898
Views
80
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Human intestinal microbiota: cross-talk with the host and its potential role in colorectal cancer

, , , , &
Pages 1-14 | Received 01 Mar 2010, Accepted 14 Jun 2010, Published online: 29 Sep 2010

References

  • Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Naoe T. (2006). MicroRNAs 143 and 145 are possible common onco-microRNAs in human cancers. Oncol Rep, 16, 845–850.
  • Atkinson C, Frankenfeld CL, Lampe JW. (2005). Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: exploring the relevance to human health. Exp Biol Med, 230, 155–170.
  • Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Cogliano V. (2007). Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol, 8, 292–293.
  • Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. (2005). Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science, 307, 1915–1920.
  • Bagnoli F, Buti L, Tompkins L, Covacci A, Amieva MR. (2005). Helicobacter pylori CagA induces a transition from polarized to invasive phenotypes in MDCK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 16339–16344.
  • Basuroy S, Sheth P, Mansbach CM, Rao RK. (2005). Acetaldehyde disrupts tight junctions and adherens junctions in human colonic mucosa: protection by EGF and L-glutamine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 289, G367–375.
  • Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorakova K, Garewal H. (2005). Bile acids as carcinogens in human gastrointestinal cancers. Mutat Res, 589, 47–65.
  • Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, Bucci L, Pini E, Nikkïla J, Monti D, Satokari R, Franceschi C, Brigidi P, De Vos W. (2010). Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One, 17, e10667.
  • Bingham SA. (2000). Diet and colorectal cancer prevention. Biochem Soc Trans, 28, 12–16.
  • Blaut M, Clavel T. (2007). Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: implications for health and disease. J Nutr, 137, 751–S755S
  • Boquet P. (2001). The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) from Escherichia coli. Toxicon, 39, 1673–1680.
  • Boyer L, Travaglione S, Falzano L, Gauthier NC, Popoff MR, Lemichez E, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. (2004). Rac GTPase instructs nuclear factor-kappaB activation by conveying the SCF complex and IkBalpha to the ruffling membranes. Mol Biol Cell, 15, 1124–1133.
  • Boyle P, Ferlay J. (1998). Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe. Ann Oncol, 16, 481–488.
  • Bronowski C, Smith SL, Yokota K, Corkill JE, Martin HM, Campbell BJ, Rhodes JM, Hart CA, Winstanley C. (2008). A subset of mucosa-associated Escherichia coli isolates from patients with colon cancer, but not Crohn′s disease, share pathogenicity islands with urinary pathogenic E coli. Microbiology, 154, 571–583.
  • Candela M, Bergmann S, Vici M, Vitali B, Turroni S, Eikmanns BJ, Hammerschmidt S, Brigidi P. (2007). Binding of human plasminogen to Bifidobacterium. J Bacteriol, 189, 5929–5936.
  • Candela M, Perna F, Carnevali P, Vitali B, Ciati R, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Campieri M, Brigidi P. (2008). Interaction of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains with human intestinal epithelial cells: adhesion properties, competition against enteropathogens and modulation of IL-8 production. Int J Food Microbiol, 125, 286–292.
  • Carman RJ, Van Tassell RL, Kingston DG, Bashir M, Wilkins TD. (1988). Conversion of IQ, a dietary pyrolysis carcinogen to a direct-acting mutagen by normal intestinal bacteria of humans. Mutat Res, 206, 335–342.
  • Costarelli V. (2009). Bile acids as possible human carcinogens: new tricks from an old dog. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 3, 1–10.
  • Darfeuille-Michaud A, Boudeau J, Bulois P, Neut C, Glasser AL, Barnich N, Bringer MA, Swidsinski A, Beaugerie L, Colombel JF. (2004). High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn′s disease. Gastroenterology, 127, 412–421.
  • Davis CD, Milner JA. (2009). Gastrointestinal microflora, food components and colon cancer prevention. J Nutr Biochem, 20, 743–752.
  • Debruyne PR, Bruyneel EA, Karaguni IM, Li X, Flatau G, Muller O, Zimber A, Gespach C, Mareel MM. (2002). Bile acids stimulate invasion and haptotaxis in human colorectal cancer cells through activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. Oncogene, 21, 6740–6750.
  • Doye A, Mettouchi A, Bossis G, Clément R, Buisson-Touati C, Flatau G, Gagnoux L, Piechaczyk M, Boquet P, Lemichez E. (2002). CNF1 exploits the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery to restrict Rho GTPase activation for bacterial host cell invasion. Cell, 111, 553–564.
  • Duerkop BA, Vaishnava S, Hooper LV. (2009). Immune responses to the microbiota at the intestinal mucosal surface. Immunity, 31, 368–376.
  • Elliott SJ, Srinivas S, Albert MJ, Alam K, Robins-Browne RM, Gunzburg ST, Mee BJ, Chang BJ. (1998). Characterization of the roles of hemolysin and other toxins in enteropathy caused by alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli linked to human diarrhea. Infect Immun, 66, 2040–2051.
  • Escobar-P´ramo P, Grenet K, Le Menac′h A, Rode L, Salgado E, Amorin C, Gouriou S, Picard B, Rahimy MC, Andremont A, Denamur E, Ruimy R. (2004). Large-scale population structure of human commensal Escherichia coli isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, 5698–5700.
  • Ewaschuk JB, Walker JW, Diaz H, Madsen KL. (2006). Bioproduction of conjugated linoleic acid by probiotic bacteria occurs in vitro and in vivo in mice. J Nutr, 136, 1483–1487.
  • Falzano L, Fiorentini C, Donelli G, Michel E, Kocks C, Cossart P, Cabanié L, Oswald E, Boquet P. (1993). Induction of phagocytic behaviour in human epithelial cells by Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1. Mol Microbiol, 9, 1247–1254.
  • Falzano L, Quaranta MG, Travaglione S, Filippini P, Fabbri A, Viora M, Donelli G, Fiorentini C. (2003). Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 enhances reactive oxygen species-dependent transcription and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human uroepithelial cells. Infect Immun, 71, 4178–4181.
  • Femia AP, Luceri C, Toti S, Giannini A, Dolara P, Caderni G. (2010). Gene expression profile and genomic alterations in colonic tumours induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in rats. BMC Cancer, 10, 194–197.
  • Flint HJ, Duncan SH, Scott KP, Louis P. (2007). Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon:links between diet and health. Environ Microbiol, 9, 1101–1111.
  • Franco AT, Israel DA, Washington MK, Krishna U, Fox JG, Rogers AB, Neish AS, Collier-Hyams L, Perez-Perez GI, Hatakeyama M, Whitehead R, Gaus K, O′Brien DP, Romero-Gallo J, Peek Jr RM. (2005). Activation of beta-catenin by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 10646–10651.
  • Frank DN, St Amand AL, Feldman RA, Boedeker EC, Harpaz N, Pace NR. (2007). Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 13780–13785.
  • Freitas M, Axelsson LG, Cayuela C, Midtvedt T, Trugnan G. (2002). Microbial-host interactions specifically control the glycosylation pattern in intestinal mouse mucosa. Histochem Cell Biol, 118, 149–161.
  • Garrett WS, Gordon JI, Glimcher LH. (2010). Homeostasis and inflammation in the intestine. Cell, 140, 859–870.
  • Ge Z, Rogers AB, Feng Y, Lee A, Xu S, Taylor NS, Fox JG. (2007). Bacterial cytolethal distending toxin promotes the development of dysplasia in a model of microbially induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell Microbiol Aug, 9, 2070–2080.
  • Ge Z, Schauer DB, Fox JG. (2008). In vivo virulence properties of bacterial cytolethal-distending toxin. Cell Microbiol Aug, 10, 1599–15607.
  • Giamboi Miraglia A, Travaglione S, Meschini S, Falzano L, Matarrese P, Quaranta MG, Viora M, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. (2007). Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 prevents apoptosis via the Akt/IkappaB kinase pathway: role of nuclear factor-kappaB and Bcl-2. Mol Biol Cell, 18, 2735–2744.
  • Gibson GR. (2008). Prebiotics as gut microflora management tools. J Clin Gastroenterol, 42, S75–S79.
  • Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, Gordon JI, Relman DA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Nelson KE. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science, 312, 1355–1359.
  • Gounaris E, Blatner NR, Dennis K, Magnusson F, Gurish MF, Strom TB, Beckhove P, Gounari F, Khazaie K. (2009). T-regulatory cells shift from a protective anti-inflammatory to a cancer-promoting pro-inflammatory phenotype in polyposis. Cancer Res, 69, 5490–5497.
  • Guarner F, Malagelada JR. (2003). Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet, 361, 512–519.
  • Hahn A, Barth H, Kress M, Mertens PR, Goppelt-Struebe M. (2002). Role of Rac and Cdc42 in lysophosphatidic acid-mediated cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene expression. Biochem J, 362, 33–40.
  • Hattori M, Taylor TD. (2009). The human intestinal microbiome: a new frontier of human biology. DNA Res, 16, 1–12.
  • Hayashi T. (2006). Microbiology Breaking the barrier between commensalism and pathogenicity. Science, 313, 772–773.
  • Henderson PT, Delaney JC, Gu F, Tannenbaum SR, Essigmann JM. (2002). Oxidation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine affords lesions that are potent sources of replication errors in vivo. Biochemistry, 41, 914–921.
  • Heuvelin E, Lebreton C, Grangette C, Pot B, Cerf-Bensussan N, Heyman M. (2009). Mechanisms involved in alleviation of intestinal inflammation by bifidobacterium breve soluble factors. PLoS One, 4, Epub5184.
  • Hope ME, Hold R, Kain GL, El-Omar EM. (2005). Sporadic colorectal cancer-role of the commensal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 244, 1–7.
  • Horst D, Budczies J, Brabletz T, Kirchner T, Hlubek F. (2009). Invasion associated up-regulation of nuclear factor kappaB target genes in colorectal cancer. Cancer, 5, Epub.
  • Horst D, Reu S, Kriegl L, Engel J, Kirchner T, Jung A. (2009). The intratumoral distribution of nuclear beta-catenin is a prognostic marker in colon cancer. Cancer, 115, 2063–2070.
  • Humblot C, Lhoste E, Knasmuller S, Gloux K, Bruneau A, Bensaada M. (2004). Protective effects of Brussels sprouts, oligosaccharides and fermented milk towards 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline. (IQ). -induced genotoxicity in the human flora associated F344 rat: role of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes and intestinal microflora. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 29, 231–237.
  • Hurmalainen V, Edelman S, Antikainen J, Baumann M, Lähteenmäki K, Korhonen TK. (2007). Extracellular proteins of Lactobacillus crispatus enhance activation of human plasminogen. Microbiol, 153, 1112–1122.
  • Huycke MM, Gaskins HR. (2004). Commensal bacteria, redox stress, and colorectal cancer: mechanisms and models. Exp Biol Med, 229, 586–597.
  • Ishikawa H, Akedo I, Otani T, Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Takeyama I, Ishiguro S, Miyaoka E, Sobue T, Kakizoe T. (2005). Randomized trial of dietary fiber and Lactobacillus casei administration for prevention of colorectal tumors. Int J Cancer, 116, 762–767.
  • International agency for research on cancer. (1973). Certain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds. IARC, 3, 45, 91, 178.
  • International agency for research on cancer. (1988). Alcohol Drinking. IARC, 44.
  • International agency for research on cancer. (1993). Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC, 56, 165.
  • International agency for research on cancer Some inorganic substances, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic amines. (1972). N-nitroso compounds and natural products. IARC, 1, 125.
  • Jain D, Prasad KN, Sinha S, Husain N. (2008). Differences in virulence attributes between cytolethal distending toxin positive and negative Campylobacter jejuni strains. J Med Microbiol, 57, 267–272.
  • Jia W, Li H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK. (2008). Gut microbiota: a potential new territory for drug targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 7, 123–129.
  • Kamano T, Mikami Y, Kurasawa T, Tsurumaru M, Matsumoto M, Kano M, Motegi K. (1999). Ratio of primary and secondary bile acids in feces: possible marker for colorectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum, 42, 668–672.
  • Kassaee MZ, Bekhradnia AR. (2003). The kinetics of interactions between fecapentaene-12 and DNA. J Biosci Bioeng, 95, 526–529.
  • Kelly D, Campbell JI, King TP, Grant G, Jansson EA, Coutts AG, Pettersson S, Conway S. (2004). Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-gamma and RelA. Nat Immunol, 5, 104–112.
  • Killeen SD, Wang JH, Andrews EJ, Redmond HP. (2009). Bacterial endotoxin enhances colorectal cancer cell adhesion and invasion through TLR-4 and NF-kappaB-dependent activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator system. Br J Cancer, 100, 1589–1602.
  • Kuijsten A, Arts IC, Hollman PC, van′t Veer P, Kampman E. (2006). Plasma enterolignans are associated with lower colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 1132–1136.
  • Kraus S, Arber N. (2009). Inflammation and colorectal cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 9, 405–410.
  • Kurdi P, Tanaka H, Van Veen HW, Asano K, Tomita F, Yokota A. (2003). Cholic acid accumulation and its diminution by short-chain fatty acids in bifidobacteria. Microbiol, 149, 2031–2037.
  • Kurdi P, van Veen HW, Tanaka H, Mierau I, Konings WN, Tannock GW, Tomita F, Yokota A. (2000). Cholic acid is accumulated spontaneously, driven by membrane delta pH, in many lactobacilli. J Bacteriol, 182, 6525–6528.
  • Kurokawa K, Itoh T, Kuwahara T, Oshima K, Toh H, Toyoda A, Takami H, Morita H, Sharma VK, Srivastava TP, Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Mori H, Ogura Y, Ehrlich DS, Itoh K, Takagi T, Sakaki Y, Hayashi T, Hattori M. (2007). Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res, 14, 169–181.
  • Lara-Tejero M, Gal´n JE. (2002). Cytolethal distending toxin: limited damage as a strategy to modulate cellular functions. Trends Microbiol, 10, 147–152.
  • Lee SH, Hu LL, Gonzalez-Navajas J, Seo GS, Shen C, Brick J, Herdman S, Varki N, Corr M, Lee J, Raz E. (2010). ERK activation drives intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc (min/+) Mice. Nat Med, 16: 665–670.
  • Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. (1998). Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature, 396, 643–649.
  • Levitt MD, Furne J, Springfield J, Suarez F, DeMaster E. (1999). Detoxification of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol in the cecal mucosa. J Clin Invest, 104, 1107–1114.
  • Ley RE, Hamady M, Lozupone C, Turnbaugh PJ, Ramey RR, Bircher JS, Schlegel ML, Tucker TA, Schrenzel MD, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2008). Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science, 320, 1647–1651.
  • Ley RE, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2008). Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol, 6, 776–788.
  • Louis P, Flint HJ. (2009). Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 294, 1–8.
  • Lupp C, Robertson ML, Wickham ME, Sekirov I, Champion OL, Gaynor EC, Finlay BB. (2007). Host-mediated inflammation disrupts the intestinal microbiota and promotes the overgrowth of Enterobacteriaceae. Cell Host Microbe, 2, 119–129.
  • Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. (2005). Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science, 307, 1920–1925.
  • MahowaldMA Rey, FE, Seedorf H, Turnbaugh PJ, Fulton RS, Wollam A, Shah N, Wang C, Magrini V, Wilson RK, Cantarel BL, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Crock LW, Russell A, Verberkmoes NC, Hettich RL, Gordon JI. (2009). Characterizing a model human gut microbiota composed of members of its two dominant bacterial phyla. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 5859–5864.
  • Malorni W, Fiorentini C. (2006). Is the Rac GTPase-activating toxin CNF1 a smart hijacker of host cell fate? FASEB J, 20, 606–609.
  • Mai V, McCrary QM, Sinha R, Glei M. (2009). Associations between dietary habits and body mass index with gut microbiota composition and fecal water genotoxicity: an observational study in African American and Caucasian American volunteers. Nutr J, 8, 49–59.
  • Marnett LJ. (2000). Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis, 21, 361–370.
  • Martin H, M, Campbell B, J, Hart C, A, Mpofu, C, Nayar, M, Singh, R, Englyst, H, Williams H, F&Rhodes, J M. (2004). Enhanced Escherichia coli adherence and invasion in Crohn′s disease and colon cancer. Gastroenterology, 127, 80–93.
  • Martin FP, Dumas ME, Wang Y, Legido-Quigley C, Yap IK, Tang H, Zirah S, Murphy GM, Cloarec O, Lindon JC, Sprenger N, Fay LB, Kochhar S, van Bladeren P, Holmes E, Nicholson JK. (2007). A top-down systems biology view of microbiome-mammalian metabolic interactions in a mouse model. Mol Syst Biol, 3, Epub112.
  • Matos P, Jordan P. (2008). Increased Rac1b expression sustains colorectal tumor cell survival. Mol Cancer Res, 6, 1178–1184.
  • Maynard CL, Weaver CT. (2009). Intestinal effector T cells in health and disease. Immunity, 31, 389–400.
  • Mazmanian SK, Round JL, Kasper DL. (2008). A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature, 453, 620–625.
  • McConnell BB, Yang VW. (2009). The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep, 5, 69–74.
  • McConnell BB, Yang VW. (2009). The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep, 5, 69–74.
  • McKenna P, Hoffmann C, Minkah N, Aye PP, Lackner A, Liu Z, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Knight R, Bushman FD. (2008). The macaque gut microbiome in health, lentiviral infection, and chronic enterocolitis. PLoS Pathog, 4, Epub20.
  • McMahon B, Kwaan HC. (2008). The plasminogen activator system and cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 36, 184–194.
  • Munro P, Flatau G, Doye A, Boyer L, Oregioni O, Mege JL, Landraud L, Lemichez E. (2004). Activation and proteasomal degradation of rho GTPases by cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 elicit a controlled inflammatory response. J Biol Chem, 279, 35849–35857.
  • Murphy KM, Travers P, Walport M. (2008). The Mucosal Immune System, in Janeway′s Immunobiology. Garland Publishing Inc London. 459–554.
  • Neish AS. (2009). Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease. Gastroenterol, 136, 65–80.
  • Nougayrede JP, Homburg S, Taieb F, Boury M, Brzuszkiewicz E, Gottschalk G, Buchrieser C, Hacker J, Dobrindt U, Oswald E. (2006). Escherichia coli induces DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Science, 313, 848–851.
  • Obe G, Anderson D. (1987). Genetic effects of ethanol. Mutat Res, 186, 177–200.
  • O’Hara AM, Shanahan F. (2006). The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep, 7, 688–693.
  • O’Keefe SJ, Ou J, Aufreiter S, O′Connor D, Sharma S, Sepulveda J, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K, Mawhinney T. (2009). Products of the colonic microbiota mediate the effects of diet on colon cancer risk. J Nutr, 139, 2044–2048.
  • O’Keefe SJ. (2008).Nutrition and colonic health: the critical role of the microbiota. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24, 51–58.
  • O’Keefe SJD, Chung D, Mahmoud N, Sepulveda AR, Manafe M, Arch J, Adada H, van der Merwe T. (2007). Why Do African Americans Get More Colon Cancer than Native Africans? J Nutr, 137, 175–S182S
  • Oldani A, Cormont M, Hofman V, Chiozzi V, Oregioni O, Canonici A, Sciullo A, Sommi P, Fabbri A, Ricci V, Boquet P. (2009). Helicobacter pylori counteracts the apoptotic action of its VacA toxin by injecting the CagA protein into gastric epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog, 5, Epub1000603.
  • Palmer C, Bik EM, DiGiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO. (2007). Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol, 5, 1556–1573.
  • Pédron T, Sansonetti P. (2008). Commensals bacterial pathogens and intestinal inflammation: an intriguing ménage ´ trios. Cell Host Microbe, 3, 344–347.
  • Peterson DA, Frank DN, Pace NR, Gordon JI. (2008). Metagenomic approaches for defining the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe, 3, 417–427.
  • Plummer SM, Grafstrom RC, Yang LL, Curren RD, Linnainmaa K, Harris CC. (1986). Fecapentaene-12 causes DNA damage and mutations in human cells. Carcinogenesis, 7, 1607–1609.
  • Pool-Zobel BL. (2005). Inulin-type fructans and reduction in colon cancer risk: review of experimental and human data. Br J Nutr, 93, S73–90
  • Povey AC, Schiffman M, Taffe BG, Harris CC. (1991). Laboratory and epidemiologic studies of fecapentaenes. Mutat Res, 259, 387–397.
  • Rafter J, Bennett M, Caderni G, Clune Y, Hughes R, Karlsson PC, Klinder A, O′Riordan M, O′Sullivan GC, Pool-Zobel B, Rechkemmer G, Roller M, Rowland I, Salvadori M, Thijs H, Van Loo J, Watzl B, Collins JK. (2007). Dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 488–496.
  • Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Smidt H, de Vos WM. (2007). Diversity of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Environ Microbiol, 9, 2125–2136.
  • Rawls JF. (2007). Enteric infection and inflammation alter gut microbial ecology. Cell Host Microbe, 2, 73–74.
  • Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. (2006). Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res, 47, 241–259.
  • Round JL, Mazmanian SK. (2009). The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol, 9, 313–323.
  • Samba-Louaka A, Nougayrède JP, Watrin C, Jubelin G, Oswald E, Taieb F. (2008). Bacterial cyclomodulin Cif blocks the host cell cycle by stabilizing the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Cell Microbiol, 10, 2496–2508.
  • Sansonetti PJ, Medzhitov R. (2009). Learning tolerance while fighting ignorance Cell, 138, 416–420.
  • Sansonetti PJ. (2008). Host-bacteria homeostasis in the healthy and inflamed gut. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 24, 435–439.
  • Sansonetti PJ, Di Santo JP. (2007). Debugging how bacteria manipulate the immune response. Immunity, 26, 149–161.
  • Scanlan PD, Shanahan F, Clune Y, Collins JK, O′Sullivan GC, O′Riordan M, Holmes E, Wang Y, Marchesi JR. (2008). Culture-independent analysis of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer and polyposis. Environ Microbiol, 10,789–798.
  • Sears CL. (2009). Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a rogue among symbiotes. Clin Microbiol Rev, 22, 349–369.
  • Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermúdez-Humar´n LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, Grangette C, Vasquez N, Pochart P, Trugnan G, Thomas G, Blottière HM, Doré J, Marteau P, Seksik P, Langella P. (2008). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensalbacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 16731–16736.
  • Sonnenburg JL. (2010). Microbiology: Genetic pot luck. Nature, 464: 837–838.
  • Sonnenburg JL, Chen CT, Gordon JI. (2006). Genomic and metabolic studies of impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS Biol, 4, e413.
  • Stecher B, Hardt WD. (2008). The role of microbiota in infectious disease. Trends Microbiol, 16, 107–114.
  • Stecher B, Robbiani R, Walker AW, Westendorf AM, Barthel M, Kremer M, Chaffron S, Macpherson AJ, Buer J, Parkhill J, Dougan G, von Mering C, Hardt WD. (2007). Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exploits inflammation to compete with the intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol, 5, 2177–2189.
  • Strillacci A, Griffoni C, Sansone P, Paterini P, Piazzi G, Lazzarini G, Spisni E, Pantaleo MA, Biasco G, Tomasi V. (2009). MiR-101 downregulation is involved in cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in human colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res, 315, 1439–1447.
  • Suzuki M, Mimuro H, Kiga K, Fukumatsu M, Ishijima N, Morikawa H, Nagai S, Koyasu S, Gilman RH, Kersulyte D, Berg DE, Sasakawa C. (2009). Helicobacter pylori CagA phosphorylation-independent function in epithelial proliferation and inflammation. Cell Host Microbe, 5, 23–34.
