel-Kader M., Ranganath L., Teale D., Marks V. Bone disease in chronic alcoholism: the value of plasma osteocalcin measurement. Alcoholism 1989; 24: 141
   Google Scholar
• Preedy V. R., Marway J. S., Salisbury J. S., Peters T. J. Protein synthesis in bone and skin of the rat are inhibited by ethanol: implications for whole body metabolism. Alcoholism 1990; 14: 165
   Google Scholar
• Barbieri R. L., Gochberg J., Ryan K. J. Nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine inhibit aromatase in human trophoblast in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 1986; 77: 1727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glajchen N., Ismail F., Epstein S., Jowell P., Fallon M. The effect of chronic caffeine administration on serum markers of bone mineral metabolism and bone histomorphometry in the rat. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1988; 43: 277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowell P., Epstein S., Fallon, et al. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates glucocorticoid induced alteration of serum bone gla protein and bone histomorphometry. Endocrinology 1987; 120: 531
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukert B. P., Higgins J. C., Stoskopf M. M. Serum osteocalcin is increased in patients with hyperthyroidism and decreased in patients receiving glucocorticoids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 62: 1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita N., Seino Y., Ishida H., et al. Increased circulating levels of γ-carboxyglutaimic acidcontaining protein and decreased bone mass in children on anticonvulsant therapy. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989; 44: 80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markowitz M. E., Gundberg F., Rosen CJ. The circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin concentrations: effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987; 40: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith M. L., Fogelman I., Hart D. M., Scott E., Bevan J., Leggate I. Effect of etidronate disodium on bone turnover following surgical menopause. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989; 44: 74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleisch H. Bisphonites: mechanism of action and clinical application, Bone and Mineral Research, W. A. Peck, N. J. Princeton. Excerpta Med. 1983; 1: 319
   Google Scholar
• Papapoulos S. E., Frolich M., Mudde A. H., et al. Serum osteocalcin in Paget's disease of bone: basal concentrations and response to bisphonate treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 65: 9
   Google Scholar
• Price P. A. The vitamin K-dependent protein of bone. Calcium Binding Proteins: Structure and Function, F. L. Siegel, et al. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1980; 441
   Google Scholar
• Arlot M., Edouard C, Meunier P. J., Neer R. M., Reeve J. Impaired osteoblast function in osteoporosis: comparison between calcium balance and dynamic histomorphometry. Br. Med. J. 1984; 289: 517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ettinger B., Genant H. K., Cann C. E. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann. Int. Med. 1985; 102: 319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore M., Bracker M., Sartoris D., Saltman P., Strause L. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women sustains vertebral bone mineral density. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1990; 5: 659
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindsay R., Hart D. M., Aitkin J. M. Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by estrogen. Lancet, 1: 1038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiel D. P., Felson D. T., Anderson J. J., Wilson P. W. F., Moskowitz M. A. Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 317: 169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riggs B. L., Wanner H. W., Dunn W. L., Mazess R. B., Offord K. P., Melton L. J., III. Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging: relationship to spinal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Invest. 1981; 67: 328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J. P., Delmas P. D., Malaval L., et al. Serum bone gla-protein: a specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 1984; 1: 1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher J. C. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Bone Miner. 1990; 9: 215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melton L. J., Eddy D. M., Johnson C. C. Screening for osteoporosis. Ann. Int. Med. 1990; 112: 516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastell R., Riggs L. Diagnostic evaluation of osteoporosis. Endocrinol. Metab. Clinics. N. Am. 1988; 17(3)547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dannucci G. A., Martin R. B., Patterson-Buchendahl P. Ovariectomy and trabecular bone remodelling in the dog. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987; 40: 194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zerwekh J., Sakhaee K., Pak C. Short-term 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration raises serum osteocalcin in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 60(3)615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christiansen C., Riis B. J., Nilas L., et al. Uncoupling of bone formation and resorption by combined estrogen and progestagen therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 1985; 2: 800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak C. Y.C., Sakhaee K., Zerwekh J. E., et al. Safe and effective treatment of osteoporosis with intermittent slow release sodium fluoride: augmentation of vertebral, bone mass and inhibition of fractures. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1989; 68: 150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastiva R. N., Gill D. S., Moudgil A., et al. Normal ionised calcium, parathyroid hypersecretion, and elevated osteocalcin in a family with fluorosis. Metabolism 1989; 38: 120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamp T. B. C., Saphier P. W., Loveridge N., et al. Fluoride therapy and parathyroid hormone activity in osteoporosis. Clin. Sci. 1990; 79: 233
   Google Scholar
• Dandona P., Coumar A., Gill D. S., Bell J., Thomas M. Sodium fluoride stimulates osteocalcin in normal subjects. Clin. Endocrinol. 1989; 29: 437
