Molecular Detection of Hepatitis C Virus: Impact of Detection Methodology on Clinical and Laboratory Correlations

References

• Alter M. J. The detection, transmission, and outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Infect Agents Dis. 1993; 2: 155–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis G. L., Lim H. Current status of interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a hepatologist's perspective. Infect Agents Dis. 1993; 2: 150–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donahue J. G., Munoz A., Ness P. M., et al. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 369–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter H. J. Chronic consequences of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Current perspectives in hepatology, L. B. Seeff, J. H. Lewis. Plenum Medical Books, New York 1989; 83–97
   Google Scholar
• Alter M. J., Coleman P. J., Alexander W. J., et al. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 1989; 262: 1201–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick R., Koff R. Hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Prevalence and significance. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1672–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallari D. S., Jett B. W., Alter H. J., et al. Serological markers of posttransfusion hepatitis C viral infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1992; 30: 552–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chien D. Y., Choo Q. L., Tabrizi A., et al. Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using an immunodominant chimeric polyprotein to capture circulating antibodies: reevaluation of the role of HCV in liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 10011–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houghton M., Weiner A., Han J., et al. Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology 1991; 14: 381–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter H. J. Descartes before the horse: I clone, therefore I am: the hepatitis C virus in current perspective. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 644–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoda K., Omata M., Yokosuka O., et al. Non-A, non-B chronic hepatitis is chronic hepatitis C: a sensitive assay for the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in the liver. Hepatology 1992; 15: 777–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farci P., Alter H. J., Wong D., et al. A long-term study of hepatitis C replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis. V. Engl J Med 1991; 325: 98–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley D. W., McCaustland K. A., Cook E. H., et al. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees: physicochemical evidence that the tubule-forming agent is a small, enveloped virus. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 773–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He L-F, Ailing D., Popkin T., et al. Determining the size of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus by filtration. J Infect Dis 1987; 156: 636–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo Q-L, Kuo G., Weiner A. J., et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989; 244: 359–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo G., Choo Q-L, Alter H. J., et al. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989; 244: 362–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo Q-L, Kuo G., Weiner A., et al. Identification of the major, parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis agent (hepatitis C virus) using a recombinant cDN A approach. Semin Liver Dis 1992; 12: 279–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley D. W. Hepatitis E: epidemiology, aetiology and molecular biology. Rev Med Virol. 1992; 2: 19–28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aach R. D., Stevens C. E., Hollinger F. B., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in post-transfusion hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1325–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller R. H., Purcell R. H. Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestiviruses and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant virus supergroups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 2057–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell R. H. Program. Fourth International Symposium on HCV., Tokyo and Abstracts May 7 to 9, 1993
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds P., Rose K. A., Graham S., et al. Mapping of serotype-specific, immunodominant epitopes in the NS-4 region of hepatitis C virus (HCV): use of type-specific peptides to serologically differentiate infections with HCV types 1, 2, 3. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1493–1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bréchot C., Kremsdorf D. Genetic variation of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome: random events or a clinically relevant issue%. J Hepatol 1993; 17: 265–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fourth, International Symposium on HCV; Program and Abstracts. Tokyo 1993, May 7 to 9
   Google Scholar
• Francois M., Dubois F., Brand D., et al. Prevalence and significance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia in HCV antibody-positive subjects from various populations. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1189–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofmann H., Konczer A. Commercial test kits in diagnosis of hepatitis C. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis. 1993; 5: 76–80
   Google Scholar
• Bansal J., Constantine N. T., Zhang X., et al. Evaluation of five hepatitis C virus screening tests and two supplemental assays: performance when testing sera from sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees in the USA. Clin Diagn Virol. 1993; 1: 113–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakagiri I., Ichihara K., Ohmoto K., et al. Analysis of discordant test results among five second-generation assays for anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies also tested by polymerase chain reac-tion-RNA assay and other laboratory and clinical tests for hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 2974–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferroni P., Mascolo G., Zaninetti M, et al. Identification of four epitopes in hepatitis C virus core protein. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1586–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallberg M., Ruddn I., Wahren B., et al. Immunodominant regions within the hepatitis C virus core and putative matrix proteins. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 1989–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brillanti S., Masci R., Ricci P., et al. Significance of IgM antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1992; 15: 998–1001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hellstrdm U. B., Sylvan SPE, Decker R. H., et al. Immunoglobulin M reactivity towards the immunologically active region sp75 of the core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in chronic HCV infection. J Med Virol 1993; 39: 325–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alter H. I., Purcell R. H., Shih J. W., et al. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1494–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira BJG, Milford E. L., Kirkman R. L., et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 454–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira BJG, Milford E. L., Kirkman R. L., et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in organ donors positive for hepatitis C antibody and in the recipients of their organs. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 910–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lok ASF, Chien D., Choo Q-L, et al. Antibody response to core, envelope and non-structural hepatitis C virus antigens: comparison of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Hepatology 1993; 18: 497–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira BJG, Milford E. L., Kirkman R. L., et al. Liver disease and HCV infection after transplantation of organs from hepatitis C antibody positive donors. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 1458–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakamoto N., Sato C., Haritani H., et al. Detection of hepatitis C viral RNA in sporadic acute non-A, non-B hepatitis by polymerase chain reaction. J Hepatol 1993; 17: 28–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato N., Yokosuka O., Hosoda K., et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in acute non-A, non-B hepatitis as an early diagnostic tool. Biochem Biophys Res 1993; 192: 800–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alter M. J., Margolis H. S., Krawczynski K., et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1899–905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Féray C., Gigou M., Samuel D., et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver of patients with fulminant hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 549–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright T. L., Hsu H., Donegan E., et al. Hepatitis C virus not found in fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 111–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esteban J. I., Gonzilez A., Hernández J. M., et al. Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a study of transfusion associated hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1107–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera J. M., Bruguera M., Ercilla M. G., et al. Incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis after screening blood donors for antibodies to hepatitis C virus and surrogate markers. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 596–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seeff L. B., Buskell-Bales Z., Wright E. C., et al. Long-term mortality after transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1906–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koretz R. L., Abbey H., Coleman E., et al. Non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis: looking back in the second decade. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 110–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukuma H., Hiyama T., Tanaka S., et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1797–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo M., De Franchis R., Del Ninno E., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 675–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley R. P., Hwang L-Y, Lin C-C, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: a prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet. 1981; 2: 1129–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito I., Miyamura T., Ohbayashi A., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6547–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienstag J. L., Alaama A., Mosley J. W., et al. Etiology of sporadic hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melbye M., Biggar R. J., Wantzin P., et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis virus: cohort study (1981-9) among European homosexual men. Br Med J 1990; 301: 210–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban JL, Esteban R., Viladomiu L., et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain. Lancet. 1989; 2: 294–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everhart J. E., Di Bisceglie A. M., Murray L. M., et al. Risk for non-A, non-B (type Q hepatitis through sexual or household contact with chronic carriers. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 55–544
   Google Scholar
• Tor J., Llibre J. M., Carbonell M., et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus and its relationship with hepatitis B virus and HTV. Br Med J 1990; 301: 1130–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyster M. E., Alter H. J., Aledort L. M., et al. Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 764–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarero C., Martos I., Delgado R., et al. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis C virus in households of infected children. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 98–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buscarini E., Tanzi E., Zanetti A. R., et al. High prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus among family members of patients with anti-HCV-positive chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 343–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinus J. F., Leikin E. L., Alter H. J., et al. Failure to detect vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 881–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijstal R., Widell A., Mansson A-S. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 887–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roudot-Thoraval F., Pawlotsky J-M, Thiers V., et al. Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Hepatology 1993; 17: 772–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam JPH, McOmish F., Bums S. M., et al. Infrequent vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 572–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue Y., Takeuchi K., Chou W-H, et al. Silent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus through two generations determined by comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of the viral cDNA. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1425–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohto H., Terazawa S., Sasaki N., et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 774–50
   Google Scholar
• Thaler M. M., Park C-K, Landers D. V., et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1991; 338: 17–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman K. E., O'Brien J., Gutierrez A. G., et al. Quantitative evaluation of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 2679–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westh H., Worm A-M, Jensen B. L., et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in homosexual men and intravenous drug users in Denmark. Infection 1993; 21: 115–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan C. M., Krajden M., Grigoriew G. A., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 117–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth D., Fernandez J. A., Babischkin S., et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus infection among cadaver organ donors: evidence for low transmission of disease. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 470–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bukh J., Wantzin P., Krogsgaard K., et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in dialysis patients: failure of commercially available antibody tests to identify a significant number of patients with HCV infection. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 1324–8
   Google Scholar
• Silini E., Bono F., Cerino A., et al. Virological features of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 2913–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agnello V., Chung R. T., Kaplan L. M. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1490–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misiani R., Bellavita P., Fenili D., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 573–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misiani R., Bellavita P., Fenili D., et al. Interferon alph-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 751–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson R. J., Gretch D. R., Yamabe H., et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 465–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijikata M., Shimizu Y. K., Kato H., et al. Equilibrium centrifugation studies of hepatitis C virus: evidence for circulating immune complexes. J Virol 1993; 67: 1953–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishiro S., Hoshi Y., Takeda K., et al. Non-A, non-B hepatitis specific antibodies directed at host-derived epitope: implications for an autoimmune process. Lancet 1990; 336: 1400–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel T., Ritter A., Gerken G., et al. Anti-Gor and hepatitis C virus in autoimmune liver diseases. Lancet 1992; 339: 267–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A. M., Cresteil D., Homberg J. C., et al. Characterization of anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody (anti-LKMl) from hepatitis C virus-positive and -negative sera. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1762–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlich H. A., Gelfand D., Sninsky J. J., et al. Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction. Science 1991; 252: 1643–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolcott M. J. Advances in nucleic acid-based detection methods. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1992; 5: 370–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaaijer H. L., Cuypers HTM, Reesink H. W., et al. Reliability of polymerase chain reaction for detection of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1993; 341: 722–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutl6e F, Saint-Antoine P., Olivier C., et al. Discordance between primer pairs in the polymerase chain reaction for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a role for Taq polymerase inhibitors. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 817–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chou S. Effect of interstrain variation on diagnostic DNA amplification of the cytomegalovirus major immediate-early gene region. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 2307–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busch M. P., Wilber J. C., Johnson P., et al. Impact of specimen handling and storage on detection of hepatitis C virus RNA. Transfusion 1992; 32: 420–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang J-T, Wang T-H, Sheu J-C, et al. Effects of anticoagulants and storage of blood samples on efficacy of the polymerase chain reaction assay for hepatitis C virus. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 750–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuypers HTM, Bresters D., Winkel N., et al. Storage conditions of blood samples and primer selection affect the yield of cDNA polymerase chain reaction products of hepatitis C virus. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 3220–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan C. M., Krajden M., Zhao J., et al. High-performance liquid chromatography to assess the effect of serum storage conditions on the detection of hepatitis C virus by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1993; 43: 299–308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bukh J., Purcell R. H., Miller R. H. Importance of primer selection for the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA with the polymerase chain reaction assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 187–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolated by acid guanidinium thiocy-anate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem 1987; 162: 156–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shindo M., Di Bisceglie A. M., Cheung L., et al. Decrease in serum hepatitis C viral RNA during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 700–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte F. S., Thurmond C., Mitchell P. S. Isolation of hepatitis C virus RNA from serum for reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 519–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Franchis R., Cross NCP, Foulkes N. S., et al. A potent inhibitor of Taq polymerase copurifies with human genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 10355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holodniy M., Kim S., Katzenstein D., et al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus gene amplification by heparin. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 676–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buffone G. J., Demmler G. J., Schimbor C. M., et al. Improved amplification of cytomegalovirus DNA from urine after purification of DNA with glass beads. Clin Chem 1991; 0: 9–1945
   Google Scholar
• Boom R, Sol CJA, Slimans MMM, et al. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 495–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kain K. C., Lanar D. E. Determination of genetic variation with. Plasmodium falciparum by using enzymatically amplified DNA from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. J Clin Microbiol. 1991; 29: 1171–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone R. W., Hobson A. C., Huang M-LW. Coamplified positive control detects inhibition of polymerase chain reactions. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 0: 9–3185
   Google Scholar
• Lee C-H, Cheung C., Wang J., et al. Identification of hepatitis C viruses with a nonconserved sequence of the 5' untranslated region. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 1602–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farci P., Alter H. J., Govindarajan S., et al. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 1992; 2: 40–135
   Google Scholar
• Kumar U., Brown J., Monjardino J., et al. Sequence variation in the large envelope glycoprotein (E2/NS1) of hepatitis C virus during chronic infection. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 726–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunji T., Kato N., Mori S., et al. Correlation between the serum level of hepatitis C virus RNA and disease activities in acute and chronic hepatitis C. Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 726–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fong T-L, Shindo M., Feinstone S. M., et al. Detection of rephcative intermediates of hepatitis C viral RNA in liver and serum of patients widi chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1058–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouri Aria K. T., Sallie R., Sangar D., et al. Detection of genomic and intermediate rephcative strands of hepatitis C virus in liver tissue by in situ hybridization. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2226–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherker A. H., Twu S., Jr, Reyes G. R., et al. Presence of viral rephcative intermediates in the liver and serum of patients infected wim hepatitis C virus. J Med Virol 1993; 39: 91–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rys R. N., Persing D. H. Preventing false positives: quantitative evaluation of three protocols for inactivation of polymerase chain reaction amplification products. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 2356–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Féray C., Samuel D., Thiers V., et al. Reinfection of liver graft by hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1361–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gretch D. R., Wilson J. J., Carithers R. L., et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA: comparison of one-stage polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with nested-set PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 289–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young KKY, Resnick R. M., Myers T. W. Detection of hepatitis C virus by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 882–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickover R. E., Donovan R. M., Goldstein E., et al. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 2130–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der, Vliet GME, Hermans C. J., Klatser P. R. Simple colorimetric microliter plate hybridization assay for detection of amplified mycobacterium leprae DNA. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 665–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piatak M., Jr, Saag M. S., Yang L. C., et al. High levels of HTV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 1993; 259: 1749–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliland G., Perrin S., Banchard K., et al. Analysis of cytokine mRNA and DNA: detection and quantitation by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 2725–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang A. M., Doyle M. V., Mark D. F. Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 9717–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzo S., Bagnarelli Giacca P., et al. Absolute quantitation of viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection by competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 1752–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan A., Zhao J., Krajden M. Polymerase chain reaction kinetics using a positive internal control target to quantitatively detect cytomegalovirus target sequences. J Virol Methods 1994; 48: 223–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagiwara H., Hayashi N., Mita E., et al. Quantitative analysis of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum during interferon alpha therapy. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 877–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleter GEM, Brouwer J. T., Heijtink R. A., et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infections during and after therapy with alpha interferon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 595–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lau JYN, Davis G. L., Kniffen J., et al. Significance of serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 1993; 3: 4–1501
   Google Scholar
• Kakumu S., Yoshioka K., Wakita T., et al. A pilot study of ribavirin and interferon beta for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 507–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantaleo G., Graziosi C., Fauci A. S., et al. The immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 327–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouffard P., Hayashi P. H., Acevedo R., et al. Hepatitis C virus is detected in a monocyte J macrophage subpopulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected patients. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1276–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu Y. K., Iwamoto A., Hijkata M., et al. Evidence for in vitro replication of hepatitis C virus genome in a human T-cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5477–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu Y. K., Purcell R. H., Yoshikura H. Correlation between the infectivity of hepatitis C virus. in vivo and its infectivity. in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 6037–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brillanti S., Foli M., Gaiani S., et al. Persistent hepatitis C viraemia without liver disease. Lancet 1993; 341: 464–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishai F. Personal communication. Ontario Ministry of Health. Laboratory Services Branch, TorontoCanada
   Google Scholar