Immunologic Epitope, Gene, and Immunity Involved in Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate

References

• Istre G. R., Tarpay M., Anderson M., Pryor A., Welch D. Invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in an area with a high rate of relative penicillin resistance. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 156: 732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C. J., Wang T. R. Pneumococcal infection and immunization in children. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1994; 20(1)1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluestone Stephenson C. D.J. S., Martin L. M. Ten-year review of otitis media pathogens. Paediatr. Infect. Dis. 1992; 11: S7, Suppl. 8
   Google Scholar
• Bluestone C. D., Klein J. O. Otitis media, atelectasis. and eustachian tube dysfunction. Pediatric Otolaryngology, C. D. Blue-Stone, S. E. Stool, M D. Scheeu. W.B. Saunders, Philadelpi 1990; 320
   Google Scholar
• Immunization Practice Advisory Committee, Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Mort. Morb. Wk. Rep. 1989; 38: 64
   Google Scholar
• Williams W. W., Hickson M. A., Kane M. A., Kendal A. P., Spika J. S., Hinman A. R. Immunization policies and vaccine coverage among adults: the risk for missed opportunities. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988; 108: 616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giebink G. S. The microbiology of otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1989; 8: S18
   Google Scholar
• Teele D. W., Klein J. O., Rosner B. A. Epidemiology of otitis media in children. Ann. Otol. Rhin. Laryngol. 1980; 89: 5, Suppl. 68
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs N. M., Lerkachornsuk S., Metzger W. I. Pneumococcal bacteremia in infants and children: a 10-year experience at the Cook County Hospital with special reference to the pneumococcal serotypes isolated. Pediatrics 1979; 64: 296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray B. M., Dillon H. C., Jr. Clinical and epidemiologic studies of pneumococcal infection in children. Peditr. Infect. Dis. J. 1986; 5: 201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston R. B. Pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991; 13: S509, Suppl. 6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray B. M., Converse G. M., III, Dillon H. C., Jr. Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing disease. J. Infect. Dis. 1979; 140: 979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizaka A. Pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatr. Diag. 1996; 59(1)101
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto K. Pneumococcal vaccine: from treatment to prevention. Med. Biol. 1989; 6(5)117
   Google Scholar
• Murai T., Takayanagi M. Pneumococcal infection–Streptococcus pneumoniae and vaccine. Pediatr. Int. Med. 1989; 21: 897
   Google Scholar
• Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Jordan Report: Acceleratred Development of Vaccines 1995, M. La Montagne. National Institute of Allgery and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 1995; 18
   Google Scholar
• Breiman R F., Butler J. C., Tenover F. C., Elliott J. A., Facklan R. R. Emergence of drug-resistant infections in the United States. JAMA 1994; 271: 1831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simberkoff M. S. Drug-resistant pneumococcal infections in the United States: a problem for clinicians, laboratories, and public health. JAMA 1994; 271: 1875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland I. R., McCracken G. H. Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N. Eng. J. Med 1994; 331: 377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild R. L., Sterner K E., Braley-Mullen H. Primary murine immunoglobulin M responses to certain pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides consist primarily of anti-pneumococcal cell wall carbohydrate antibodies. Infect. Immun. 1986; 52: 867
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen U. S., Agger R., Rennedsen R., Henrichsen J. Phosphorylchlorine determinants in six pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides detected by monoclonal antibody. Infect. Immun. 1984; 43: 876
   Google Scholar