   Google Scholar
• Singer F. R., Mills B. G. Paget's disease of bone: etiological and therapeutic aspects. Bone and Mineral Research, W. A. Peck. Elsevier, New York 1984; 2: 394
   Google Scholar
• Delmas P., Demiaux B., Malaval L., Chapuy M. C., Meunier P. J. Serum bone GLA-protein is not a sensitive marker of bone turnover in Paget's disease of bone. Calcif. Tissuelnt. 1986; 38: 60–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malluche H., Faugere M.-C., Fanti P., Price P. Plasma levels of bone Gla-protein reflect bone formation in patients on chronic maintanance dialysis. Kidney Int. 1984; 26: 869
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gundberg C. M., Andeson M., Dickson I., Gallop P. M. “Glycated” osteocalcin in human and bovine bone. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 14557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbeer J. N., Triffit J. T., Virdi A., Reeve J., Delmas P. D. The expression of an epitope recognized by BGP/osteocalcin antisera in cultured fibroblast-like cells from human bone and skin. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1984; 44: S37
   Google Scholar
• Lian J. B., Canalis E. Evidence for 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation of a high molecular weight protein immunologically related to osteocalcin. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res. 1985; 1: 261, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Boiskin I., Epstein S., Ismail F., Thomas S. B., Raja R. Serum osteocalcin and bone mineral metabolism following successful renal transplantation. Clin. Nephrol. 1989; 6: 316
   Google Scholar
• Pollen J. J., Gerber K., Ashburn W. L., Schmidt J. D. Nuclear bone imaging in metastic cancer of the prostate. Cancer 1989; 47: 2585
   Google Scholar
• Abrams H. L., Spiro R., Goldstein N. Metastases in carcinoma: analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer 1970; 3: 4
   Google Scholar
• Schatz H., Schatz C., Vonlieven H., Mulders M., et al. The tumors markers CEA, TPA and CA 19–9 and ferritin and osteocalcin in follow up studies in breast cancer. Wein. Klin. Wochenschr. 1985; 97: 873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stracke H., Schatz C., Pralle H., Ullmann J., Schatz H. Osteocalcin, a marker in diseases with elevated bone metabolism. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1985; 110: 1442
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pietschmann P., Zielinski Ch., Woloszczuk W. Serum osteocalcin levels in breast cancer patients. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1989; 115: 456
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman R., Mashiter G., Fogelman I., et al. Osteocalcin: a potential marker of metastatic bone disease and response to treatment. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1988; 24: 1211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman R., Whitaker K., Moss D., et al. Biochemical prediction of response of bone metastases to treatment. Br. J. Cancer 1988; 58: 205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri B., Cechettin M., Pacini P., et al. Osteocalcin as a biological marker in the therapeutic management of breast cancer bone metastases. Cancer Invest. 1989; 7: 551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P., Damiaux B., Malaval L., et al. Serum bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in primary hyperparathyroidism and in malignant hypercalcaemia. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986; 77: 985
   Google Scholar
• Shin W. J., Wierzbinski B., Collinds J., et al. Serum osteocalcin measurements in prostate carcinoma patients with skeletal deposits shown by bone scintigram: comparison with serum PSA/PAP measurements. J. Nuclear Med. 1990; 31: 1486
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarle M., Kovacic K., Strelkov-Alfirevic A. Correlation between bone scans and serum levels of osteocalcin, prostate-specific antigen, and prostatic acid phosphatase in monitoring patients with disseminated cancer of the prostate. The Prostate 1989; 15: 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewenhaupt A., Ekman P., Eneroth P., Kalner A. On reference values for tumour markers in prostatic carcinoma. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 1988; 110: 119
   Google Scholar
• Bataille R., Delmas P., Sany J. Serum bone gla protein in multiple myeloma. Cancer 1987; 59: 329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovik D. M., Gundberg C. M., Neer R. M., Lian J. B. Clinical evaluation of bone turnover by serum osteocalcin measurements in a hospital setting. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1984; 59: 228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Piedra C, Toural V., Rapado A. Osteocalcin and urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio in the differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1987; 47: 587
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres R., de la Piedra C., Rapado A. Osteocalcin and bone remodeling in Paget's disease of bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia of malignancy and involutional osteoporosis. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 1989; 49: 2798
   Google Scholar
• Freitxche H. A. Clinical utility of serum osteocalcin. Cancer Invest. 1990; 8: 441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garrel D. R., Delmas P. D., Malaval L., Rourniaare J. Serum bone gla protein: a marker of bone turnover in hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 62: 1052
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukert B. P., Higgins J. C., Stoskopf M. M. Serum osteocalcin is increased in patients with hyperthyroidism and decreased in patients receiving glucocorticoids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 62: 056
   Google Scholar
