54
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

HDL Heterogeneity and Atherosclerosis

, &
Pages 163-201 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Gordon T, Kannel W B, Castelli W P, et al. Lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, and death. Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1980; 141: 1128–1131
  • Assmann G, Schulte H. PROCAM-trial. Hedingen. Panscienta Verlag, Zürich 1986
  • Frick H M. Helsinki Heart Study. Primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle aged men with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237–1245
  • Eisenberg S. High density lipoprotein metabolism. J Lipid Res 1984; 25: 1017–1058
  • Vega G L, Grundy S M. In vivo evidence for reduced binding of low density lipoproteins to receptors as a cause of primary moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 1410–1418
  • Segrest J P, Jackson R L, Morisset J D, et al. A molecular theory of lipid-protien interaction in the lipoproteins. FEBS lett 1974; 38: 247–253
  • Brewer H B, Jr, Lux S E, Ronan R, et al. The primary structure of apolipoprotein from human high density lipoprotein family: apolipoprotein A-II. J Biol Chem 1972; 257: 7189–7195
  • Mao S TJ, Sparrow J T, Gilliam E B, et al. Mechanism of lipid-protein interaction in the plasma lipoproteins: lipid binding properties of a synthetic fragment of apolipoprotein AII. Biochemistry 1977; 16: 4150–4156
  • Innerarity T L, Mahley R W, Weisgraber K H, et al. Apoprotein (E-AII) complex of human plasma lipoproteins. II. Receptor binding activity of high density lipoprotein subfraction modulated by the apolipoprotein (E-AII) complex. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 6289–6295
  • Weisgraber K H, Mahley R W. Apoprotein (E-AII) complex of human plasma lipoproteins. I. Characterization of this mixed disulfide and its identification in high density lipoprotein subfraction. J Biol Chem 1978; 98: 17–24
  • Green P HR, Glickman R M, Riley J W, et al. Human apolipoprotein A-IV. Intestinal origin and distribution in plasma. J Clin Invest 1980; 65: 911–919
  • Weinberg R B, Dantzker C, Patton C S. Sensitivity of serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels to changes in dietary fat content. Gastroenterology 1990; 253: 6281–6288
  • Stein O, Stein Y, Lefevre M, et al. The role of apolipoprotein A-IV in reverse cholesterol transport studied with cultured cells and liposomes derived from an ether analog of phosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 878: 7–13
  • Steinmetz A, Uterman G. Activation of lecithin : cholesterol acyl transferase by human apolipoprotein A-IV. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 2258–2264
  • Fujimoto K, Cardelli J A, Tso P. Increased apolipoprotein A-IV in rat mesenteric lymph after lipid meal acts as a physiological signal for satiation. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: 1002–1006
  • Rail S C, Weigraber K H, Mahley R W. Human apo E. The complete amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 4171–4178
  • Beisiegel U, Weber W, Ihrke G, et al. The LDL-receptor-related protein, LRP, is an apolipoprotein E-binding protein. Nature 1989; 341: 162–164
  • Soutar A K, Garner G E, Baker G N, et al. Effect of the human plasma lipoproteins and phosphatidylcholine acyl donor on the activity of lecithin cholesteryl acyl transferase. Biochemistry 1975; 14: 3057–3064
  • Bentgsson G, Olivecrona T. Lipoprotein lipase: some effect of activator proteins. Eur J Biochem 1980; 106: 549–555
  • McCall M R, Nichols A V, Blanche P J, et al. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase induced transformation of HepG2 lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 1579–1589
  • Simard G, Loiseau D, Girault A, et al. Reactivity of HDL subfractions towards lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Modulation by their content in free cholesterol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 1005: 245–252
  • Karpe F, Johansson J, Carlson L A. Studies on the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase substrate properties of HDL as determined by its subclass distribution analysed by gradient gel electrophoresis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1042: 310–314
  • Fielding C J, Shore V G, Fielding P E. Apolipoprotein cofactor of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46: 1493–1498
  • Albers J J, Tollefson J H, Chen C H, et al. Isolation and characterization of human plasma lipid transfer proteins. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 49–58
  • Hesler C B, Tall A R, Swenson T L, et al. Monoclonal antibodies to the Mr 74,000 cholesteryl ester transfer protein neutralize all of the cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer activities in human plasma. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 5020–5023
  • De Lalla O F, Elliott H A, Gofman J W. Ultracentrifugal studies of high density serum lipoproteins in clinically healthly adults. Am J Physiol 1954; 179: 333–337
  • Blanche P J, Gong E L, Forte T M, et al. Characterization of human high density lipoproteins by gradient gel electrophoresis. Biochim Biophys Ada 1981; 665: 408–419
  • Gidez L I, Miller G J, Burstein M, et al. Separation and quantification of subclasses of human plasma high density lipoproteins by a simple precipitation procedure. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 1206–1223
  • Nestruck A C, Niedmann P D, Wieland H, et al. Chromatofocusing of human high density lipoproteins and isolation of lipoproteins A and AI. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 753: 65–73
  • Cheung M C, Albers J J. Characterization of lipoprotein particles isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography: particles containing AI and AII particles and particles containing AI but no AII. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 12201–12209
  • Nowicka G, Brüning T, Böttcher A, et al. The macrophage interaction of HDL subclasses separated by free flow isotachophoresis. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 1947–1963
  • Schaefer E J, Foster D M, Jenkins L L, et al. The composition and metabolism of high density lipoprotein subfractions. Lipids 1979; 14: 511–522
  • Anderson D W, Nichols A V, Pan S S, et al. High density lipoprotein distribution: resolution and determination of three major components in a normal population. Atherosclerosis 1977; 29: 161–179
  • Kostner G M, Patsch J R, Sailer S, et al. Polypeptide distribution of the main lipoprotein density classes separated from human plasma by rate zonal ultracen-trifugation. Eur J Biochem 1974; 45: 611–621
  • Weisgraber K H, Mahley R W. Subfractionation of human high density lipoprotein by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography. J Lipid Res 1980; 21: 316–325
  • Mackenzie S L, Sundaram G S, Sodhi H S. Heterogeneity of human serum high density lipoprotein (HDL2). Clin Chim Acta 1973; 43: 223–226
  • Alaupovic P. The phy sichochemical and immunological heterogeneity of human plasma high density lipoproteins. Clinical and metabolic aspects of high density lipoproteins, N E Miller, G J Miller. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985; 1–43
  • Nichols A V, Krauss R M, Musliner T A. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol 1986; 128: 417–431
  • Verdery R B, Benham J F, Baldwin H L, et al. Measurement of normative HDL subtraction cholesterol levels by Gaussian summation analysis of gradient gels. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 1085–1095
  • McVicar J P, Kunitake S T, Hamilton R L, et al. Characteristics of human lipoproteins isolated by selected-affinity immunosorption of apolipoprotein A-I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 1356–1360
  • Barbaras R, Grimaldi P, Negrel R, et al. Characterization of high density lipoprotein binding and cholesterol efflux in cultured mouse adipose cells. Biochem Biophys Acta 1986; 888: 143–156
  • Barbaras R, Puchois P, Fruchart J C, et al. Cholesterol efflux from cultured adipose cells is mediated by LpAI particles but not LpAI:AII particles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 142: 63–69
  • Atmeh R F, Shepard J, Packard C J. Subpopulations of apolipoprotein AI in human high density lipoproteins: their metabolic properties and response to drug therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 751: 175–188
  • Puchois P, Kandoussi A, Fievet P, et al. Apolipoprotein AI-containing lipoproteins in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1987; 68: 35–40
  • Ohta T, Hattori S, Nishiyama S, et al. Studies on the lipid and apolipoprotein compositions of two species of apo Al-containing lipoproteins in normolipidemic males and females. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 721–728
  • Alaupovic P, Bekaert E D, Koren E. Biotechnology of dyslipoproteinemia: atherosclerosis, C Lenfant, A Albertini, R Paoletti, A L Catapano. Raven Press, New York 1990; 179
  • Kilsdonk E P, Van Gent T, Van Tol A. Characterization of human high density lipoprotein subclasses LpAI and LpAI:AII and binding HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 104: 205–212
  • Cheung M C, Wolf A C, Lum K D, et al. Distribution and localization of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer activity in AI containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1986; 27: 1135–1144
  • Cheung M C, Wolf A C, Brunzell J D. Metabolic pathways of HDL subpopulations: physiological implications of in vitro observations. Disorders of HDL, L A Carlson. Smith, Gordon & Co, London 1990; 89–97
  • Hennessy L K, Kunitake S T, Kane J P. Apolipoprotein AI containing lipoproteins, with or without apolipoprotein AII, as progenitors of pre-β high density lipoprotein particles. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 5759–5765
  • Duverger N, Rader D, Duchateau P, et al. Biochemical characterization of the three subclasses of lipoprotein A-I preparatively isolated from human plasma. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 12372–12379
  • Lagrost L, Gambert P, Boquillon M, et al. Evidence for high density lipoproteins as the major apolipoprotein AIV-containing fraction in normal human serum. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 1525–1534
  • Bekaert E D, Alaupovic P, Knight-Gibson C, et al. Isolation and characterization of lipoprotein-AII (Lp-AII) particles of human plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1126: 105–113
  • Assmann G, Herbert P N, Fredrickson S, et al. Isolation and characterization of an abnormal high density lipoprotein in Tangier disease. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 242–252
  • Deeb S S, Cheung M C, Peing R, et al. A mutation in the human apolipoprotein A-I gene. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 13654–13660
  • Cheung M C, Lippel K. Characterization and distribution of HDL subpopulations. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1987; 341–349, NTH publ no. 87-2646
  • Kunitake S T, La Sala K J, Kane J P. Apolipoprotein A-containing lipoproteins with pre-bêta electrophoresis mobility. J Lipid Res 1985; 26: 549–555
  • Castro G R, Fielding C J. Early incorporation of cell derived cholesterol into preβ-migrating high density lipoprotein. Biochemistry 1988; 27: 25–29
  • Francone O L, Gurakar A, Fielding C. Distribution and functions of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in plasma lipoproteins. Evidence for a functional unit containing these activities together with apolipoproteins AI and D that catalyzes the esterification and transfer of cell-derived cholesterol. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 7066–7072
  • Fielding P E, Fielding C J. A cholesteryl ester transfer complex in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 3327–3330
  • Burstein M, Scholnick H R, Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. J Lipid Res 1970; 11: 583–595
  • Lopes-Virella M F, Stone P, Ellis S, et al. Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 882–884
  • Burstein M, Legman P. Lipoprotein precipitation. S Karger, Basel 1982
  • Bachorik P S, Albers J J. Precipitation methods for quantitation of lipoproteins. Methods Enzymol 1986; 129: 78–100
  • Cheung M C, Albers J J. Distribution of high density lipoprotein particles with different apoprotein composition: particles with AI and AII and particles with AI but no AII. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 747–753
  • Koren E, Puchois P, Alaupovic P, et al. Quantification of two different types of apolipoprotein AI containing lipoprotein particles in plasma by enzyme-linked differential antibody immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 38–45
  • Parra H J, Mezdour H, Ghalim N, et al. Differential electroimmunoassay of human LpAI lipoprotein particles on ready-to-use plates. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1431–1435
  • Oram J F. Cholesterol trafficking in cells. Curr Opin Lipidol 1990; 1: 416–421
  • Hokland B, Mendez A J, Oram J F. Cellular localization and characterization of proteins that bind high density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 1335–1342
  • McKnight G L, Reasoner J, Gilbert T, et al. Cloning and expression of a cellular high density lipoprotein-binding protien that is up-regulated by cholesterol loading of cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 12131–12141
  • Slotte J P, Oram J F, Bierman E L. Binding of high density lipoprotein to cell receptors promotes translocation of cholesterol from intracellular membrane to the cell surface. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 12904–12907
  • Aviram M, Bierman E L, Oram J F. High density lipoprotein stimulates sterol translocation between intracellular and plasma membrane pools in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 65–76
  • Mendez A J, Oram J F, Bierman E L. Protein kinase C as a mediator of high density lipoprotein receptor-dependent efflux of intracellular cholesterol. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 10104–10111
  • Oram J F, Mendez A J, Slotte J P, et al. High density apolipoproteins mediate removal of sterol from intracellular pools but not from plasma membranes of cholesterol-loaded fibroblasts. Arterio Thromb 1991; 11: 403–414
  • Theret N, Delbart C, Aguie G, et al. Cholesterol efflux from adipose cells is coupled to diacylglycerol production and protein kinase C activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173: 1361–1368
  • Schmitz G, Niemann R, Brennhausen B, et al. Regulation of high density lipoprotein receptors in cultured macrophages: role of acyl-CoA:cholesterol-acyltransferase. EMBO J 1985; 4: 2773–2779
  • Schmitz G, Robenek H, Lohmann U, et al. Interaction of high density lipoproteins with cholesteryl ester-alden macrophages: biochemical and morphological characterization of cell surface receptor binding, endocytosis and resecretion of high density lipoproteins by macrophages. EMBO J 1985; 4: 613–622
  • Phillips M C, McLean L R, Stoudt G W, et al. Mechanism of cholesterol efflux from cells. Atherosclerosis 1980; 36: 409–422
  • Rothblat G H, Mahlberg F H, Johnson W J, et al. Apolipoproteins, membrane cholesterol domains, and the regulation of cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 1091–1097
  • Johnson W J, Mahlberg F H, Rothblat G H, et al. Cholesterol transport between cells and high density lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1058: 273–298
  • Phillips M C, Johnson W J, Rothblat G H. Mechanism and consequences of cellular cholesterol exchange and transfer. Biochem Biophys Acta 1987; 906: 223–276
  • Glass C, Pittman R C, Weinberg D B, et al. Dissociation of tissue uptake of cholesterol esters from that of apo A-I of rat plasma high density lipoprotein: selective delivery of cholesterol ester to liver, adrenal and gonads. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 5435–5439
  • Barr D P, Russ E M, Eder H A. Protein-lipid relationship in human plasma. II. In atherosclerosis and related conditions. Am J Med 1951; 11: 480–493
  • Gordon D J, Rifkind B M. High density lipoprotein. The clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1311–1316
  • Salonen J T. Epidemiology of high density lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Disorders of HDL, L A Carlson. Smith-Gordon, London 1990; 145–154
  • Canner P L, Berge K G, Wenger N K, et al. Fifteen year mortality in coronary drug project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 1245–1255
  • Blankenhorn D H, Alaupovic P, Wickman E, et al. Prediction of angiographic change in native human coronary arteries and aortocoronary bypass grafts. Lipid and nonlipid factors. Circulation 1990; 81: 470–476
  • Glomset J A. The plasma lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. J Lipid Res 1968; 9: 155–167
  • Parthasarathy S, Fong L G, Steinberg D. Inhibitory effect of high density lipoprotein (HDL) on oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Circ Suppl Part II 1987; 76: IV–479
  • Betteridge D. High density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease. Br Med J 1989; 298: 974–975
  • Lewis B. The lipoproteins: predictors, protectors, and pathogens. Br Med J 1983; 287: 1161–1164
  • Khoo J C, Miller E, McLoughlin P, et al. Prevention of low density lipoprotein aggregation by high density lipoprotein or apolipoprotein A-I. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 645–652
  • Knorr M. Rapid activation of human platelets by low concentrations of low density lipoprotein via phosphatidylinositol cycle. Eur J Biochem 1988; 172: 753–759
  • Kibe A, Holzbach R T, La Russo N F, et al. Inhibition of cholesterol crystal formation by apolipoprotein in super-saturated model bile. Science 1984; 255: 514–516
  • Puchois P, Luyeye C, Alaupovic P. Comparison of four procedures for separating apolipoprotein A-and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in plasma. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1597–1602
  • Miller N E. Association of high density subclasses and apolipoproteins with ischemic heart disease and coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 589–597
  • Silveman D I, Ginsburg G S, Pasternak R C. High density lipoproein subfractions. Am J Med 1993; 94: 636–645
  • Kempen H J, Van Gent C M, Buytenhek R, et al. Association of cholesterol concentrations in low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein subfractions, and of apolipoprotein A-I and A-II, with coronary stenosis and left ventricular function. J Lab Clin Med 1987; 109: 19–26
  • Miller N E, Hammett F, Saltissi S. Relation of angiographically defined coronary artery disease to plasma lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoproteins. Br Med J 1981; 282: 1741–1744
  • Gofrnan J W, Young W, Tandy R. Ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis and longevity. Circulation 1966; 34: 679–697
  • Stampfer M J, Sacks F M, Salvini S, et al. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 373–381
  • Schaefer E J, Lamon-Fava S, Ordovas J M, et al. Factors associated with low and elevated plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. J Lipid Res 1994; 35: 871–882
  • Kottke B A, Zinsmeister A R, Holmes D R, et al. Apolipoproteins and coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61: 313–320
  • Coste-Burel V, Mainard F, Chivot L, et al. Study of lipoprotein particles LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II in patients before coronary bypass surgery. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1889–1891
  • Cheung M C, Brown M G, Wolf A, et al. Altered particle size distribution of apolipoprotein A-I-containing lipoproteins in subjects with coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res 1991; 32: 383–394
  • Genest J J, Bard J M, Fruchart J C, et al. Plasma apoliporpoteins A-I, A-II, B, E, C-III-containing particles in men with premature coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1991; 90: 149–157
  • Parra H J, Arveiler D, Evans A E, et al. A case control study of lipoprotein particles in two populations at contrasting risk for coronary heart disease. J Lipid Res 1992; 12: 701–707
  • Montali A, Vega G L, Grundy S M. Concentrations of apoliporpotein A-I-containing particles in patients with hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Arteriosder Thromb 1994; 14: 511–517
  • Amouyel P, Isorez D, Bard J M, et al. Parental history of early myocardial infarction is associated with decreased levels of lipoparticle AI in adolescents. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1640–1644
  • Johnson W J, Kilsdonk E PC, Van Tol A, et al. Cholesterol efflux from cells to immunopurified subfractions of human high density lipoprotein: LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II. J Lipid Res 1991; 32: 1993–2000
  • Johansson J, Mölgaard J, Olsson A G, et al. Effects of probucol treatment on HDL particle size subclass concentrations as assessed by gradient gel electro-phoresis. Disorders of HDL, L A Carlson. Smith-Gordon, London 1990
  • Johansson J, Carlson L A. High density lipoprotein particle size subclass alterations by treatment with nicotinic acid. Disorders of HDL, L A Carlson. Smith-Gordon, London 1990
  • Taskinen M R, Nikkilä E A, Välimäki M, et al. Alcohol-induced changes in serum lipoproteins and their metabolism. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 458–464
  • Puchois P, Ghalim N, Zylberberg G, et al. Effect of alcohol intake on human apolipoprotein A-I containing lipoprotein subfractions. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1638–1641
  • Välimäki M, Kahri J, Laitinen K, et al. High density lipoprotein subfractions, apolipoprotein A-I containing lipoproteins, lipoprotein (a), and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity in alcoholic women before and after ethanol withdrawal. Eur J Clin Invest 1993; 23: 406–417
  • Hartung G H, Foreyt J P, Reeves R S, et al. Effect of alcohol dose on plasma lipoprotein subfractions and lipolytic enzyme activity in active and inactive men. Metabolism 1990; 39: 81–86
  • Dunn F L. Hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 1990; 6: 47–61
  • Nikkilä E A, Hormila P. Serum lipids and apolipoproteins in insulin-treated diabetes. Demonstration of increased high-density lipoprotein concentration. Diabetes 1978; 27: 1078–1086
  • Taskinen M R. Hyperlipidemia in diabetes. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 4: 743–775
  • Kahri J, Groop P H, Viberti G, et al. Regulation of apolipoprotein A-I-containing lipoproteins in IDDM. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1281–1288
  • Mattock M B, Salter A M, Fuller J H, et al. High density lipoprotein subfractions in insulin-dependent diabetic and normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 1982; 45: 67–79
  • Steinbrecher U P, Witztum J L. Glycosylation of low density lipoprotein to an extent comparable to that seen in diabetes slows their catabolism. Diabetes 1984; 33: 130–134
  • Duell B P, Oram J F, Bierman E L. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of HDL and impaired HDL-receptor-mediated cholesterol efflux. Diabetes 1991; 40: 377–384
  • Fievet C, Theret N, Shojaee N, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I containing particles and reverse cholesterol transport in type I diabetes. Diabetes 1992; 41: 81–85
  • Cachera C, Kandoussi A, Equagoo K, et al. Evaluation of apolipoprotein A-I containing particles in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 1990; 10: 171–172
  • Luc G, Bard J M, Lussier-Cacan S, et al. High density lipoprotein particles in octogenarians. Metabolism 1991; 40: 1238–1243
  • Brewer H B, Rader D, Fojo S, et al. Frontiers in the analysis of HDL structure, function and metabolism. Disorders of HDL, L A Carlson. Smith-Gordon, London 1990; 51–58
  • Blum C B, Levy R I, Eisenberg S, et al. High density lipoprotein metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 795–807
  • Shepherd J, Packer C J, Patsch J R, et al. Effects of dietary saturated and polyun-saturated fat on the properties of high density lipoproteins and the metabolism of apoprotein AI. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 1582–1592
  • Ehnholm C, Huttunen J K, Pietinen P, et al. Effect of a diet low in unsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and HDL subfractions. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 265–269
  • Mensik R P, Katan M B. Effect of a diet enriched with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids on levels of low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol on healthly women and men. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 436–441
  • Fumeron F, Brigant L, Parra H J, et al. Lowering of HDL2 cholesterol and lipoprotein AI particle levels by increasing the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids1-3. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 655–659
  • Mistry P, Miller N E, Laker M, et al. Individual variations in the effects of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol homeostasis in man. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 493–502
  • Baumstark M W, Frey I, Berg A. et al. Influence of n-3 fatty acids from fish oils on concentration of high and low density lipoprotein subfractions and their lipid and apolipoprotein composition. Clin Biochem 1992; 25: 338–340
  • Fragoso Y D, Skinner E R. The effect of gammalinolenic acid on the subfractions of plasma high density lipoprotein of the rabbit. Biochem Pharmaol 1992; 44: 1085–1090
  • Rye K A, Garrety K H, Barter P J. Changes in the size of reconstituted high density lipoproteins during incubation with cholesteryl ester transfer protein: the role of apolipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 215–224
  • Sopko G, Leon A S, Jacobs D R, et al. The effects of exercise and weight loss on plasma lipids in young obese men. Metabolism 1985; 34: 227–236
  • Eckel R H, Yost T J. HDL subfractions and adipose tissue metabolism in the reduced-obese state. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: E740–E746
  • Williams P T, Krauss R M, Vranizan K M, et al. Effects of weight-loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoproteins AI and AII and the particle size distribution of high density lipoproteins in men. Metabolism 1992; 41: 441–449
  • Levy R I, Brensike J F, Epstein S F, et al. The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: results of NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984; 69: 325–337
  • Lipid Research Clinics Program. The lipid research clinics primary prevention trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary disease. JAMA 1984; 251: 351–364
  • Shepherd J, Packard C J, Morgan H G, et al. The effects of cholestyramine on high density lipoprotein metabolism. Atherosclerosis 1979; 33: 33–44
  • Witztum J L, Schonfeld G, Weidman S W, et al. Bile sequestrant therapy alters the composition of low density and high density lipoproteins. Metabolism 1979; 28: 221–229
  • Cheung M C, Albers J J, Wahl P W, et al. High density lipoproteins during hypolipidemic therapy. A comparative study of four drugs. Atherosclerosis 1980; 35: 215–228
  • Bard J M, Parra H J, Douste-Blazy P, et al. Effect of pravastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and cholestyramine, a bile-acid sequestrant, on lipoprotein particles defined by their apolipoprotein composition. Metabolism 1990; 39: 269–273
  • Shepherd J, Packard C J, Patsch J R, et al. Effects of nicotinic acid therapy on plasma high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution and composition and on apolipoprotein A metabolism. J Clin Invest 1979; 63: 858–867
  • Johansson J, Carlson L A. The effects of nicotinic acid treatment on high density lipoprotein particle size subclass levels in hyperlipidemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1990; 83: 207–216
  • Knopp R H, Ginsberg J, Albers J J, et al. Contrasting effects of modified and time-release forms of niacin on lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic subjects: clues to mechanism of action of niacin. Metabolism 1985; 34: 650–652
  • Hunninghake D B, Bell C, Olson L. Effect of probucol on plasma lipids and lipoprotein in type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1980; 37: 469–474
  • Mellies M J, Gartside P S, Glatfelter L, et al. Effects of probucol on plasma cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI and AII in adults with primary familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 1980; 29: 956–964
  • Glueck C J. Colestipol and probucol: treatment of primary and familial hypercholesterolemia and amelioration of atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 475–482
  • Nestel P J, Billington T. Effect of probucol on low density lipoprotein removal and high density lipoprotein synthesis. Atherosclerosis 1981; 38: 203–209
  • Atmeh R F, Steward J M, Boag D E, et al. The hypolipidemic action of probucol: a study of its effect on high and low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1983; 24: 585–595
  • Lock D R, Kuisk I, Gonen B, et al. Effect of probucol on the composition of lipoproteins and on VLDL apoprotein B turnover. Atherosclerosis 1983; 47: 271–278
  • Jones D B, Simpson H C, Slaughter P, et al. A comparison of cholestyramine and probucol in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1984; 53: 1–7
  • Durrington P N, Miller J P. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of probucol in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1985; 55: 187–194
  • Franceschini G, Sirtori M, Vaccarino V, et al. Mechanisms of HDL reduction after probucol changes in HDL subfractions and increased reverse cholesteryl ester transfer. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 462–469
  • Sirtori C R, Franceschini G. Effects of fibrates on serum lipids and atheroslcerosis. Pharmacol Ther 1988; 37: 167–191
  • Saku K, Gartside P S, Hynd B A, et al. Mechanism of action of gemfibrozil on lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 1702–1712
  • Malmendier C L, Delcroix C. Effects of fenofibrate on high and low density lipoprotein metabolism in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1985; 55: 161–169
  • Fruchart J C, Parra H J, Bard J M. Comparative effects of pravastatin, simvastatin, fenofibrate and cholestyramine on plasma apolipoprotein Al-containing plasma lipoprotein particles. J Drug Dev 1990; 3: 103–106
  • Mol M JTM, Erkelens D W, Gevers Leuven I A, et al. Effects of synvinolin (MK-733) on plasma lipids in familial hypercholesterolemia. Lancet 1986; 2: 936
  • Mölgaard J, Von Schenk H, Olsson A G. Effects of simvastatin on plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemia. Eur Heart J 1988; 9: 541
  • Todd P A, Goa K L. Simvastatin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in hypercholesterolemia. Drugs 1990; 40: 583
  • Franceschini G, Sirtori M, Vaccarino V, et al. Plasma lipoprotein changes after treatment with pravastatin and gemfibrozil in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 114: 250–259
  • Johansson J, Mölgaard J, Olsson A G. Plasma high density lipoprotein particle size alteration by simvastatin treatment in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1991; 91: 175–184
  • Bradford R H, Shear C L, Chremos A N, et al. Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. I. Efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse event profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 43–49
  • Bard J M, Parra H J, Camare R, et al. A multicenter comparison of the effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate therapy in severe primary hypercholesterolemia, with particular emphasis on lipoproteins defined by their apolipoprotein composition. Metabolism 1992; 41: 498–503

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.