Current Status of Injectable Oxygen Carriers

References

• Hodgson J. Substitutes for human blood. Biotechnology 1991; 9: 69
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman R. J., Goodin TH, Hichard T. J. Efficacy of perfluorochemical emulsions in surgical anemia and shock resuscitation (Abstract F4). Vth ISBS meeting, San Diego. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Winslow R. M. Blood substitutes: current status. Transfusion 1989; 29: 753–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naval Research Advisory Committee Report. (August)1992
   Google Scholar
• NIH Guide for Grant and Contracts. (Nov)1992; 42: 18
   Google Scholar
• Cber. Points to consider in the safety evaluation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Transfusion 1991; 31: 369–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellards A. W., Minot G. R. Injection of haemoglobin in man and its relation to blood destruction, with special reference to the anemias. J Med Res 1916; 34: 496–94
   Google Scholar
• Amberson W. R., Flexner J., Steggerada F. R., et al. J Cell Comp Physiol 1934; 5: 359–82
   Google Scholar
• Cannan K. R., Redish J. The large-scale production of crystaline human hemoglob with preliminary observations of the effect of its injection in man. Blood Substitutes and Blood Transfusion, S. Mudd, W. Thalhimer. Charles Thomas, Springfield, EL 1942; 147–55
   Google Scholar
• Rabiner S. F., Friedman L. H. The role of intravascular hemolysis and the reticuloendothelial system in the production of the hypercoaguable state. Br J Haematol 1968; 14: 105–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimdorf N. I., Lopas H. Effects of stroma-free hemoglobin solution on renal function in monkeys. J Appl Physiol 1970; 29: 573–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark L. C., Gollan F. Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Science 1966; 152: 155–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geyer R. P., Monroe RG, Taylor K. Survival of rats having red cells totally replaced with emulsified fluorocarbon (abstract). Fed Proc 1968; 27: 384
   Google Scholar
• Clark L. C. Perfluorodecalin as a red cell substitute. Prog Clin Biol Res 1978; 19: 69–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lapin R., Friedman A., Levine E. M., et al. The pre-operative use of Fluosol 20% in major abdominal surgery. J Abdominal Surg 1980; 15–16: 9–98
   Google Scholar
• Tremper K., Friedman A., Levine E. M., et al. The preoperative treatment of severely anemic patients with a perfluorochemical oxygen-carrying fluid. Fluosol-DA. NEngJMed 1982; 307: 277–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuck T. F. Difficulties of demonstrating efficacy of blood substitutes. Blood Subst. Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 945–953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyton A. C. Textbook of Medical Physiology.7th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1986; 296–7
   Google Scholar
• Guyton A. C., Richardson T. Q. Effect of hematocrit on venous return. Circulation Res 1961; 9: 157–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messmer K. Compensatory mechanisms for acute dilutional anemia. Biblthca haemat 1981; 47: 31–42
   Google Scholar
• Messmer K. Acceptable hematocrit levels in surgical patients. World J Surg 1987; 11: 41–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erslev A. J., Caro J, Schuster S. J. Is there an optimal hemoglobin concentration%. Transfusion Med Rev 1989; 2: 237–42
   Google Scholar
• Jobes D. R., Gallager J. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Techniques of Transfusion, L. Stehling. International Anesthesia Clinics. 1992; 77–95
   Google Scholar
• Benesch R., Benesch R. E. Intracellular organic phosphates as regulators of oxygen release by hemoglobin. Nature 1969; 221: 618–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman R. J., Estep T. N. The properties and efficacy of blood substitutes. Quality assurance in transfusion medicine. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1993; I.: 41–411
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald V. W., Winslow R. M. Oxygen delivery and myocardial function in rabbit hearts perfused with cell-free hemoglobin. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 476–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn H. F., Esham WT, Bull R. W. The renal handling of hemoglobin. I. Glomerular filtration. J Exp Med 1969; 129: 909–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keipert P. E. Properties of chemically cross-linked hemoglobin solutions designed as temporary oxygen carriers. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 317: 453–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feola M., Simoni J., Tran R., et al. Nephrotoxicity of hemoglobin solutions. Biomat Art Cells Artif Organs 1990; 18: 233–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shefield C. L., DeLoach J. R. Nonencapsulated hemoglobin-based red blood cell substitutes: an updated view. Biotech Appl Biochem 1991; 14: 249–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winslow R. M. Hemoglobin-based red cell substitutes. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992
   Google Scholar
• Chang TMS. Blood substitutes based on modified hemoglobin prepared by encapsulation or crosslinking: an overview. Biomat Art Cells Immob Biotech 1992; 20: 159–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estep T. N., Bechtel MK, Miller TJ, Bagdasarian A. Virus inactivation of hemoglobin solutions by heat. Blood Substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 34–129
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee R., Welty E V, Walder R. Y., et al. Isolation and characterization of a new hemoglobin derivative cross-linked between the alpha chains (lysine 99 alpha1to lysine 99 alpha2). J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 9929–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winslow R. M. Advances in blood substitute research. Alan R Liss, New York 1989; 1–7
   Google Scholar
• Estep T. N., Bechtel M. K., Miller T. J., et al. Virus inactivation of hemoglobin solutions by heat. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 43–129
   Google Scholar
• Benesch R., Benesch R. E., Yung S., et al. Hemoglobin covalently bridged across the polyphosphate binding site. Biochem Biophysiol Res Comm 1975; 63: 1123–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benesch R. E., Kwong S. Bu-pyridoxal polyphosphates: a new class of specific intramolecular cross-linking agents for hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1988; 156: 9–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning L. R., Wendy JF, Manning J. M. Functional measurements in carboxy methylated hemoglobin, a potential blood substitute: effects of sodium chloride on pH values that influence the alkaline Bohr effect. Biomat Art Cells Art Org 1990; 18: 133–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dan E., Morton PG, Chang TMS. Bovine hemoglobin anaerobically reacted with divinyl sulfone: a potential source for hypothermic oxygen carriers. Biomat Art Cells Art Org 1992; 20: 263–75
   Google Scholar
• Tarn S-C, Blumenstein J, Wong JT-F. Soluble dextran-hemoglobin complex as a potential blood substitute. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 2128–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam S-C, Blumenstein J, Wong JT-F. Blood replacement in dogs by dextran hemoglobin. Can J Biochem 1978; 56: 981–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong JT-F. Rightshifted dextran-hemoglobin as a blood substitute. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 45–237
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki K., Ajisaka K, Iwashita Y. Hemoglobin-inulin conjugate as an oxygen carrying blood substitute. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1983; 113: 513–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cemy L. C., Cemey E. L., Cemy M. E., et al. Hydroxyethylstarch-hemoglobin polymers (abstract). Prog Clin Biol Res 1983; 122: 427
   Google Scholar
• Nho K., Linberg R., Johnson M., Gilbert C., et al. PEG-hemoglobin: an efficient oxygen-delivery system in the rat exchange transfusion and hypovolemic shock models. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 795–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menu P., Faivre B., Labrude P., et al. Human haemoglobin conjugated to carboxylate dextran as a potential red blood cell substitute. II. Pharmacologic evaluation. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 543–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal L. R., Rosen A. L., Gould S. A., et al. Preparation and in vivo characteristics of polymerized-pyridoxalated hemoglobin. Transfusion 1983; 23: 158–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss G. S., Gould S. A., Seghal L. R., et al. Hemoglobin solution – from tetramer to polymer. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 57–69
   Google Scholar
• Moss G. S., Gould S. A., Rosen A. L., et al. Results of the first clinical trial with a polymerized hemoglobin solution (abstract). Biomat Artif Cells Artif Organs 1989; 17: 633
   Google Scholar
• DeVenuto F., Zegna A. Preparation and evaluation of pyridoxalated polymerized human hemoglobin. J Surg Res 1983; 34: 205–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keipert P. E., Chang TMS. Preparation and. in vitro characteristics of a blood substitute based on pyridoxylated polyhemoglobin. Appl Biochem Biotech. 1984; 10: 133–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffield C. L., Spates G. E., DeLoach J. R. Hypoosmotic dialysis and ultrafiltration technique for preparation of mammalian hemoglobins: a comparison of three species. Biomat Artif Cells Artif Organs 1988; 16: 887–-994
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feola M., Gonzalez H., Canaizaro P. C., et al. Development of a bovine stroma-free hemoglobin as a blood substitute. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983; 157: 399–408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuck T. F., DeVenuto F., Neville J. R., et al. Oncotic and oxygen transport effects of hemoglobins. Prog Clin Biol Res 1978; 19: 111–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang TMS. 30th anniversary in artifical red blood cell research. Biomat Artif Cells Artif Organs 1988; 16: 1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy M-C, Rambourg P., Levy J., et al. Microencapsulation. IV. Cross-linked hemoglobin microcapsules. J Pharm Sci 1982; 71: 759–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng S., Zheng Y., Beissinger R., et al. Efficacy, physical properties and pharmacokinetics of sterically stabilized liposom-encapsulated hemoglobin. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 487–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt C. A., Bumette R. R., MacGreger R. D., et al. Synthesis and evaluation of a prototypical artificial red cell. Science 1985; 230: 1165–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt C. A., Burnett R. R. Neohemocytes. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983; 122: 59–69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinovici R., Rudolph A. S., Ligler F. S., et al. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH): an oxygen-carrying fluid. Circ Shock 1990; 32: 1–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langer R. New methods of drug delivery. Science 1990; 249: 1527–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess J. G. Fluorinated vesicles. J Drug Target 1994, in press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman S. J., Looker D. L., Roehrich J. M., et al. Expression of fully functional tetrameric human hemoglobin in. Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 8521–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn H. F. The use of hemoglobin as a blood substitute. Am J Hematol 1993; 42: 112–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker D., Abbott-Brown D., Cozart P., et al. A human recombinant hemoglobin designed for use as a blood substitute. Nature 1992; 356: 258–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker S. A., Gerber M. J., Evans G. L., et al. Initial clinical experience with a rationally designed genetically engineered recombinant human hemoglobin. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 457–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behringer R. R., Ryan J. M., Reilly P., et al. Synthesis of functional human hemoglobin in transgenic mice. Science 1989; 245: 971–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson M. E., Martin M. J., O'Donnel J. K., et al. Production of functional human hemoglobin in transgenic swine. Biotechnology 1992; 40: 557–9
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell J. K., Martin M. J., Logan J. S., et al. Production of human hemoglobin in transgenic swine: an approach to a blood substitute. Cancer Detect Prevent 1993; 17: 307–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benesch R. E., Benesch R. The effect of organic phosphates from the human erythrocyte on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967; 26: 162–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer M. C., Rudolph A. S., Vandergriff K. D., et al. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin: oxygen binding properties and respiratory function. Biomat Artif Cells Artif Organs 1988; 16: 289–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanner M. C. Liposome encapsulated hemoglobin as a synthetic red blood cell (abstract). Biomat Artif Cells Artif Organs 1989; 17: 654
   Google Scholar
• Feola M., Simoni J., Dobke M., et al. Complement activation and the toxicity of stroma-free hemoglobin solutions in primates. Circ Shock 1988; 25: 275–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Litwin M. S., Walter C. W., Ejarque P., et al. Synergistic toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria and free colloidal hemoglobin. Ann Surg 1963; 157: 485–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomside G. H., Cohn I. Hemoglobin as a bacterial virulence-enhancing factor in fluids produced in strangulated intestinal obstruction. Am Surg 1968; 34: 63–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth R. I., Kaca W. Toxicity of haemoglobin solutions: hemoglobin as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein which enhances LPS biological activity. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 20, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Sandler G. S., Berry E, Zlotnick A. Benign hemoglobinuria following transfusion of accidentally frozen blood. JAMA 1976; 235: 2850–1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pool R. Slow going for blood substitutes. Science 1990; 250: 1655–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keipert P. E., Chang TMS. Effects of partial and total isovolemic exchange transfusion in a fully conscious rats using pyridoxalated polyhemoglobin solution as a colloid oxygen-delivering blood replacement fluid. Vox Sang 1987; 53: 7–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess J. R., MacDonald VW, Brinkley W. W. Systemic and pulmonary hypertension after resuscitation with cell-free hemoglobin. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 1769–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro G. P. Comparison of acute cardiovascular effects and oxygen-supply following haemodilution with dextran, stroma-free haemoglobin solution and fluorocarbon suspension. Cardiovascular Res 1982; 16: 194–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro G. P. Blood substitutes and the cardiovascular system. Biomat Art Cells Art Org 1988; 16: 595–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S., Palmer RMJ, Higgs E. A. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 40: 109–43
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald V. W., Hess J. R., Gamez C. L., et al. Hemoglobin-mediated changes in vascular resistance are mimicked by blocking NO synthesis and eliminated by preventing NO binding (abstract H26). Vth International Symposium on Blood Substitutes, San Diego 1993
   Google Scholar
• Alayash Al, Brockner Ryan B. A., Fratantoni J. C., et al. Redox reactivity of modified hemoglobins with hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide: toxicological implications. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 373–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald V. W., Moterlini R. Vasoconstrictor effects in isolated rabbit heart perfused with few(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate cross-linked hemoglobin. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 565–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blantz R. C., Gabbai F. B., Tucker B. J., et al. Renal effects of hemoglobin-based red cell substitutes (abstract H5). Vth International Symposium on Blood Substitutes, San Diego 1993
   Google Scholar
• Nakai K., Matsuda N., Amano M., et al. Acellular and cellular hemoglobin solutions as vasoconstrictive factor (abstract H-30). Vth International Symposium on Blood Substitutes, San Diego 1993
   Google Scholar
• Marks D. H., Patressi J, Chaudry M. Effects of pyndoxylated stabilized stroma-free hemoglobin solution on the clearance of intravascular lipid by the reticuloendothelial system. Circ Shock 1985; 16: 165–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vercellotti G. M., Balla G., Balla J., et al. Heme and the vasculature: an oxidative hazard that induces antioxidant defenses in the endothelium. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro G. P. Perfluorocarbon-based red blood cell substitutes. Transfusion Med Rev 1993; 7: 84–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faithfull N. S. Artificial oxygen carrying blood substitutes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 317: 55–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riess J. G. Overview on progress in the fluorocarbon approach to vivo oxygen delivery. Blood substitutes and oxygen carriers, TMS Chang. Marcel Dekker, New York 1993; 24–43
   Google Scholar
• Riess J. G. Fluorocarbon-based in vivo oxygen transport and delivery systems. Vox Sang 1991; 61: 225–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess J. G., Le Blanc M. Solubility and transport phenomena in perfluorochemicals relevant to blood substitution and other biomedical applications. Pure Appl Chem 1982; 54: 2383–406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess J. G. Reassessment of criteria for the selection of perfluorochemicals for second generation blood substitutes. Analysis of structure/property relationships. Artif Org 1984; 8: 44–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postel M., Riess JG, Weers J. G. Fluorocarbon emulsions – the stability issue. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 991–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess J. G. Blood substitutes: where do we stand with the fluorocarbon approach%. Curr Surg 1988; 45: 365–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riess J. G. Highly fluorinated systems for oxygen transport, diagnosis and drug delivery. Colloids Surfaces 1994; 84: 33–48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmolka I. R. Applications of the poloxamer surfactants in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. CESIO, London 1992; 186
   Google Scholar
• Riess J. G., Le Blanc M. Preparation of perfluorochemical emulsions for biomedical use: principles, materials and methods. Blood substitutes: preparation, physiology and medical applications, K. C. Lowe. Chichester Ellis Horwood Ltd. 1988; 94–129
   Google Scholar
• Eckenhoff R. G., Longnecker D. E. The therapeutic gases. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, and water vapor. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics.8th ed., A. G. Gilman, T. W. Roll, A. S. Nier, P. Taylor. Pergamon Press, New York 1990; 42–332
   Google Scholar
• Jenkinson S. G. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Clin Chest Med 1982; 3: 109–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz J., Decke B, Baumi M., et al. High oxygen extraction combined with extensive oxygen consumption in the rat liver perfused with Fluosol-DA, a new perfluoro compound emulsion. Pflügers Arch 1978; 376: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faithfull N. S. Mechanisms and efficacy of fluorochemical oxygen transport and delivery. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 181–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faithfull N. S. Oxygen delivery from fluorocarbon emulsions – aspects of convective and diffusive transport. Blood substitutes and oxygen carriers, TMS Chang. Marcel Dekker., New York 1993; 76–569
   Google Scholar
• Zaritskii A. R., Kuznetsova E. N., Perevedentseva E. V., et al. Effect of perfluorochemical emulsions on the rate of blood oxygenation-deoxygenation. Russian J Phys Chem 1993; 67: 533–6
   Google Scholar
• Naito R., Yokoyama K. Perfluorochemical blood substitutes. Technical Information Series n'5 and n'7, Green Cross Corp., Osaka, Japan, 1978, 1981; Alpha Therapeutic Corporation. Fluosol 20% Intravascular Perfluorochemical Emulsion. Product Monograph. 1990
   Google Scholar
• Obraztsov W. Fluorocarbon blood substitutes in Russia. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1019–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beloyartsev F. F., Mayevsky El, Islamov B. I. Ftorosan-oxygen carrying perfluorochemical plasma substitute. Acad. Sci. USSR, Pushchino, 1983; Ivanitski. GR. Institut of Biophysics, Pushchino 1993