• Taelmann P., Kaufman J. M., Janssens X., Vandecauter H., Vermuelen A. Reduced forearn bone mineral content and biochemical evidence of increased bone turnover in women with euthyroid goitre treated with thyroid hormone. Clin. Endocrinol 1990; 33: 107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simionescu L., Dimitriu L., Dimitriu D., et al. The serum osteocalcin levels in adult and aged hypothyroid patients. Endocrinologie, 26: 255, 188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoneda M., Takatsuki K., Yamauchi K., et al. Influence of thyroid function on serum bone gla protein. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1988; 35: 121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charles P., Poser L., Mosekilde L., Jensen F. T. Estimation of bone turnover evaluated by 47Ca kinetics. Efficiency of serum bone gla-containing protein serum alkaline phosphatase, and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76: 2254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P., Chatelain P., Malaval L., Bonne G. Serum bone Gla-protein in growth hormone deficient children. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1986; 1(4)333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brixen K., Nielsen H. K., Flybjerg A., Mosekilde L. Recombinant human growth hormone treatment for one week stimulates osteoblasts and activates bone remodeling in normal human volunteers. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1989; 4: 219, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Johansen J. S., Jensen S. B., Riis B. J., et al. Serum bone gla protein: a potential marker of growth hormone (GH) deficiency and the response to GH therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 71: 122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg K. K., Rogers T. N. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and osteocalcin in serum of control subjects. Anal. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1987; 17: 241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonseca V., Epstein O., Gill D. S., et al. Hyperparathyroidism and low serum osteocalcin despite vitamin D replacement in primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 1987; 64: 873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovik D. M., Grundberg C. M., Lian J. B., Neer R. M. Clinical evaluation of bone turnover by serum osteocalcin measurements, Calcif. Tissue Int. 1982; 34: 15, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Delmas P., Demiaux B., Malaval L., Chapuy M. C., Meunier P. J. L'ostéocalcine (ou gla-protéine osseuse), nouveau marqueur biologique pour l'étude de la pathologie osseuse. Presse Méd. 1985; 15: 643
   Google Scholar
• Riggs B. L., Kei-Snng Tsai, Mann K. G. Effect of acute increases in bone matrix degradation on circulating levels of bone-GLA protein. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1986; 1: 539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper C, McLaren M., Wood P. J., Coulton L., Kanis J. A. Indices of calcium metabolism in women with hip fractures. Bone Miner. 1989; 5: 193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gundberg C, Lian J., Gallop P., Steinberg J. Urinary gamma carboxyglutamic acid and serum osteocalcin as bone markers: studies in osteoporosis and Paget's disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1983; 57: 1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannigia A., Nuti R., Gali M., Lore F., Tnrchetti V., Righi G. A. Effect of long term treatment with 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on osteocalcin in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986; 38: 328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt H., Stracke H., Schatz H., et al. Osteocalcin serum levels in patients following renal transplantation. Klin. Wochenschr. 1989; 67: 297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sebert J., Ruiz J., Fournier A., et al. Plasma bone Gla-protein: assessment of its clinical value as an index of bone formation in hemodialysed patients. Bone Miner. 1987; 2: 21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charhon S. A., Delmas P. D., Malaval L., et al. Serum bone GLA-protein in renal osteodystrophy: comparison with bone histomorphometry. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 63: 892
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole D. E. C., Gundberg C. M., Stirek S. A. Changing osteocalcin concentrations during pregnancy and lactation: implications for maternal mineral metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 1987; 65: 290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith D. A., Gundberg C. M., Japour A., Aronoff J., Alvarez N., Gallop P. M. Vitamin K-dependent proteins and anticonvulsant medication. Clin. Pharmacol Therap. 1983; 34: 529
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castells S., Yasamura S., Fusi M. A. Plasma osteocalcin levels in osteogenesis imperfecta. J. Pediatr. 1986; 109: 88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zamboni G., Soffiati M., Giavarina D., Tato L. Mineral metabolism in obese children. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1988; 77: 741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wians F. H., Strickland D. M., Hankins G. D. V., Snyder R. R. The effect of hypermagnesemia on serum levels of osteocalcin in an animal model. Magnesium Trace Elem. 1990; 9: 28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de la Piedra C., Carbo C., Laranaga J., et al. Correlation among plasma osteocalcin, growth hormone, and somatomedin C in acromegaly. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1988; 43: 44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rico H., Cabranes J. A., Nunez-Torron M., Higueras J. C., Hernandez E. R. Osteocalcin (BGP) values in postmenopausal osteoporosis before and after treatment with calcitonin. Med. Clin. 1986; 86: 791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez M. E., De Pedro C., Catalan P., Salinas M., Balaguer G., Ordas A. F. Levels of osteocalcin in normal pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985; 153: 708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock J. L., Coderre J. A., Mallette L. E. Effects of a short course of estrogen on mineral metabolism in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 61: 595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca V. A., D'Souza V., Houlder S., et al. Vitamin D deficiency and low osteocalcin concentrations in anorexia nervosa. J. Clin. Pathol. 1988; 41: 195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sartorio A., Conti A., Ambrosi B., et al. Osteocalcin levels in patients with microprolactinaemia before and after medical treatment. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1990; 13: 419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar