Indications for Emergency Apheresis Procedures

References

• Abel JJ, Rowntree LG, Turner BB. Plasma removal with return of corpuscles (plasmapheresis). Reprinted from Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. V., No. 6, July, 1914. Transfusion Sci 1990; 11: 164–5
   Google Scholar
• Freireich El, Judson G, Levin RH. Separation and collection of leukocytes. Cancer 1965; 25: 1516–20
   Google Scholar
• Borberg H. An overview of therapeutic apheresis. Vox Sang 1996; 70: 135–46
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health. Consensus Statement. JAMA 1986; 256: 1333–7
   Google Scholar
• Strauss RG, Ciavarella D, Gilcher RO. Clinical applications of therapeutic hemapheresis. An overview of current management. J Clin Apheresis 1993; 8: 189–94
   Google Scholar
• Bernheim M, Roget J, Larbre F. Purpura thrombocytopenique thrombotique aigu avec anémie hémolytique. Microangiopathic (Maladie de Moschcowitz). Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1957; 33: 359–66
   Google Scholar
• McLeod BC, Strauss RG, Ciavarella D. Clinical applications of therapeutic hemapheresis. Management of hematological disorders and cancer. J Clin Apheresis 1993; 8: 211–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasprisin DO, Strauss RG, Ciavarella D. Clinical applications of therapeutic hemapheresis. Management of metabolic and miscellaneous disorders. J Clin Apheresis 1993; 8: 231–41
   Google Scholar
• Ciavarella D, Wuest D, Strauss RG. Clinical applications of therapeutic hemapheresis. Management of neurologic disorders. J Clin Apheresis 1993; 8: 242–57
   Google Scholar
• Gilcher RO, Strauss RG, Ciavarella D. Clinical applications of therapeutic hemapheresis. Management of renal disorders. J Clin Apheresis 1993; 8: 258–69
   Google Scholar
• Moschcowitz E. Hyaline thrombosis of the terminal arterioles and capillaries: a hitherto undescribed disease. Proc NY Pathol Soc 1924; 24: 21–4
   Google Scholar
• Baehr G, Klemperer P, Schifrin A. An acute febrile anemia and thrombocy-topenic purpura with diffuse platelet thrombosis of capillaries and arterioles. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1936; 51: 43–58
   Google Scholar
• Singer K, Bornstein FF, Wiles SA. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hemorrhagic diathesis with generalized platelet thrombosis. Blood 1947; 2: 542–54
   Google Scholar
• Oberlander DA, Biller J, McCarthy LJ. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraza neurological perspective. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1995; 5: 175–9
   Google Scholar
• Patton JF, Manning KR, Case D. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and platelet count predict survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 1994; 47: 94–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torok TJ, Holman RC, Chorba TL. Increasing mortality from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the United States—analysis of national mortality data, -1991. Am J Hematol 1995; 50: 84–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neame PB, Hirsh J. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (letter). Can Med Assoc J 1977; 116: 716
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqui FA, Lian EC. Novel platelet-agglutinating protein from a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1330–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falanga A, Consonni R, Ruggenenti P. A cathepsin-like cysteine proteinase proaggregating activity in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1991; 79: 474–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelton JG, Moore JC, Warkentin TE. Isolation and characterization of cysteine proteinase in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1996; 93: 421–6
   Google Scholar
• Furlan M, Robles R, Lämmle B. Partial purification to characterization of a protease from human plasma cleaving von Willebrand Factor to fragments produced by in vivo proteolysis. Blood 1996; 87: 4223–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurence J, Mitra D, Steiner M. Plasma from patients with idiopathic and human immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induces apoptosis in microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 1996; 87: 3245–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein MA, Kagan BM, MacGillviray MH. Unusual remission in a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome following fresh blood exchange transfusions. Ann Intern Med 1959; 51: 1409–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowski RM, Hewlett JS, Harris JW. Exchange transfusions in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematof 1976; 13: 219–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell W. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. JAMA 1991; 265: 91–3
   Google Scholar
• Cuttner J. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a ten-year experience. Blood 1980; 56: 302–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwaan HC. Clinicopathologic features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 1987; 24: 71–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisciotto P, Rosen D, Silver H. Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: evaluation of plasma exchange and review of the literature. Vox Sang 1983; 45: 185–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose M, Eldor A. High incidence of relapses in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 1987; 83: 437–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes JJ, Khurana M. Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasma. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 1386–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowski RM, King JW, Hewlett JS. Plasmapheresis in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1977; 50: 413–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutterman L, Andresen S, Bell W. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) medical research group. Blood 1990; 76: 508, A.
   Google Scholar
• Salky BA, Kreel I, Gelernt IM. Splenectomy for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Mt Sinai J Med 1983; 50: 56–9
   Google Scholar
• Winslow GA, Nelson EW. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura:indications for and results of splenectomy. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 558–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson HW, McCarthy U. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpumpotential benefit of splenectomy after plasma exchange. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143: 2117–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarthy U, Danielson CF, Graves V. Do platelet transfusions to patients with TTP influence their survival? (abstract). Blood 1994; 84: 669a, (Suppl 1)
   Google Scholar
• Harkness DR, Byrnes JJ, Lian E C-Y. Hazard of platelet transfusion in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. JAMA 1981; 246: 1931–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva VA, Frei-Lahr D, Brown RA. Plasma exchange and vincristine in the treatment of hemolytic uremic syndromdthrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow transplantation. J CIin Apheresis 1991; 6: 16–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA. Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 393–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock G, Shumak K, Sutton D, Buskard N, Members of The Canadian Apheresis Group. Cryosupernatant as replacement fluid for plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (abstract). World Apheresis Association, 6th International Congress, Book of Abstracts 1996; 92
   Google Scholar
• Rock G, Shumak KH, Sutton DMC, Buskard NA, Nair RC, The Members of the Canadian Apheresis Group. Br J Haematol 1996; 94: 383–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moake J, Chintagumpala M, Turner N. Solvent/detergent-treated plasma suppresses shear-induced platelet aggregation and prevents episodes of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1994; 84: 490–7
   Google Scholar
• Fahey JL, Barth WF, Solomon A. Serum hyperviscosity syndrome. JAMA 1965; 192: 464–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch KJ, Maki DG. Hyperviscosity syndromes associated with immunoglobulin abnormalities. Semin Hematof 1973; 10: 113–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath MA, Penny R. Paraproteinemia: blood hyperviscosity and clinical manifestations. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 1155–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart WH, Lutolf O, Nydegger U. Plasmapheresis for hyperviscosity syndrome in macroglobulinemia Waldenstrom and multiple myeloma: influence on blood rheology and the microcirculation. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119: 69–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pachter MR, Johnson SA, Neblett TR. Bleeding, platelets and macroglobulinemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1959; 31: 467–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritzmann SE, Thurm RH, Truax WE. The syndrome of macroglobulinemia. Arch Intern Med 1960; 105: 939–65
   Google Scholar
• Crawford J, Cox EB, Cohen HJ. Evaluation of hyperviscosity in monoclonal gammopathies. Am J Med 1985; 79: 13–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey JL. Serum protein disorders causing clinical symptoms in malignant neoplastic disease. J Chronic Dis 1963; 16: 703–12
   Google Scholar
• Kyle RA, Garton JP. The spectrum of IgM monoclonal gammopathy in 430 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 719–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams WS, Bland WH, Bassetts H. A method of human plasmapheresis. Proc SOC Exp Biol Med 1952; 80: 371–7
   Google Scholar
• Waldenstrom J. Incipient myelomatosis or “essential” hyperglobulinemia with fibrinogenopenia—a new syndrome. Acta Med Scand 1944; 117: 216–47
   Google Scholar
• Skoog WA, Adams WS. Plasmapheresis in a case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clin Res 1959; 7: 96
   Google Scholar
• Schwab PJ, Fahey JL. Treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia by plasmapheresis. N Engl J Med 1960; 263: 574–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon A, Fahey JL. Plasmapheresis therapy in macroglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med 1963; 58: 789–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblum WI, Asofsky RM. Factors affecting blood viscosity in macroglobu-linemic mice. J Lab Clin Med 1968; 71: 201–11
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Freeman T. Metabolic heterogeneity of human γ-globulin. Biochem J 1960; 76: 475–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buskard NA, Galton DAG, Goldman JM. Plasma exchange in the long-term management of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Can Med Assoc J 1977; 117: 135–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouet J-C, Clauvel J-P, Danon F. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases. Am J Med 1974; 57: 775–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letendre L, Kyle RA. Monoclonal cryoglobulinemia with high thermal insolubility. Mayo Clin Proc 1982; 57: 629–33
   Google Scholar
• Bonomo L, Casato M, Afeltra A. Treatment of idiopathic mixed cryoglobulinemia with alpha interferon. Am J Med 1987; 83: 726–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murai H, Inaba S, Kim J-I, Yamamoto A. Hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinemic neuropathy successfully treated with plasma exchange. Artif Organs 1995; 19: 334–8
   Google Scholar
• Miescher PA, Haung Y-P, Izui S. Type II cryoglobulinemia. Semin Hematol 1995; 32: 80–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agishi T, Kaneko I, Hauso Y. Double filtration plasmapheresis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1980; 26: 406–11
   Google Scholar
• Berkman EM, Orlin JB. Use of plasmapheresis and partial plasma exchange in the management of patients with cryoglobulinemia. Transfusion 1980; 20: 171–8
   Google Scholar
• McLeod BC, Sassetti RJ. Plasmapheresis with return of cryoglobulin-depleted autolo-gous plasma (cryoglobulinpheresis) in cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1980; 55: 866–70
   Google Scholar
• Chad D, Pariser K, Bradley WB. The pathogenesis of cryoglobulinemic neuropathy. Neurology 1982; 32: 725–9
   Google Scholar
• Abe Y, Sakamoto H, Matsugane T. Cryoglobulin removal with cryofiltration in the treatment of cryoglobulinemia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1984; 30: 289–94
   Google Scholar
• Ferri C, Gremignai G, Bombardieri S. Plasma-exchange in mixed cryoglobulinemia. Effects on renal, liver and neurologic involvement. Ricerca Clin Lab 1986; 16: 403–11
   Google Scholar
• Kotsuka Y, Nakajima J, Miyari T. Coronary artery bypass grafting in a patient with cryoglobulinemia. J Cardiovarc Surg 1991; 32: 53–5
   Google Scholar
• Swada K, Segal AM, Malchesky PS. Rapid improvement in a patient with leukocyto-clastic vasculitis with secondary mixed cryoglobulinemia treated with cryofiltration. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 914
   Google Scholar
• Frankel AH, Singer DFU, Winarls CG. Type II essential mixed cryoglobuhernia: presentation, treatment and outcome in 13 patients. Q J Med 1992; 82: 101–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffkes HG, Heemann UW, Teschendorf C. Hyperviscosity syndrome: efficacy and comparison of plasma exchanges by plasma separation and cascade filtration in patients with immunocytoma of Waldenstrom's type. Clin Nephrol 1995; 43: 335–8
   Google Scholar
• Siami GA, Siami PE, Ferguson P. Cryofiltration apheresis for treatment of cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C. ASAIO J 1995; 41: M315–18
   Google Scholar
• Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders. Hematology basic principles und practices. 2nd ed., R Hoffman, EJ Benz, Jr., SJ Shattil. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1995; 1354–74
   Google Scholar
• Clamp JR. Some aspects of the first recorded case of multiple myeloma. Lancet 1967; 2: 1354–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma: review of 869 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50: 29–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhangi M, Merlini G. The clinical implications of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Semin Oncol 1986; 13: 366–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson WJ, Kyle RA, Pineda AA. Treatment of renal failure associated with multiple myeloma: plasmapheresis, hemodialysis, and chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 863–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiernick PH, Serpick AA. Factors affecting remission and survival in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Medicine 1970; 49: 505–13
   Google Scholar
• Dearth JC, Fountain KS, Smithson WA. Extreme leukemic leukocytosis (blast crisis) in childhood. Muyo Clin Proc 1978; 53: 207–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preston FE, Sokol RJ, Lilleymen JS. Cellular hyperviscosity as a cause of neurological symptoms in leukemia. Br Med J 1978; 1: 476–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernant JP, Bun B, Mannoni P. Respiratory distress of hyperleukocytic granulocytic leukemias. Cancer 1979; 44: 264–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash UBS, Divertie MB, Banks PM. Aggressive therapy in acute respiratory failure from leukemic pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 1979; 75: 345–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokich JJ, Moloney WC. Fatal pulmonary leukostasis following treatment in acute myelogenous leukemia. Arch Intern Med 1972; 130: 159–62
   Google Scholar
• Dutcher JP, Schiffer CA, Wiernik PH. Hyperleukocytosis in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: impact on remission rate and duration, and survival. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 1364–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald BR, Heisel MA, Ortega JA. Frequency of early death in children with acute leukemia presenting with hyperleukocytosis. Cancer 1982; 50: 150–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groch SN, Sayre GP, Heck FJ. Cerebral hemorrhage in leukemia. Arch Neurol 1960; 2: 439–51
   Google Scholar
• McKee LC, Jr., Collins RD. Intravascular leukocyte thrombi and aggregates as a Cause of morbidity and mortality in leukemia. Medicine 1974; 53: 463–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freireich EJ, Thomas LB, Frei E, III. A distinctive type of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with “blastic crisis” in patients with leukemia. Cancer 1960; 13: 146–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman MA. Cellular deformability during maturation of the myeloblast. N. Engl J Med 1970; 18: 943–8
   Google Scholar
• Lichtman MA, Kearney EA. The filterability of normal and leukemic leukocytes. Blood Cells 1976; 2: 491–506
   Google Scholar
• Lichtman MA. Rheology of leukocytes, leukocyte suspensions, and blood in leukemia. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 350–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester TJ, Johnson JW, Cuttner J. Pulmonary leukostasis as the single worst prognostic factor in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and hyperleukocytosis. Am J Med 1985; 79: 43–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy LJ. Leukostasis thrombi (letter). JAMA 1985; 254: 613
   Google Scholar
• Maurer HS, Steinherz PG, Gaynon PS. The effect of initial management of hyperleukocytosis on early complications and outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1425–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaison G, Leverger KG, Mahmound M. Early management of hyperleukocytosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Usefulness of urate oxidase to prevent dangerous hyperuricemia (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1988; 7: A692
   Google Scholar
• Eguiguren JM, Schell MJ, Crist WM. Complications and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperleukocytosis. Blood 1992; 79: 871–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura GJ, Hester JP, Smith TL. Acute myeloblastic leukemia with hyperleukocytosis: risk factors for early mortality in induction. Am J Hematol 1988; 27: 34–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcu P, Danielson CF, Orazi A. Therapeutic leukapheresis in hyperleukocytic leukemias:lack of correlation between degree of cytoreduction and early mortality rate. Br J Haematol 1997; 98: 433–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrick JB. Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. Arch Intern Med 1910; 6: 517–21
   Google Scholar
• Francis RB, Jr., Johnson CS. Vascular occlusion in sickle cell disease: current concepts and unanswered questions. Blood 1991; 77: 1405–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson FL, Mentzer WC, Kalinyak KA. Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease. The United States experience. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1994; 16: 22–6
   Google Scholar
• Walters MD, Patience M, Leisenring W. Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 369–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalzer E, Chien S, Brown AK. Transfusion therapy in sickle cell disease. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1982; 4: 395–406
   Google Scholar
• Wayne AS, Kevy SV, Nathan DG. Transfusion management in sickle cell disease. Blood 1993; 81: 1109–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellevue R, Benjamin LT, Castro O. Management and therapy of sickle cell disease. Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services;, Washington, DC 1995, National Institutes of Health publication no. 95–2117
   Google Scholar
• Russell MO, Goldberg HI, Hodson A. Effect of transfusion therapy on arteriographic abnormalities and on recurrence of stroke in sickle cell disease. Blood 1984; 63: 162–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlakis SG, Prohovnik I, Piomelli S. Neurologic complication of sickle cell disease. Adv Pediatr 1989; 36: 247–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang WC, Kovnar EH, Tonkin IL. High risk of recurrent stroke after discontinuance of five to twelve years of transfusion therapy in patients with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 1991; 118: 377–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer M, Schotland D. Abnormal hemoglobin as a cause of neurologic disease. Neurology 1962; 12: 114–23
   Google Scholar
• Powars D, Wilson B, Imbus C. The natural history of stroke in sickle cell disease. Ani J Med 1978; 65: 461–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttenlocher PR, Mohr JW, Johns L. Cerebral blood flow in sickle cell cerebrovascular disease. Pediatrics 1984; 73: 155–81
   Google Scholar
• Charache S, Scott JC, Charache P. “Acute chest syndrome” in adults with sickle cell anemia. Microbiology, treatment, and prevention. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 67–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castro O, Brambilla DJ, Thorington B. The acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: incidence and risk factors. Blood 1994; 84: 643–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehy TW, Law DR, Wade BH. Exchange transfusion for sickle cell intrahe-patic cholestasis. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140: 1364–6
   Google Scholar
• Stéphan JL, Merpit-Gonon E, Richard 0. Fulminant liver failure in a 12-year-old girl with sickle cell anaemia: favourable outcome after exchange transfusions. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154: 469–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein E, Goedel A. Hamorragische thromboxythämie bei vascularer schrumpfmilz. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1934; 293: 233
   Google Scholar
• Dameshek W. Some speculations on the myeloproliferative syndromes (editorial). Blood 1951; 6: 372–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellucci S, Janvier M, Tobelem G. Essential thrombocythemias. Clinical evolutionary and biological data. Cancer 1986; 58: 2440–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman RW, Severs CA, Pug R. Thrombocytopheresis: a rapid and effective approach to symptomatic thrombocytosis. J Lab Clin Med 1966; 68: 389–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DS, Rundles RW, Silver CD. Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia:rapid plateletpheresis by continuous flow blood cell separation (abstract). Clin Res 1971; 19: 426
   Google Scholar
• Pineda AA, Taswell HF, Bniea SM. Therapeutic applications of continuous and intermittent flow centrifugation systems (abstract). Transjkion 1975; 15: 510
   Google Scholar
• Taft EG, Babcock RB, Scharfman WB. Plateletpheresis in the management of thrombocytosis. Blood 1977; 50: 927–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer AI. Review: bleeding and thrombosis in the myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 1984; 64: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drachman D. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1797–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fambrough D. Drachman D Satyamurti S. Neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis: decreased acetylcholine receptors. Science 1973; 182: 293–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley J, Pascuzzi R. Rational therapy of myasthenia gravis. Semin Neurol 1990; 10: 70–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa M, Koh C-S, Hata Y, Tohyama M. Immunoadsorption plasmapheresis for severe generalized myasthenia gravis. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69: 236–8
   Google Scholar
• Ruff R. Myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 681: 609–10
   Google Scholar
• Drachman D. Myasthenia gravis. Current therapy in neurologic disease. 4th ed., R Johnson, J Griffin. Mosby-YearBook, St Louis 1993; 379–84
   Google Scholar
• Pinching AJ, Peters DK, Newsom, Davis J. Remission of myasthenia gravis following plasma exchange. Lancet 1976; 2: 1373–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edan G, Landgraf F. Experience with intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57(Suppl)55–6
   Google Scholar
• Cosi V, Lombardi M, Piccolo G. Treatment of myasthenia gravis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 84: 814
   Google Scholar
• Rees J. Guillain-Bané syndrome, clinical manifestations and directions for treatment. Drugs 1995; 49: 912–20
   Google Scholar
• Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1130–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hund E, Borel C, Cornblath D. Intensive management and treatment of severe Guillain-Barrré syndrome. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 433–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Meche F. The Guillain-Barré syndrome: plasma exchange or immuno-globulins intravenously. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 33–4
   Google Scholar
• Ropper A, Shahani B, Huggins C. Improvement in 4 patients with acute Guillain-Barré syndrome after plasma exchange (abstract). Neurology 1980; 30: 361
   Google Scholar
• Dawson W, Phillips L. A comparison between IVIg and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review and decision analysis of the two treatment modalities. Clin Neurophamcol 1995; 18: 377–90
   Google Scholar
• Harrington W, Sprague C, Minnich V. Immunologic mechanisms in idiopathic and neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 1953; 38: 433–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adner M, Fisch G, Starobin S. Use of compatible platelet transfusions in treatment of congenital isoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura. N Engl J Med 1969; 280: 244–7
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan C, Morel-Kopp M-C, Clemenceau S. Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: current trends in diagnosis and therapy. Transfusion Med 1992; 2: 265–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan C, Patereau C, Reqnikoff-Etievant M. Antenatal PIA1 typing and detection of GP IIb-IIIa complex. Br J Haematol 1984; 60: 586–8
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan C, Daffos F, Forestier F. Management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia: antenatal diagnosis and in utero transfusion of maternal platelets. Blood 1988; 72: 340–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberger S, Danielson C, Kho J. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: the IUMC experience-1994 (abstract). Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 103: 521
   Google Scholar
• Goldman M, Filion M, Proulx C. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion Med Rev 1994; 2: 123–31
   Google Scholar
• Goodpasture EW. The significance of certain pulmonary lesions in relation to the etiology of influenza. Am J Med Sci 1919; 158: 863–70
   Google Scholar
• Stanton MC, Tange JD. Goodpasture s syndrome (pulmonary hemorrhage associated with glomerulonephritis). Aust Ann Med 1958; 7: 132–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benoit FL, Rulan DB, Thiel GB. Goodpasture's syndrome. A clinicopathologic entity. Am J Med 1964; 37: 424–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgill BL, Westervelt FR. Immunofluorescence studies in a case of Goodpasture's syndrome. JAMA 1965; 194: 172–4
   Google Scholar
• Koffler D, Sandson J, Carr R. Immunologic studies concerning the pulmonary lesions in Goodpasture's syndrome. Am J Pathol 1969; 54: 293–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saust J, Wieslander J, Langeveld JPM. Identification of the Goodpasture antigen as the 3 (IV) chain of the collagen IV. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 13374–80
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy U, Cotton J, Danielson C. Goodpasture s syndrome in childhood: treatment with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. J Clin Apheresis 1994; 9: 116–19
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood CM, Rees AJ, Pearson TA. Immunosuppression and plasma-exchange in the treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome. Lancet 1976; 1: 711–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JP, Moore J, Jr., Austin HA, III. Therapy of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease: analysis of prognostic significance of clinical, pathologic and treatment factors. Medicine 1985; 64: 219–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson IJ, Doak PB, Williams LC. Plasma exchange in Goodpasture s syndrome. Am J Nephrol 1982; 2: 301–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman NR, Astor RH, Leitner A. Immunoreactions involving platelets. V. Post-transfusion purpura due to a complement-fixing antibody against a genetically controlled platelet antigen. A proposed mechanism for throm-bocytopenia and its relevance to “autoimmunity”. J Clin invest 1961; 40: 1597–1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson N, Eisenberg PD, Aster RH. Post-transfusion purpura: immunologic aspects and therapy. N Ensl J Med 1974; 291: 1163–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimo PL, Aster RH. Post-transfusion purpura: successful treatment by plasma exchange. N Engl J Med 1972; 287: 290–2
   Google Scholar
• Laursen B, Morling N, Rosenkvist J. Post-transfusion purpura treated with plasma exchange by haemonetics cell separators case report. Acta Med Scand 1978; 203: 539–43
   Google Scholar
• Lau P, Sholtis CM, Aster RH. Post-transfusion purpura:an enigma of alloimmunization. Am J Hemutol 1980; 9: 331–6
   Google Scholar
• Slichter SJ. Post-transfusion purpura:response to steroids and association with red blood cell and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Br J Huematol 1982; 50: 599–605
   Google Scholar
• Erichson RB, Viles H, Grann V. Posttransfusion purpura: case report with observation on antibody detection and therapy. Arch intern Med 1978; 138: 998–9
   Google Scholar
• Phadke KP, Isbister JP. Post-transfusion purpura. Med J Aust 1980; 1: 430–2
   Google Scholar
• Hamblin TJ, Naorose AbidiSM, Nee PA. Vox Sung 1985; 49: 164–7
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro SS, Hultin M. Acquired inhibitors to the blood coagulation factors. Semin Thromb Hemost 1975; 1: 336–85
   Google Scholar
• Slocombe GW, Newland AC, Colvin Mp. The role of intensive plasma exchange in the prevention and management of haemorrhage in patients with inhibitors to factor VIII. Br J Haemutol 1981; 47: 577–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edson JR, McArthur JR, Branda RF. Successful management of subdural haematoma in a haemophiliac with an anti-factor VIII antibody. Blood 1973; 41: 113–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson IM, Berntorp E, Zettervall O. Induction of immune tolerance in patients with Hemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII by combined treatment with intravenous IgG, cyclophosphamide, and factor VIII. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 947–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller KD, Greenberg AE, Campbell CC. Treatment of severe malaria in the United States with continuous infusion of quinidine gluconate and exchange transfusion. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 65–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips P, Natel S, Benny B. Exchange transfusion as an adjunct to treanent of severe falciparum malaria: case report and review. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1100–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saddler M, Barry M, Termouth I. Treatment of severe malaria by exchange transfusion (letter). N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 58, -C.
   Google Scholar
• Wyler DJ. Treating cerebral malaria (letter). Lancet 1991; 337: 433
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger EC, Silly HL, Molle GJ. Exchange transfusion for severe falciparum malaria? (letter). Infection 1992; 20: 174
   Google Scholar
• Shwe T, Myint PT, Warhurst DC. Exchange transfusion in falciparum malaria (letter). Lancet 1990; 335: 1034–5
   Google Scholar
• Chiodini PL, Hall AP. Controlled trial of exchange transfusion in falciparum malaria (letter). Lancet 1990; 336: 554
   Google Scholar
• Eisenman A, Baruch Y, Shechter Y. Blood exchange—a rescue procedure for complicated falciparum malaria. Vox Sang 1995; 68: 19–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen RL, Kohler RB, Chin W. The use of exchange transfusions—a potentially useful adjunct in the treatment of fulminant falciparum malaria. Am J Med Sci 1979; 277: 325–9
   Google Scholar
• Yoshiba M, Sekiyama K, Iwamura Y. Development of reliable artificial liver support (ALS)-plasma exchange in combination with hemodiafiltration using high-performance membranes. Digest Dis Sci 1993; 38: 469–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agishi T, Nakagawa Y, Teraoka S. Plasma exchange as a rescue strategy for hepatic failure. ASAIO Trans 1994; 40: 77–9
   Google Scholar
• Omokawa S, Yoshihiro A, Setsuro Y. Blood purification for postoperative liver failure with special reference to chronic hepatic support for those awaiting liver transplantation. ASAIO Trans 1991; 37: M330–2
   Google Scholar
• DeGroot GH, Schalm SW, Fick T. Strategies for hepatic support in acute liver failure: role of extracorporeal devices versus liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatology 1989; 4: 283–93
   Google Scholar
• Tani T, Endo Y, Yoshioka T (1990) Therapeutic plasmapheresis for post-operative hepatic failure. Apheresis. proceedings of the 2nd international congress of the World Apheresis Association. 1990, G Rock. Wiley-Liss, New York, (Back N, Brewer GJ, Eijsvoogel VP, et al., eds., Progress in clinical and biological research, vol. 337). 213–20
   Google Scholar
• Lepore MJ, Stutman LI, Bonanno CA. Plasma-pheresis with plasma exchange in hepatic coma. II. Fulminant viral hepatitis as a systemic disease. Arch Intern Med 1972; 129: 900–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surrenti C, Pozzi M, Biagini MR. Effects of plasma exchange (PE) in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). A pilot study. Hepato-gastroenterology 1990; 37: 128–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambinder EP, Cohen LB, Wolke AM. The clinical effectiveness and safety of chronic plasmapheresis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Apheresis 1985; 2: 219–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiokawa Y, Inoue N, Yuasa S. Current situation of therapeutic plasmapheresis in Japan. Nihon-ijishinpo 1993; 3396: 43–5
   Google Scholar