  • Tang J, Sharif O, Pai C, Silverman AL. (2009). Mesalamine Protects Against Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci, 55, 1696–16703.
  • Taieb F, Nougayrède JP, Watrin C, Samba-Louaka A, Oswald E. (2006). Escherichia coli cyclomodulin Cif induces G2 arrest of the host cell cycle without activation of the DNA- damage checkpoint-signalling pathway. Cell Microbiol, 8, 1910–1921.
  • Tang J, Sharif O, Pai C, Silverman AL. (2009). Mesalamine protects against colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci, 25, Epub.
  • Taieb F, Nougayrède JP, Watrin C, Samba-Louaka A, Oswald E. (2006). Escherichia coli cyclomodulin Cif induces G2 arrest of the host cell cycle without activation of the DNA- damage checkpoint-signalling pathway. Cell Microbiol, 8, 1910–1921.
  • Tien MT, Girardin SE, Regnault B, Le Bourhis L, Dillies MA, Coppée JY, Bourdet-Sicard R, Sansonetti PJ, Pédron T. (2006). Anti-inflammatory effect of Lactobacillus casei on Shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol, 176, 1228–1237.
  • Toprak NU, Yagci A, Gulluoglu BM, Akin ML, Demirkalem P, Celenk T, Soyletir G. (2006). A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. Clin Microbiol Infect, 12, 782–786.
  • Travaglione S, Fabbri A, Fiorentini C. (2008). The Rho-activating CNF1 toxin from pathogenic E coli: A risk factor for human cancer development? Infect Agent Cancer 3, 4.
  • Turnbaugh PJ, Quince C, Faith JJ, McHardy AC, Yatsunenko T, Niazi F, Affourtit J, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2010). Organismal, genetic, and transcriptional variation in the deeply sequenced gut microbiomes of identical twins. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A, 107, 7503–7508.
  • Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Heath AC, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2009a). A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature, 457, 480–484.
  • Turnbaugh PJ, Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2009b). The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci Transl Med, 1, 6ra14.
  • Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2007). The human microbiome project. Nature, 449, 804–810.
  • Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. (2006). Anobesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy. harvest Nature, 444, 1027–1031.
  • Uronis JM, Mühlbauer M, Herfarth HH, Rubinas TC, Jones GS, Jobin C. (2009). Modulation of the intestinal microbiota alters colitis-associated colorectal cancer susceptibility. PLoS One, 4, Epub6026.
  • Van Baarlen P, Troost FJ, Van Hemert S, Van der Meer C, De Vos WM, De Groot PJ, Hooiveld GJ, Brummer RJ, Kleerebezem M. (2009). Differential NF-kappaB pathways induction by Lactobacillus plantarum in the duodenum of healthy humans correlating with immune tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 2371–2376.
  • Virchow R. (1863). Cellular Pathology as Based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology. Philadelphia, USA: JB Lippincott.
  • Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW.(1995). Colorectal tumors The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Wu S, Morin PJ, Maouyo D, Sears CL. (2003). Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin induces c-Myc expression and cellular proliferation. Gastroenterol, 124, 392–400.
  • Wu S, Rhee KJ, Albesiano E, Rabizadeh S, Wu X, Yen HR, Huso DL, Brancati FL, Wick E, McAllister F, Housseau F, Pardoll DM, Sears CL. (2009). A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat Med, 15, 1016–1022.
  • Xu J, Mahowald MA, Ley RE, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Martens EC, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Minx P, Latreille P, Cordum H, Van Brunt A, Kim K, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Clifton SW, Wilson RK, Knight RD, Gordon JI. (2007). Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine. PLoS Biol, 5, 1574–1586.
  • Zarkovic M, Qin X, Nakatsuru Y, Oda H, Nakamura T, Shamsuddin AM, Ishikawa T. (1993). Tumor promotion by fecapentaene-12 in a rat colon carcinogenesis model. Carcinogenesis, 14, 1261–1264.
  • Zoetendal EG, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, de Vos WM. (2008). High-throughout diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Gut, 57, 1605–1615.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.