   Google Scholar
• Chen H. S., Yang Z. H., et al. Perfluorocarbon as blood substitute in clinical applications and in war casualties. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 72–403
   Google Scholar
• Riess J. G., Krafft M. P. Elaboration of fluorocarbon emulsions with improved oxygen-carrying capabilities. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 317: 465–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman R. J., Goodin TH, Richard T. J. Efficacy of perfluorochemical emulsions in surgical anemia and shock resuscitation (Abstract). VthInt Symp. on Blood Substitutes, San DiegoSan March, 1993
   Google Scholar
• Riess J. G. The design and development of improved fluorocarbon-based products for use in medicine and biology. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 215–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long D. C., Long D. M., Riess J. G., et al. Preparation and application of highly concentrated perfluoroctylbromide fluorocarbon emulsions. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 2–441
   Google Scholar
• Riess J. G., Dalfors J. L., Hanna G. K., et al. Development of highly fluid, concentrated and stable fluorocarbon emulsions for diagnosis and therapy. BiomatArt Cells Immob Biotech 1992; 20: 839–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weers J. G. A physicochemical evaluation of perfluorochemicals for oxygen transport applications. J Fluorine Chem 1993; 64: 73–93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaim S. F. Pharmacokinetics and side effects of perfluorocarbon-based blood substitutes. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1043–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattrey R. F. Perfluorooctyl bromide: a new contrast agent for CT, sonography and MR imaging. Am J Radiol 1989; 152: 247–52
   Google Scholar
• Keipert P. E., Faithfull N. S., Bradley J. D., et al. Enhanced oxygen delivery by perflubron emulsions during acute hemodilution. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1161–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun R. D., Linsenmeier RA, Goldstick T. K. New perfluorocarbon emulsion improves tissue oxygenation in cat retina. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 1960–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan M. C., Willford D., Faithfull N. S., et al. Effect of low dose oxygen TM added to blood on muscle VO2max. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 317: 497–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biro G. P., Jing N, Anderson P. J. Studies on blood substitutes based on hemoglobin and perfluorocarbons. BiomatArt Cells Immob Biotech 1992; 20: 1013–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohyanagi H., Nakaya S., Okumura S., et al. Surgical use of Fluosol-DA in Jehovah's Witness patients. Artif Organs 1984; 8: 8–10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould S. A., Rosen L. A., Sehgal L. R., et al. Fluosol-DA as a red-cell substitute in acute anemia. NEnglJMed 1986; 314: 1653–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloviter H. A. The safety and efficacy of perfluorochemical emulsions as blood substitutes. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 61–459
   Google Scholar
• Correspondence section. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1677–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mercuriali F., Inghilleri G., Biffi E., et al. The potential role of oxygen-carrying products in autologous blood transfusion protocols. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 245–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riess J. G. Hemocompatible fluorocarbon emulsions. Blood compatible materials and devices: prospectives towards the 21st century, C. P. Sharma, M. Szycher. Lancaster, Technomics 1990; 237–70
   Google Scholar
• Yokoyama K., Naito R., Tsuda Y., et al. Selection of 53 PFC substances for better stability of emulsion and improved artificial blood substitutes. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983; 122: 189–96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans R. G., Kimler B. F., Morantz R. A., et al. Lack of complications in long-term survivors after treatment with Fluosol® and oxygen as an adjuvant to radiation therapy for high-grade brain tumors. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 26: 649–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz J. Effects of perfluorochemicals on host defense, especially on the reticuloendothelial system. Int Anesth Clin 1985; 23: 63–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruneton J. N., Falewee M. N., Francois E., et al. Preliminary clinical results using perfluorooctyl-bromide (PFOB) for CT Imaging of the liver, spleen and vessels. Radiology 1989; 170: 179–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustig R., Lowe N., Prosnitz L., et al. Fluosol and oxygen breathing as an adjuvant to radiation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: results of a Phase I/II study. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 19: 97–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaim S. F., Hazard D. R., Hogan J., et al. Characterization and mechanism of side effects of Oxygent1 HT (highly concentrated fluorocarbon emulsion) in swine. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1511–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaim S. F., Hazard D. R., Hogan J., et al. Characterization and mechanism of side effects of Imagent BP (highly concentrated fluorocarbon emulsion) in swine. Invest Radiol 1991; 26: S122–4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane T., Smith D., Wancewicz E., et al. Inhibition of endotoxin-mediated activation of endothelial cells by a perfluorocarbon emulsion. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1993; 21: 163–72
   Google Scholar
• Hammerschmidt D. E., Vercelloti G. M. Limitation of complement activation by perfluorocarbon emulsions: superiority of lecithin-emulsified preparations. Blood substitutes, TMS Chang, R. P. Geyer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 38–431
   Google Scholar
• Clark L. C., Hoffmann R. E., Davis S. L. Response of the rabbit lung as a criterion of safety for fluorocarbon breathing and blood substitutes. Biomat Art Cells Immob Biotech 1992; 20: 1085–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutt E., Barber P., Fields T., et al. Proposed mechanism of pulmonary gas trapping (PGT) following intravenous perfluorocarbon emulsion administration. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1205–1214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe K. C. Synthetic oxygen transport fluid based on perfluorochemicals: applications in medicine and biology. Vox Sang 1991; 60: 129–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minato N., Sasaki T., Sakuma I., et al. Potential clinical applications of the oxygen carrying solutions. Biomat Art Cells and Immob Biotech 1992; 20: 221–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwell S. Perfluorochemical emulsions and radiation therapy. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1037–08
   Google Scholar
• Teicher B A. Combination of perfluorochemical emulsions and carbogen breathing with cancer chemotherapy. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1109–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guichard M. The use of fluorocarbon emulsions in cancer radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 1991; 20: 59–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloner R. A., Hale S. Cardiovascular applications of fluorocarbons in regional ischemia/ reperfusion. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1069–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilby J. D. Cardiovascular applications of fluorocarbons: current status and future direction – A critical clinical appraisal. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1083–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall T. C., Topol E. J., Califf R. M., et al. TAMI 9: preliminary report of a prospective randomized trial of intravenous fluosol in acute myocardial infarction (abstract). Circulation 1992; 86: 1–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman W. L., McGiffin D. C., Walter VAV, et al. Use of current generation perfluorocarbon emulsions in cardiac surgery. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 979–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe C., Wohlgelemter D., Cabin H., et al. Preservation of left ventricular ejection fraction during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by distal transcatheter coronary perfusion of oxygenated Fluosol DA 20%. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 1156–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazile L., Clarke J, Haisch C. Issues and problems in organ preservation in the U.S. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 327–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voiglio E. J., Cloix P., Zarif L., et al. Ex vivo normothermic preservation of rat multiple organ blocks using a perfluorooctyl bromide emulsion as oxygen carrier. Transplant Proc, in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattrey R. F. The potential role of perfluorochemicals (PFCS) in diagnostic imaging. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 295–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behan M., O'Connell D., Mattrey R. F., et al. Perfluorooctylbromide as a contrast agent for CT and sonography: preliminary clinical results. Am J Radiol 1993; 160: 399–405
   Google Scholar
• Thomas S. R., Millard R. W., Pratt R. G., et al. Quantitative PO2imaging in vivo with perfluorocarbon F-19 NMR: tracking oxygen from the airway through the blood to organ tissues. Blood Subst Art Cells Immob Biotech 1994; 22: 1029–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason R. P., Jeffrey F. M., Malloy C. R., et al. A noninvasive assessment of myocardial oxygen tension: 19F NMR spectroscopy of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsions. Magn Res Med 1992; 27: 310–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravey J. C., SteW MJ. Structure of inverse micelles and emulsion-gels with fluorinated non-ionic surfactants. A small-angle neutron scattering study. Prog. Colloid Potym Sci 1990; 82: 218–28
   Google Scholar
• Krafft M. P., Riess J. G. Stable highly concentrated fluorocarbon gels. Angew Chem Int Ed Eng 1994; 33: 1100–1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magdassi M., Royz M, Shoshan S. Interactions between collagen and perfluorocarbon emulsions. Int J Pharm 1992; 88: 171–6
   Google Scholar