• Lee C. J., Karpas A., Wang T. R., Kosaka T., Koizumi K. Production, binding characteristics and protective immunity of monoclonal antibody to pneumococcal type 9V conjugate. Microbiol Immunol. 1996; 40(11)857
   Google Scholar
• Bishop C. T., Bwnnet L. G. Structure of the type Xxxm Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) capsular poly saccharide. Can. J. Chem. 1980; 58: 2724
   Google Scholar
• Richards J. C., Perry M. B., Kniskern P. J. Structural analysis of the specific poly-saccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9L (American type 49). Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 1984; 62: 1309
   Google Scholar
• Jones C., Mulloy B., Wilson A., Dell A., Oates J. E. Structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9. J. Chem. SOC. Perkin. Trans 1985; 1: 1665
   Google Scholar
• Perry M. B., Daoust V., Carlo D. J. The specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae-type 9V. Can. J. Biochem. 1981; 59: 524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee C. J. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides: immunogenicity and vaccines. Polysaccharides in Medical Applications, S. Dumitriu. Marcel Dekker, New York 1996; 411
   Google Scholar
• Henrichsen J. The pneumococcal typing system and pneumococcal surveillance. J. Infect. 1979; 1: 31, Suppl. 2
   Google Scholar
• Alonso de Velasco E., Dekker B. A. T., Verheul A. F. M., Feldman B. G., Verhoef J., Snippe H. Antipolysaccharide immunoglobulin isotype levels and opsonic activity of antisera: relationships with protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 1995; 172: 562
   Google Scholar
• Musher D. M., Chapman A. J., Goree A., Jonsson S., Briles D. E., Baughn R. E. Natural vaccine-related immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 1986; 154: 245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vioarsson G., Jonsdottir I., Jonsson S., Valdimarsson H. Opsonization and antibodies to capsular and cell wall polysaccha-rides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 1994; 170: 592
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards J. C., Perry M. B. Structure of the specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae-type 23F (American type 23). Biochem. Cell Biol. 1988; 66: 758
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alonso de Velasco E., Verheul A. F., Van Steijn A. M., Dekker H. A., Feldman R G., Femandez I. M., Kamerling J. P., Wegenthart J. F. G., Verhoef J., Snippe H. Epitope specificity of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) elicited by pneumococcal type 23F synthetic oligosaccharide-and native human antipoly-saccharide 23F IgG. Infect. Immun. 1994; 62(3)799
   Google Scholar
• Russell, Tharpe H.J. A., Wells D. E., White E. H., Johnson J. E. Monoclonal antibody recognizing a species-specific protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Clin. Micriobiol. 1990; 4: 2191
   Google Scholar
• Paton J. C. The contribution of pneumolysin to the pathogenicity of. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Trends Microbiol. 1996; 28: 103
   Google Scholar
• Boulnois G. J., Paton J. C., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W. Structure and function of pneumolysin, the multifunctional, thiol-activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol. 1991; 5: 2611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton J. C., Andrew P. W., Boulnois G. J., Mitchell T. J. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae: the role of pneumococcal proteins. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1993; 47: 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubins J. B., Duane P. G., Charboneau D., Janoff E. N. Toxicity of pneumolysin to pulmonary endothelial cells. in vitro. Infect. Immun. 1992; 60: 1740
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrante, Rowen A., Kelly B., Paton J. C. Inhibition of in vitro human lymphocyte response by the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin. Infect. Irnmun. 1984; 46: 585
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinfort, Wilson C.R., Rutman A., Sykes D., Todd H., Walker J., Mitchell T., Saundem K., Andrew P., Boulnois G., Cole P. Pneumolysin produced by Streptococcus pneumonk damages human respiratory epithelium in vitro. Chest 1989; 95: 221S, Suppl.
   Google Scholar
• Houldsworth S., Andrew P. W., Mitchell T. J. Pneumolysin stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukinl-p by human mononuclear phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 1994; 62: 1501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubins J. B., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Niewoehner D. E. Pneumolysin activates phospholipase A in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Infect. Immun 1994; 62: 3829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lock R. A., Zhang Q. Y., Berry A. M., Paton J. C. Sequence variation in the Streptococcus pneurnoniae pneumolysin gene affecting haemolytic activity and electrophoretic mobility of the toxin. Microb. Pathol. 1996; 21: 71
   Google Scholar
• Lee C. J., Banks S. D., Li J. P. Virulence, immunity, and vaccine related to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1991; 18(2)89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker I. A., Allen R. L., Falmgne P., Johnson M. R., Boulnois G. J. Molecular cloning, characterization, and complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for pneumolysin, the sulfhydryl-activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun 1987; 55: 1184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan P. J., Hyman S. C., Rowe A. J., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Saibil H. R. Subunit organization and symmetry of pore-forming, oligomeric pneumolysin. FEBS Left. 1995; 371: 77
   Google Scholar
• Kehoe, Miller M.L., Walker J. A., Boulnois G. J. Nucleotide sequence of the Skeptolysin O (SLO) gene: structural homologies between SLO and other membrane-damaging thiol-activated toxins. Infect. Immun. 1987; 55: 3228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen R. H. G., Boulnois G. J., Andrew P. W., Mitchell T. J. A role in cell-binding for the C-terminus of pneumolysin, the thiol-activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol. Len. 1994; 121: 217
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Saunders F. K., Smith A. N., Boulnois G. J. Complement activation and antibody binding by pneumolysin via a region of the toxin homologous to a human acute-phase protein. Mol. Microbial. 1991; 5: 1883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton J. C., Lock R. A., Hansman D. Effect of immunization with pneumolysin on survival time of mice challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1983; 40: 548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry A. M., Yother J., Briles D. E., Hansman D., Paton J. C. Reduced virulence of defined pneumolysin-negative mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1989; 57: 2037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canvin J. R., Marvin A. P., Sivakumaran M., Paton J. C., Boulnois G. J., Andrew P. W., Mitchell T. J. The role of pneumolysin and autolysin in the pathogenesis of pneumonia and septicemia in mice infected with a type 2 pneumococcus. Infect. J. Dis. 1995; 172: 119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berry A. M., Alexander J. E., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Hansman D., Paton J. C. Effect of defined mutations in the pneumolysin gene on the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1995; 63: 1969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubins J. B., Charboneau D., Paton J. C., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Janoff E. N. Dual function of pneumolysin in the early pathogenesis of murine pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1995; 95: 142
   Google Scholar
• Alexander J. E., Lock R. A., Peeter C. A. M., Poolman J. T., Andrew P. W., Mitchell T. J., Hansman D., Paton J. C. Immunization of mice with pneumolysin toxoid confers a significant degree of protection against at least nine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun 1994; 62: 5683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton J. C., Lock R. A., Lee C. J., Li J. P., Berry A. M., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Hansman D., Boulnois G. J. Purification and immunogenicity of geneti cally toxoided derivatives of pneumolysin and their conjugation to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F polysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 1991; 59: 2297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C. J., Lock R. A., Andrew P. W., Timothy Mitchell J., Hansman T. J.D., Paton J. C. Protection of infant mice from challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F by immunization with a type 19F polysaccharide-pneumolysin conjugate. Vuccone 1994; 12: 875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crain M. J., Waitman W. D., Tuner J. S., Yother J., Talkington D. F., McDaniei L. S., Gray B. M., Briles D. E. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is serologically highly variable and is expressed by all clinical important capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1990; 58: 3293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yother J., Briles D. E. S tructural properties and evolutionary relationships of PspA, a surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, as revealed by sequence analysis. J. Bacterial. 1992; 174: 601
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel L. S., Ralph B. A., McDaniel D. O., Briles D. E. Localization of protection-eliciting epitopes on PspA of Streptococcus pneumoniae between amino acid residues 192 and 260. Microb. Pathol. 1994; 17: 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yother J., White J. M. Novel surface attachment mechanism of the Streptbcoccus pneumoniae protein PspA, J. Bacteriol. 1994; 176: 2876
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel L. S., Yother Vijayakumen J., Mc M., Garry L., Gould W. R., Briles D. E. Use of insertion inactivation to facilitate studies of biological properties of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). J. Exp. Med. 1987; 165: 381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltman W. D. I., McDaniel L. S., Briles D. E. Variation in the molecular weight of PspA (pneumococcal syrface protein A) among Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb. Pathol. 1990; 8: 61
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel L. S., Sheffield J. S., Delucci P., Briles D. E. PspA, a surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, is capable of elic iting protection against pneumococci of mice than one capsular type. Infect. Immun. 1991; 59: 222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDaniel L. S., Scott G., Widenhofer K., Carroll J. M., Briles D. E. Analysis of a surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae recognized by protective monoclonal antibodies. Microb. Pathol. 1986; 1: 519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tart R. C., McDaniel L. S., Ralph B. A., Briles D. E. Truncated Streptococcus pneumoniae PspA molecules elicit cross-protective immunity against pneumococcal challenge in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 1996; 173: 380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briles D. E., King J. D., Gray M. A., McDaniel L. S., Swiatlo E., Benton K. A. PspA, a protection-eliciting pneumococcal protein: immunogenicity of isolated native PspA in mice. Vaccine 1996; 14: 858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson J. S., O'Connor S. P., Stinson A. R., Tharpe J. A., Russell H. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of psaA, the Streptococcus pneumoniae gene encoding a 37-kilodalton protein homologous to previously reported Streptococcus sp. adhesins. Infect. Irnmun. 1994; 62: 319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C. J., Koizumi M., Hayashi K., Koizumi K. Protective immunity to cell-surface antigens derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae and new conjugate vaccine development. Clin. Microbiol. 1996; 23(2)227
   Google Scholar
• Lock R. A., Paton J. C., Hansman D. Purification and immunological characterization of neuraminidase produced by Streptococcus pneurnoniae. Microb. Pathol. 1988; 4: 3
   Google Scholar
• Tai S. S., Lee C. J., Winter R. E. Hemin utilization and the virulence of Streptacoccus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1993; 61: 5401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austrian R. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1989; 11: 598, Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Fedson D. S., Shapiro E. D., La Force F. M., Mufson M. A., Musher D. M., Spika J. S., Breiman R. F., Broome C. V. Pneumococcal vaccine after 15 years of use. Arch. Intern. Med. 1994; 154: 2531
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fine M. J., Smith M. A., Carson C. A., Meffe F., Sankey S. S., Weissfeld L. A., Detsky A. S., Kapoor W. N. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. Arch. Inter. Med. 1994; 154: 2666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters C. C. A.M., Tenbergen-Meekes A. M., Haagmans B., Evenberg D., Poolman J. T., Zegers B. J. M., Rijkers G. T. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Immunol. Lett. 1991; 30: 267
   Google Scholar
• Siber G. R. Pneumococcal disease: prospects for a new generation of vaccines. Science 1994; 265: 1385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu C. H., Lee C. J., Kind P. Immune responses of young mice to pneumococcal type 9V polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid cojugate. Infect. Irnmun. 1994; 62: 2754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskola J., Kayhty H., Takala A. K., Peltola H., Ronnberg Pekkanen P. R., Kela E., Mc E., Verry P. H., Makela P. H. A randomized, prospective field trial of a conjugate vaccine in the protection of infants and young children against Haernophilus influenzae type b disease. N. Eng., J. Med. 1990; 323: 1381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black S. B., Shinefield H. R., Lampert D., Fireman B., Hiatt R. A., Polen M., Vittinghoff E. The Northern California Kaiser Vaccine Study Center Pediatrics group Safety and immunogenicity of oligosaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (HbOC) vaccine in infancy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1991; 10: 92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams W. G., Deaver K. A., Cochi S. L., Plikaytis B. D., Zell E. R., Broome C. V., Wenger J. D. For the Haemophilus influenzae Study Group Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era. JAMA 1993; 269: 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy T. V., White Pastor K. E., Gabriel P.L., Medday F., Granoof D. M., Osterholm M. T. Declining incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. JAMA 1993; 269: 246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoendorf K. C., Adams W. G., Kiely J. L., Wenger J. D. National trends in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis mortality and hospitalization among children, 1980 through 1991. Pediatrics 1994; 93: 663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and diphtheria toxin induced by conjugates of oligosaccha-rides of type b capsule with the nontoxic protein CRM197. Infect. Immun. 1983; 39: 233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattom, Lue Szu A.C., Mestecky S.J., Schiffman G., Bryla D., Vann Watson W., Kimzey D.L., Robbins J. B., Schneerson R. Serum antibody response in adult volunteers elicited by injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 12F polysaccharide alone or conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. Infect. Immun. 1990; 58: 2309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson P., Stein C. E., Insel R. A. Background and indication of Haemphilus influenzae type b vaccines consisting of capsular polysaccharide coupled to protein carriers. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 1989; 10: 115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Claesson B. A., Schneerson R., Trollfors B., Lagergard T., Taranger J., Robbins J. B. Duration of serum antibodies elicited by Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide alone or conjugated to tetanus toxoid in 18-to 23-month-old children. J. Pediatr. 1990; 116: 929
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnelly J. J., Deck R. R., Liu M. A. Immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide-Neisseria meningititus outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine. J. Immunol. 1990; 145: 3071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon L. K. Characterization of a haptencarrier conjugate vaccine: H. influenzae diphtheria conjugate vaccine. Modern Approaches to Vaccines, R. M. Channock, R. A. Lerner. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 1984; 393
   Google Scholar
• Peeters C. C. A.M., Tenbergen-Meekes A. M., Poolman J. T., Burret M., Zegers B. J. M., Rijkers G. T. Effect of carrier priming on immunogenicity of saccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Infect. Immun. 1991; 59: 3504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutze M. P., Lecleic C., Jolivet M., Audibert F., Chedid L. Canier-induced epitopic suppression, a major issue for synthetic vaccines. J. Immuno. 1985; 135: 2319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barington, Skettrup T.M., Juul L., Heilmann C. Nonepitopic-specific suppres sion of the antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines by preimmunization with vaccine components. Infect. Immun. 1993; 61: 432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barington, Gyhrs T.A., Witensen K., Heilmann C. Opposite effects of actively and passively acquired immunity to the carrier on response of human infants to a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Infect. Immun. 1994; 62: 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo, Douglas J., Kim M., Ree H., Kubddberg A. A. Characterization of a recombinant pneumolysin and its use as a protein carrier for pneumococcal type 18C conjugate vaccine. Infect. Immun. 1995; 63: 2706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giebink G. S., Meier J.D., Quartey M.-K, Liebeler C. L., Le C. T. Lmmunogenicity and efficacy of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against homologous and heterologous sero-types in the chinchilla otitis media model. J. Infect. Dis. 1996; 173: 119
   Google Scholar
• Shurin P. A., Rehmus J. M., Johnson C. E., Marchant C. D., Carlin S. A., Super D. M. Bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin for prophylaxis of acute otitis media in high-risk children. J. Pediatr. 1993; 123: 801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giebink G. S., Alward C. T., Rzepka A. A., et al. Isotype antibody responses to type 6B pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Res. 1993; 33: 168A
   Google Scholar
• Kayhty H., Ahman H., Ronnberg P. R., Tdlikaninen R., Eskola J. F'neumococcal polysaccharide-meningwoccd outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants. J. Infect. Dis. 1995; 172: 1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhoff D., Edward K., Keyseling H., Thorns M. L., Johnson C., Madore D. A randomized comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1994; 13: 368
   Google Scholar
• Ahman H., Kayhty Tamminen H., Uistola P.A., Malinski F., Eskola J. Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well tolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1996; 15: 134
   Google Scholar
• Leach, Ceesay A.S.J., Banya W. A. S., Greenwood B. M. Pilot trial of a pentavalent pneumococcal polysacchariddprotein conjugate vaccine in Gambian infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1996; 15: 333
   Google Scholar
• Keyserling H. L., Anderson E. L., Martin J. T. Immunogenicity of a tetravalent (types 6B, 14, 19F, 23F) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Res. 1993; 33: 172A
   Google Scholar
• Kayhty H., Eskola J. New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1996; 2(4)289
   Google Scholar
• Anderson E. L., Kennedy D. J., Geldmacher K. M. Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J. Pediatr. 1996; 128: 649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P., Betts R. Human adult immunogenicity of protein-coupled pneumococcal capsular antigens of serotypes prevalent in otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1989; 8: S50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella P. P., Marburg S., Straub J. M., Kniskern P. J., Miller W., Hagopian A.I.P., Tolman C.R.L., Rusk C. M., Chupak L. S., Ellis R W. Immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines consisting of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types 6B, 14, 19F. and 23F and a meningcoccal outer membrane protein complex. Infect. Immun. 1992; 60: 4977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel L. S., Sheffield J. S., Delucci P., Briies D. E. PspA, a surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, is capable of eliciting protection against pneumococci of mice than one capsular type. Infect. Immun. 1991; 59: 222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tai S. S., Wag T. R., Lee C. J. Chwcterization of hemin binding activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1997; 65: 1083
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee C. J., Muller J., Nguyen N. Y., Paton J. C., Banks S. D., Tai S. S., Wang T. R. Immunity and gene of pneumococcal cell-surface antigens, Symposium on Medical Sciences. Coll. Med., Natl., Taiwan Univ., TaipeiTaiwan 1993; 125
   Google Scholar
• Lee C. J. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides–biochemistry, immunity, and vaccine. Mol. Immunol. 1987; 24: 1005
   Google Scholar
• Hestrin W. Z. The reaction of acetylcholine and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine, and its analytical application. J. Biol. Chem. 1949; 180: 249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C. J. The quantitative immunochemical determination of pneumococcal and meningcoccal capsular polysaccharides by light-scattering rate nephelometry. J., Biol. Stand 1983; 11: 55
   Google Scholar
• Alonso De Velasco E., Verhuel A. F. M., Verhoef J., Snippe H. Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulencee factors, pathogenesis, and vaccines. Microbiol. Rev. 1995; 59: 591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chudwin D. S., Artrip S. G., Korenblit A., Schiffman G., Rao S. Correlation of serum opsonins with in vitro phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1985; 50: 213
   Google Scholar
• Silvenoinen-Kassinen S., Koskela M. Optimal conditions for the opsonophagocytosis test with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 3, 6A, 7F and 19F and human granu-locytes. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. C. 1986; 94: 105
   Google Scholar
• Winkelstein J. A., Tomasz A. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by pneumococcal cell walls. J. Immunol. 1977; 118: 451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winkelstein J. A., Tomasz A. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by pneumococcal cell wall teichoic acid. J. Immunol. 1978; 120: 174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston R. B., Jr. Pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991; 13: S509, Suppl. 6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knox K. W., Wicken A. J. Immunological properties of teichoic acids. Bacteriol. Rev. 1973; 37: 215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horne D., Tomasz A. Pneumococcal Forssman antigen: enrichment in mesosomal membranes and specific binding to the autolytic enzyme of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 1985; 162: 18
   Google Scholar
• Boulnois G. J. Pneumococcal proteins and the pathogenesis of disease caused by Streptococcu pneumoniae. J. Gen Microbiol. 1992; 138: 249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldman C., Mitchell T. J., Andrew P. W., Boulnois G. J., Read R. C., Todd H. C., Cole P. J., Wilson R. The effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin on human respiratory epithelium in vitro. Microb. Pathol. 1990; 9: 275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubins J. B., Duane P. G., Clawson D., Charboneau D., Young J., Niewoehner D. E. Toxicity of pneumolysin to pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 1993; 61: 1352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton J. C., Ferrante A. Inhibition of human polymorphonulcear leukocyte respiratory burst, bactericidal activity, and migration by pneumolysin. Infect. Immun. 1983; 41: 1212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock Hansman R. A., Paton J. C. Comparative efficacy of autolysin and pneumolysin as immunogens protecting mice against infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb. Pathol. 1992; 12: 137
   Google Scholar
• Briles D. E., Yother J., McDaniel L. S. Role of pneumococcal surface protein A in the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1988; 10: 5372, Suppl. 2
   Google Scholar
• Lock R. A., Paton J. C., Hansman D. Comparative efficacy of pneumococcal neuraminidase and pneumolysin as immunogens protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb. Pathol. 1988; 5: 461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vered M., Schutzbank T., Janoff A. Inhibitors of human neutophil elastase in extracts of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1984; 130: 1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vered M., Dearing R., Janoff A.A. New elstase inhibitor from Streptococcus pneumoniae protects against acute lung injury induced by neutophil granule. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1985; 131: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty C., Kreger A. Generation of purpura-producing principle from pneumococcal cell walls. J. Bacteriol. 1985; 163: 389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornfeld S. J., Plaut A. G. Secretory immunity and bacterial IgA proteases. Rev. Infect Dis. 1981; 3: 521
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell T. J., Mendez F., Paton J. C., Andrew P. W., Boulnois G. J. Comparison of pneumolysin genes and proteins from Streptococcus pneumoniae types 1 and 2. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18: 4010
   Google Scholar